Is there more to complicated grief than depression and posttraumatic stress disorder? A test of incremental validity.
Abstract
There is growing interest in complicated grief reactions as a possible new diagnostic category for inclusion in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. However, no research has yet shown that complicated grief has incremental validity (i.e., predicts unique variance in functioning). The authors addressed this issue in 2 studies by comparing grief, depression, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms with different measures of functioning (interviewer ratings, friend ratings, self-report, and autonomic arousal). The 1st study (N = 73) used longitudinal data collected at 4 and 18 months postloss, and the 2nd study (N = 447) used cross-sectional data collected 2.5-3.5 years postloss. With depression and PTSD controlled, grief emerged as a unique predictor of functioning, both cross-sectionally and prospectively. The findings provide convergent support for the incremental validity of complicated grief as an independent marker of bereavement-related psychopathology.
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Symptoms of prolonged grief disorder contribute to impaired functioning beyond the effects of co-occurring depression and PTSD.
“Importantly, it has been shown that the symptoms of prolonged grief disorder contribute to impaired functioning beyond the effects of co-occurring depression and PTSD 67 .”
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“Bereaved participants were also asked questions corresponding to symptoms associated with CG (Bonanno et al., 2007; Horowitz et al., 1997; Prigerson et al., 1999; Prigerson et al., 2009): strong yearning for the deceased; recurrent and intrusive recollections of the death event; intense distress over symbolic reminder…”
BackgroundSelf-citationBoelen, P. A., Djelantik, A. A. A. M. J., de Keijser, J., Lenferink, L. I. M., & Smid, G. E. (2019) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2018.1480546 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Malgaroli, M., Maccallum, F., & Bonanno, G. A. (2018) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291718001769 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
“, 2017) and previous literature distinguishing pathological grief from depression (Boelen and van den Bout, 2005; Bonanno et al., 2007).”
BackgroundSelf-citationPapa, A., Sewell, M. T., Garrison‐Diehn, C., & Rummel, C. (2013) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2013.04.009 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
“These reactions range from major depressive disorder (MDD) to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) to a pathological grief response variously referred to as prolonged, complicated, or traumatic grief (referred to as PGD in this paper; Boelen& van den Bout, 2005; Bonanno et al., 2007; Prigerson et al., 2009).”
BackgroundTrajectories of grief: Comparing symptoms from the <i>DSM‐5</i> and ICD‐11 diagnoses
Bonanno, G. A., & Malgaroli, M. (2020) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22902 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
“Complicated grief symptoms uniquely differ from depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (Boelen, Lenferink, Nickerson, & Smid, 2018; Bonanno et al., 2007; Djelantik, Smid, Kleber, & Boelen, 2017; Lenferink, de Keijser, Smid, Djelantik, & Boelen, 2017; Malgaroli, Maccallum, & Bonanno, 2018;…”
Self-citationHolland, J. M., & Neimeyer, R. A. (2011) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-010-9214-5 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
The toll of traumatic loss in African Americans bereaved by homicide.
McDevitt‐Murphy, M. E., Neimeyer, R. A., Burke, L. A., Williams, J. L., & Lawson, K. (2011) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/a0024911 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
“The PCL has shown good psychometric properties in other studies of PTSD following bereavement (Bonanno et al., 2007; Schnider et al., 2007) and in a study of individuals who experienced community violence (Ramchand, Marshall, Schell, & Jaycox, 2008).”
MethodThe familial influence of loss and trauma on refugee mental health: A multilevel path analysis
Nickerson, A., Bryant, R. A., Brooks, R., Steel, Z., Silove, D. M., & Chen, J. (2011) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.20608 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Guldin, M., Vedsted, P., Zachariae, R. H., Olesen, F., & Jensen, A. B. (2011) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-011-1260-3 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
“CG have been shown to be distinct from bereavementrelated depression and anxiety [8, 9].”
BackgroundAre there gender differences in prolonged grief trajectories? A registry-sampled cohort study
Lundorff, M., Bonanno, G. A., Johannsen, M., & O'Connor, M. (2020) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.06.030 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Self-citationConfirming the Distinctiveness of Complicated Grief from Depression and Anxiety Among Adolescents
Dillen, L., Fontaine, J. R. J., & Verhofstadt–Denève, L. (2009) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481180902805673 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
“Furthermore, some authors (Spuij, Stikkelbroek, Goudena, & Boelen, 2008) suggested that the specific phenomenology of grief problems is less pronounced in CTG, as its focus is primarily on the PTSD symptoms that interfere with the ability to grieve.”
BackgroundInfluentialGrief and physical health outcomes in U.S. soldiers returning from combat
Toblin, R. L., Riviere, L. A., Thomas, J. L., Adler, A. B., Kok, B. C., & Hoge, C. W. (2011) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2011.10.048 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
“In the general population, there is evidence that grief predicts negative health outcomes independently from PTSD and depression (Bonanno et al., 2007), and that direct exposure to trauma worsens grief (Neria et al.”
BackgroundSpuij, M., Reitz, E., Prinzie, P., Stikkelbroek, Y. A. J., de Roos, C., & Boelen, P. A. (2012) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-012-0307-4 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Identifying Prolonged Grief Reactions in Children: Dimensional and Diagnostic Approaches
Melhem, N., Porta, G., Payne, M. W., & Brent, D. A. (2013) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2013.02.015 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Nexhmedin Morina, B., Rudari, V., Bleichhardt, G. M., & Prigerson, H. G. (2009) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764008101638 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
“, 1999; Latham & Prigerson, 2004) that has demonstrated the incremental validity of prolonged grief (Bonanno et al., 2007).”
BackgroundResultSung, S. C., Dryman, M. T., Marks, E., Shear, M. K., Ghesquiere, A., D, M. F. M., & Simon, N. M. (2011) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2011.05.017 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
“The syndrome results in significant impairment in quality of life ([8]; [9]; [10]) and can be distinguished from other stressrelated conditions such as major depression and posttraumatic stress disorder ([11]; [12]; [13]; [8]; [9]).”
BackgroundWar and Bereavement: Consequences for Mental and Physical Distress
Morina, N., von Lersner, U., & Prigerson, H. G. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0022140 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
“These data are consistent with the literature on PGD [17,20,41] and thus support the proposal to include PGD in the next versions of the DSM and ICD.”
BackgroundResultKristensen, P., Weisæth, L., & Heir, T. (2009) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20625 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
“Our finding that PGD was independently associated with impaired functioning, which also agrees with other studies,([4,46]) has some important implications.”
ResultTo reason or not to reason: is autobiographical reasoning always beneficial?
McLean, K. C., & Mansfield, C. D. (2011) · New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development · doi:10.1002/cd.291 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Nielsen, M. K., Neergaard, M. A., Jensen, A. B., Vedsted, P., Bro, F., & Guldin, M. (2017) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.4416 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
“An overlap in symptoms of depression and grief has been shown.(30,36) Grief is related to the loss, whereas depressive symptoms indicate lowered mood irrespective of the circumstances.”
BackgroundAn exploratory study of the psychological impact and clinical care of perinatal loss
Bennett, S. M., Litz, B. T., Maguen, S., & Ehrenreich, J. T. (2008) · Journal of Loss and Trauma · doi:10.1080/15325020802171268 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
“A rapidly increasing body of strong clinical and empirical evidence suggests that complicated grief is distinct from normal grief, PTSD, and depression (eg, Bonanno, Neria, Mancini, Coifman, Litz, & Insel, 2007 ; Prigerson et al, 1995 ).”
BackgroundSelf-citationO'Connor, M., & Sussman, T. J. (2013) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2013.782928 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
“Bereavement is a risk factor for depression (Kersting et al., 2007), but complicated grief and depression are unique phenomena (Bonanno et al., 2007).”
BackgroundMental Disorders as Discrete Clinical Conditions: Dimensional Versus Categorical Classification
(2018) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781394258970.ch1 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Circumstances of Death and Complicated Grief: Indirect Associations Through Meaning Made of Loss
Rozalski, V., Holland, J. M., & Neimeyer, R. A. (2016) · Journal of Loss and Trauma · doi:10.1080/15325024.2016.1161426 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Is prolonged grief distinct from bereavement-related posttraumatic stress?
Golden, A.-M. J., & Dalgleish, T. (2010) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2009.08.021 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Smith, A. J., Abeyta, A. A., Hughes, M., & Jones, R. T. (2014) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/tra0000002 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Guldin, M., Kjaersgaard, M. I. S., Fenger‐Grøn, M., Parner, E. T., Li, J., Prior, A., & Vestergaard, M. (2017) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20422 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Bui, É., Mauro, C., Robinaugh, D. J., Skritskaya, N. A., Wang, Y., Gribbin, C. E., Ghesquiere, A., Horenstein, A., Duan, N., Reynolds, C. F., et al. (2015) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22385 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Morina, N. (2011) · Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e3182392aae · Cited by 81 · see citing works
“Research has demonstrated incremental validity of prolonged grief (Bonanno et al., 2007).”
BackgroundBurke, L. A., Neimeyer, R. A., McDevitt‐Murphy, M. E., Ippolito, M. R., & Roberts, J. M. (2011) · International Journal for the Psychology of Religion · doi:10.1080/10508619.2011.607416 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
“Furthermore, a good deal of research converges on the conclusion that CG is a distinctive construct that displays incremental validity in predicting deleterious medical and psychological outcomes beyond those predicted by depression and anxiety disorders (Bonanno et al., 2007; Lichtenthal et al., 2004; Prigerson et al…”
BackgroundTrajectories of prolonged grief one to six years after a natural disaster
Sveen, J., Johannesson, K. B., Cernvall, M., & Arnberg, F. K. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0209757 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Unfinished Business in Bereavement
Klingspon, K. L., Holland, J. M., Neimeyer, R. A., & Lichtenthal, W. G. (2015) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2015.1029143 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
“…disorder; Boelen & van den Bout, 2005; Boelen, van den Bout, & de Keijser, 2003; Ogrodniczuk et al., 2003; Prigerson et al., 1996; Prigerson, Frank et al., 1995) and uniquely predictive of a number of negative mental and physical health outcomes (Bonanno et al., 2007; Prigerson et al., 1997).”
Losing a child: finding meaning in bereavement
Bogensperger, J., & Lueger‐Schuster, B. (2014) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.3402/ejpt.v5.22910 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“Recent empirical work supports the notion that the inability to find any meaning in a loss is associated with distress and complicated grief (Bonanno et al., 2007; Davis et al., 1998; Keesee et al., 2008; Lichtenthal et al., 2010), whereas positive meaning reconstruction is negatively correlated with complicated grief…”
BackgroundCoping flexibility and complicated grief: A comparison of American and Chinese samples
Burton, C. L., Yan, O. H., Pat-Horenczyk, R., Chan, I. S. F., Ho, S., & Bonanno, G. A. (2012) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20888 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“[31] Consistent with the previous research,[32] participants in this group had significantly lower levels of functioning than married or asymptomatic bereaved (Table 1).”
ResultSelf-citationBui, E., Nadal-Vicens, M., & M. Simon, N. (2012) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2012.14.2/ebui · Cited by 71 · see citing works
The Role of Loss in the Experience of Grief: The Case of Job Loss
Papa, A., & Maitoza, R. (2012) · Journal of Loss and Trauma · doi:10.1080/15325024.2012.684580 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
“In a number of community samples, prolonged grief (PG) symptoms independently predict level of functional impairment and response to psychosocial and antidepressant interventions beyond both depression and anxiety symptoms (Bonanno et al., 2007; Golden & Dalgliesh, 2010).”
BackgroundMaccallum, F., Malgaroli, M., & Bonanno, G. A. (2017) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000287 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
“…attention in recent years as it is linked with a range of negative health outcomes independent of bereavement-related depression or anxiety (Bonanno et al., 2007; Maciejewski et al., 2016; Prigerson et al., 2009; Shear et al., 2011) and shows better outcomes in response to grief-targeted…”
BackgroundSelf-citationA population study of prolonged grief in refugees
Bryant, R. A., Edwards, B., Creamer, M., O'Donnell, M. L., Forbes, D., Felmingham, K. L., Silove, D. M., Steel, Z., McFARLANE, A. C., Hooff, M. V., et al. (2019) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s2045796019000386 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Kristensen, P., Weisæth, L., Hussain, A., & Heir, T. (2014) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22269 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“[40, 41] Also, the finding that PGD was independently associated with functional impairment is consistent with other bereavement studies[22, 23, 42] and suggests the usefulness of PGD as a unique psychiatric disorder in future diagnostic manuals.”
ResultKasl‐Godley, J., King, D. A., & Quill, T. E. (2014) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/a0036735 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Lessons Learned: Forty Years of Clinical Work With Suicide Loss Survivors
Jordan, J. R. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00766 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“In addition, like other sudden, unexpected, and often violent deaths (such as homicides, motor vehicle crashes, and natural disasters), suicide also seems to produce higher levels of PTSD type symptoms (intrusive reliving, avoidance of triggering reminders of the death, and physiological hyperarousal; Kaltman and Bona…”
BackgroundImpaired autobiographical memory in complicated grief
Maccallum, F., & Bryant, R. A. (2009) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2009.12.006 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
“…distinct negative consequences beyond the effects of depression and anxiety (Boelen & van den Bout, 2008; Boelen, van den Bout, & de Keijser, 2003; Bonanno et al., 2007a, 2007b; Lichtenthal, Cruess, & Prigerson, 2004; Prigerson, Frank, et al., 1995; Prigerson, Shear, et al., 1995), and responds…”
BackgroundDomains of Social Support That Predict Bereavement Distress Following Homicide Loss
Bottomley, J. S., Burke, L. A., & Neimeyer, R. A. (2015) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.1177/0030222815612282 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“” The PCL-C has shown high reliability in previous samples of bereaved individuals (Bonanno et al., 2007) and also in our study at T1 (a1⁄4 .”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSanderson, C. R., Lobb, E. A., Mowll, J., Butow, P. N., McGowan, N., & Price, M. A. (2013) · Palliative Medicine · doi:10.1177/0269216313483663 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Erstvalidierung der deutschen Version des „Inventory of Complicated Grief” (ICG-D)
Lumbeck, G., Brandstätter, M., & Geissner, E. (2012) · Zeitschrift für Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie · doi:10.1026/1616-3443/a000172 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Bryant, R. A. (2013) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0000000000000031 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Prevalence and risk factors of complicated grief among Sichuan earthquake survivors
Li, J., Chow, A. Y. M., Shi, Z., & Chan, C. (2015) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.01.003 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“Thirdly, as CG is distinct from other mental disorders (Bonanno et al., 2007; O'Connor et al., 2010; Tsutsui et al., 2014), it is associated with different types of symptoms and adaptation difficulties, and most importantly, it needs unique and specific types of support or intervention (Shear et al.”
BackgroundThe effect of traumatic bereavement on tsunami‐exposed survivors
Johannesson, K. B., Lundin, T., Hultman, C. M., Lindam, A. P., Dyster‐Aas, J., Arnberg, F. K., & Michel, P. (2009) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.20467 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Boelen, P. A. (2012) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2012.09.021 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“Moreover, PGD symptoms have been found to predict health impairments over and above these neighbour syndromes attesting to the incremental validity of PGD (Bonanno et al., 2007).”
BackgroundEffectiveness of an inpatient group therapy for comorbid complicated grief disorder
Rosner, R., Lumbeck, G., & Geissner, E. (2011) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2010.545839 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“Furthermore, CG has been effectively differentiated from depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Bonanno et al., 2007; Prigerson, Bierhals, Kasl, Reynolds, Shear, et al., 1996; Prigerson, Frank, et al.,”
BackgroundInfluentialProlonged grief symptomatology following violent loss: The mediating role of meaning
Milman, E., Neimeyer, R. A., Fitzpatrick, M., MacKinnon, C. J., Muis, K. R., & Cohen, S. R. (2017) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2018.1503522 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“PGD has been differentiated from Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and post-loss depression (Boelen & Van Den Bout, 2005; Bonanno et al., 2007; Lichtenthal, Cruess, & Prigerson, 2004).”
MethodAttentional bias in complicated grief
Maccallum, F., & Bryant, R. A. (2010) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2010.01.070 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Individual and community responses to disasters
Ursano, J. R., Fullerton, S., Weisæth, L., & Raphael, B. (2007) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511544415.002 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Progress in understanding grief, complicated grief, and caring for the bereaved
Love, A. W. (2007) · Contemporary Nurse · doi:10.5172/conu.2007.27.1.73 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“In addition, there is a growing consensus that strong evidence exists of a distinct diagnostic category of prolonged grief reaction, which needs to be differentiated from these disorders (Bonanno et al. 2007).”
The Persistent Complex Bereavement Inventory: A Measure Based on the DSM-5
Lee, S. A. (2015) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2015.1029144 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Lu, W., Yanos, P. T., Silverstein, S. M., Mueser, K. T., Rosenberg, S. D., Gottlieb, J. D., Marcello, S. C., Kularatne, T., Dove‐Williams, S., Paterno, D., et al. (2013) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.21791 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“There is significant overlap between PTSD, complicated grief, and depression (Bonanno et al., 2007; Burke, Neimeyer, & McDevitt-Murphy, 2010; Craig, Sossou, Schnak, & Exxex, 2008; Pivar & Field, 2004), and recent trials report the success of cognitive–behavioral therapy in treating grief reactions in the general popul…”
Psychometric Properties of the Dutch Inventories of Prolonged Grief for Children and Adolescents
Spuij, M., Prinzie, P., Zijderlaan, J., Stikkelbroek, Y. A. J., Dillen, L., de Roos, C., & Boelen, P. A. (2011) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.765 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Are normal and complicated grief different constructs? A confirmatory factor analytic test
Dillen, L., Fontaine, J. R. J., & Verhofstadt–Denève, L. (2008) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.590 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“Since the proposition of CG, a sizeable set of independent studies have supported its validity, by showing that symptoms of CG constitute a unidimensional symptom cluster that is distinct from other bereavement-related distress forms and that predicts enduring functional and health impairments (among others, see Boele…”
BackgroundResultGuldin, M., O’Connor, M., Sokolowski, I., Jensen, A. B., & Vedsted, P. (2011) · BMC Palliative Care · doi:10.1186/1472-684x-10-9 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Lenferink, L. I. M., Nickerson, A., de Keijser, J., Smid, G. E., & Boelen, P. A. (2019) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702619858288 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“…analysis have shown that these syndromes are correlated but distinguishable (Boelen, van de Schoot, van den Hout, de Keijser, & van den Bout, 2010; Bonanno et al., 2007; Lenferink, de Keijser, Smid, Djelantik, & Boelen, 2017; Li & Prigerson, 2016; Nickerson et al., 2014; O’Connor et al., 2010).”
BackgroundMethodO’Connor, M., Nickerson, A., Aderka, I. M., & Bryant, R. A. (2015) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22349 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“[2,4, 5, 19–23] Studies have concluded that PTS is predictive of, or contributes to, the development of PGS.”
MethodIntrusive images in grief: an exploratory study
Boelen, P. A., & Huntjens, R. J. C. (2008) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.568 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Imagining the future in Complicated Grief
Maccallum, F., & Bryant, R. A. (2011) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20866 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“Second, although CG has consistently been found to be an independent construct,[3,58–60] co-morbidity with PTSD and depression is common in CG[59] and was a feaure of this sample.”
BackgroundSandler, I. N., Tein, J., Cham, H., Wolchik, S. A., & Ayers, T. S. (2016) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579416000328 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“The past decade has seen increasing interest in identifying pathological grief experiences that include experiences of prolonged yearning for the deceased and distress over the death that persist over time and impair healthy functioning (Bonanno et al., 2007).”
BackgroundWittouck, C., Van Autreve, S., Portzky, G., & van Heeringen, K. (2014) · Crisis · doi:10.1027/0227-5910/a000252 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“These grief symptoms commonly do not constitute a psychiatric disorder and may resolve without formal mental health treatment (Bonanno et al., 2007; Bonanno et al., 2002; Middleton, Burnett, Raphael, & Martinek, 1996; Zhang, El-Jawahri, & Prigerson, 2004).”
BackgroundRecent trends in the treatment of prolonged grief
Mancini, A. D., Griffin, P. W., & Bonanno, G. A. (2011) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0b013e32834de48a · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“This syndrome, variously described as ‘prolonged’ or ‘complicated’ grief, has substantial and long-term effects on well being and role functioning, over and above depression and posttraumatic stress disorders [5,6].”
BackgroundSelf-citationRandomised controlled trial of a cognitive narrative intervention for complicated grief in widowhood
Barbosa, V., Sá, M., & Carlos Rocha, J. (2014) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2013.833164 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“CG is more prolonged and severe than expected (Bonanno et al., 2007; Castro & Rocha, 2012; Newson, Boelen, Hek, Hofman, & Tiemeier, 2011; Stroebe et al., 2007), affects the individual’s functional capacity (Tomita & Kitamura, 2002; Wittouck, Van Autreve, De Jaegere, Portzky, & van Heeringen, 2011),…”
BackgroundThe persistence of attachment: Complicated grief, threat, and reaction times to the deceased's name
Mancini, A. D., & Bonanno, G. A. (2012) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.01.032 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“An accumulating body of research has found that this syndrome of " complicated " grief (CG) is distinct from anxiety and depressive disorders and has unique effects on functioning (Bonanno, et al., 2007; Prigerson, et al., 1996).”
Self-citationComplicated Grief and Depression in Young Adults
Mash, H. B. H., Fullerton, C. S., Shear, M. K., & Ursano, R. J. (2014) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000000155 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“Although many bereaved individuals experience a transient period of grief and mild to moderate depression (Bonanno et al., 2002, 2007; Shear et al., 2011), a subset of approximately 10% to 20% has a more chronic and intense response and may experience complicated grief (CG) reactions (Bonanno and…”
BackgroundNeimeyer, R. A., & Burke, L. A. (2011) · Religions · doi:10.3390/rel2020145 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“The PCL-C has shown high reliability in previous samples of bereaved individuals [21], and, also in our study, at T1 (α = 0.”
Result
- Authors
- Bonanno, G. A., Neria, Y., Mancini, A., Coifman, K. G., Litz, B., & Insel, B.
- Affiliations
- Columbia University (US)
- Boston University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Abnormal Psychology
- Published
- 2007-05
- Volume
- 116
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 342-351
- ISSN
- 0021-843X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1846
- OpenAlex
- W1970652546
- Cited by
- 288
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 26 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 22
- FWCI
- 14.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Abnormal Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (R29-MH57274; R01-MH73595)
- Spunk Fund Inc.
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Grief, Bereavement, and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Death, Funerary Practices, and Mourning
- Keywords
- complicated grief, bereavement, incremental validity, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, functioning, autonomic arousal, DSM-5
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Depressive Disorder, Diagnosis, Differential, Female, Grief, Heart Rate, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Personality Assessment, Personality Inventory, Psychometrics, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Reproducibility of Results, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
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