CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 1,216Cultural Differences and ValuesSocial and Intergroup PsychologyConsumer Behavior in Brand Consumption and Identification

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 85 of the 88 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Deviance or uniqueness, harmony or conformity: A cultural analysis

Open access
Kim, Heejung, Markus, Hazel Rose·1999·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
DOI 10.1037/0022-3514.77.4.785
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

Uniqueness has positive connotations of freedom and independence in American culture, whereas conformity has positive connotations of connectedness and harmony in East Asian culture. The present research examined how these cultural values and individual preferences for uniqueness and conformity influence each other. In Studies 1 and 2, East Asian and European American preferences for uniqueness were measured using abstract figures. In Study 3, the choice of pens by East Asians and European Americans was examined as a function of whether the pen appeared unique. In Study 4, Korean and American magazine ads were analyzed with a focus on themes of conformity and uniqueness. In all studies, East Asians preferred targets that represented conformity, whereas European Americans preferred targets that represented uniqueness. The results highlight the relationship between individual preference and the adoption and perpetuation of cultural values. If a person orders a decaffeinated cappuccino with nonfat milk in a cafe in San Francisco, he or she can feel good about having a preference that is not exactly regular. That person can feel right about being able to get the drink exactly the way he or she wants it and will be vindicated as the waiter brings the precise drink ordered without comment or question. In the United States, drinking a decaffeinated cappuccino with nonfat milk feels as good as drinking a regular cup of coffee, perhaps even better. The best taste is one's individualized taste, and being sure of one's own particular taste contributes to being an appropriate person in this cultural context. If a person orders the same drink—a decaffeinated cappuccino with nonfat milk—in a caf6 in Seoul, however, he or she may feel strange about being the only person who is getting this specialized beverage. That person will face others who are likely to be forming the impression that he or she is a person who does not get along with the group very well, and, moreover, that person will have to confront a waiter who may be annoyed at the request. Eventually, the person may even be humbled by the verdict that the cafe cannot make this idiosyncratic drink just for her. In this Korean cultural context, it does not feel right or good to drink a cup of decaffeinated cappuccino with nonfat milk. In Korea, the normal, regular, and traditional are usually the best tastes for the individual, and a

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1037/0022-3514.77.4.785

Cites

85 of 85 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 88 references

Research works printed but not linked: 7

  1. Caillat, Z., & Mueller, B. (1996). The influence of culture on American and British advertising: An exploratory comparison of beer advertising. Journal of Advertising Research, 36, 79–88.
  2. Langfeldt, H. (1992). Teachers' perceptions of problem behavior: A crosscultural study between Germany and South Korea. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 62, 217–224.
  3. Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991a). Cultural variation in the selfconcept. In G. R. Goethals & J. Strauss (Eds.), Multidisciplinary perspectives on the self (pp. 18–48). New York: Springer-Verlag.
  4. Moscovici, S. (1984). The phenomena of social representations. In R. M. Farr & S. Moscovici (Eds.), Social representation (pp. 3-69). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
  5. Rohlen, T. P. (1991, June). A developmental topography of self and society in Japan. Paper presented at the Conference on Self and Society in India, China, and Japan, Honolulu, HI.
  6. Taylor, C. (1989). Source of the self: The making of modern identities. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  7. Zimbardo, P. G. (1969). The human choice: Individuation, reason, and order versus deindividuation, impulse, and chaos. In W. J. Arnold & D. Levine (Eds.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, Vol. 17 (pp. 237– 307). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

See all

Metadata

Authors
Kim, H., & Markus, H. R.
Affiliations
Stanford University (US)
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Publisher
American Psychological Association (APA)
Published
1999-10
Volume
77
Issue
4
Pages
785-800
ISSN
  • 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
  • 1939-1315
DOI
10.1037/0022-3514.77.4.785
OpenAlex
W2144372049
Cited by
1,216
References
88
Citations by year
2026: 30 · 2025: 65 · 2024: 44 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 67 · 2021: 53 · 2020: 115 · 2019: 58 · 2018: 65 · 2017: 65 · 2016: 54 · 2015: 72 · 2014: 62 · 2013: 59 · 2012: 57
FWCI
16.26
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
cc-by-nc-sa
Locations
  • Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
  • eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Cultural Differences and Values
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
  • Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Marketing › Consumer Behavior in Brand Consumption and Identification
Keywords
uniqueness, conformity, cultural values, East Asian culture, individual preferences, magazine advertising, consumer choice, Korean culture, American culture, individualism-collectivism

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review