Post–traumatic growth as positive personality change: Evidence, controversies and future directions

Jayawickreme, Eranda; Blackie, Laura E. R.

doi:10.1002/per.1963

Cited by 555Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ResearchResilience and Mental HealthPsychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction

Post–traumatic growth as positive personality change: Evidence, controversies and future directions

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Jayawickreme, Eranda, Blackie, Laura E. R.·2014·European Journal of Personality

DOI 10.1002/per.1963

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Abstract

This target article focuses on the construct of post–traumatic growth—positive psychological change experienced as a result of the struggle with highly challenging life circumstances. Prominent theories of post–traumatic growth define it in terms of personality change, and as a result, this area of research should be of great interest to personality psychologists. Despite this fact, most of the research on this topic has not been sufficiently informed by relevant research in personality psychology, and much of the extant research suffers from significant methodological limitations. We review the literature on post–traumatic growth, with a particular focus on how researchers have conceptualized it and the specific methodological issues associated with these conceptualizations. We outline some ways in which personality science can both be enriched by the study of this phenomenon and inform rigorous research on post–traumatic growth and provide a series of guidelines for future research of post–traumatic growth as positive personality change. Copyright © 2014 European Association of Personality Psychology

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Hogan, R., & Roberts, B. W. (2004) · Journal of Career Assessment · doi:10.1177/1069072703255882 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
The letter of recommendation effect in informant ratings of personality.
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Do People Know How Their Personality Has Changed? Correlates of Perceived and Actual Personality Change in Young Adulthood
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Perceiving control, construing benefits, and daily processes in rheumatoid arthritis.
Tennen, H. A., Affleck, G. G., URROWS, S. T., Higgins, P. S., & Mendola, R. (1992) · Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement · doi:10.1037/h0078709 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Posttraumatic Growth and Culturally Competent Practice
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Autobiographical Memory and Conceptions of Self
Ross, M., & Wilson, A. E. (2003) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-8721.01228 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Can personality change? Levels of stability and growth in personality across the life span.
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Theories of Posttraumatic Growth: Cross-Cultural Perspectives
Splevins, K., Cohen, K., Bowley, J., & Joseph, S. (2010) · Journal of Loss and Trauma · doi:10.1080/15325020903382111 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
The Developmental Analysis of Individual Differences on Multiple Measures
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The effect of state extraversion on four types of affect
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An Examination of Posttraumatic Growth and Posttraumatic Depreciation: Two Exploratory Studies
Baker, J. M., Kelly, C., Calhoun, L. G., Cann, A., & Tedeschi, R. G. (2008) · Journal of Loss and Trauma · doi:10.1080/15325020802171367 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Two conceptions of maturity examined in the findings of a longitudinal study.
Helson, R., & Wink, P. M. (1987) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.53.3.531 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Personality Trait Development in Adulthood
Roberts, B. W., Robins, R. W., Trzesniewski, K. H., & Caspi, A. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-306-48247-2_26 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Assessing positive life change: In search of meticulous methods.
Tennen, H. A., & Affleck, G. G. (2009) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/11854-002 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Would introverts be better off if they acted more like extraverts? Exploring emotional and cognitive consequences of counterdispositional behavior.
Zelenski, J. M., Santoro, M. S., & Whelan, D. C. (2012) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0025169 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Two conceptions of maturity examined in the findings of a longitudinal study.
Helson, R., & Wink, P. M. (1987) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.53.3.531 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
A Longitudinal Investigation of Posttraumatic Growth in Adult Patients Undergoing Treatment for Acute Leukemia
Danhauer, S. C., Russell, G. B., Tedeschi, R. G., Jesse, M. T., Vishnevsky, T., Daley, K., Carroll, S., Triplett, K. N., Calhoun, L. G., Cann, A., et al. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings · doi:10.1007/s10880-012-9304-5 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Personality development in emerging adulthood: Integrating evidence from self-ratings and spouse ratings.
Watson, D., & Humrichouse, J. (2006) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.91.5.959 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Psychological Adjustment, Coping, and Emotion Regulation as Predictors of Posttraumatic Growth
Wild, N. D., & Paivio, S. C. (2004) · Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1300/j146v08n04_05 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Personality development from adolescence to emerging adulthood: Linking trajectories of ego development to the family context and identity formation.
Syed, M., & Seiffge‐Krenke, I. (2012) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0030070 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Posttraumatic Growth and Optimism in Health-Related Trauma: A Systematic Review
Bostock, L., Sheikh, A. I., & Barton, S. B. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings · doi:10.1007/s10880-009-9175-6 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
A Resource-Congruence Model of Coping and the Development of the Coping Schemas Inventory
Wong, P. T. P., Reker, G. T., & Peacock, E. J. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/0-387-26238-5_11 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Most of the girls are alright, but some aren't: Personality trajectory groups from ages 14 to 24 and some associations with outcomes.
Johnson, W., Hicks, B. M., McGue, M. K., & Iacono, W. G. (2007) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.93.2.266 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Measurement Issues in Assessing Growth Following Stressful Life Experiences.
Park, C. L., & Lechner, S. C. (2006) · doi:10.4324/9781315805597.ch3 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Personality and transformation in the face of adversity.
Tennen, H. A., & Affleck, G. G. (1998) · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Corroborating evidence of posttraumatic growth
Shakespeare‐Finch, J., & Enders, T. (2008) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.20347 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Posttraumatic growth in patients who survived cardiac surgery: the predictive and mediating roles of faith-based factors
Ai, A. L., Hall, D. E., Pargäment, K. I., & Tice, T. N. (2012) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-012-9412-6 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Act Well to Be Well: The Promise of Changing Personality States to Promote Well‐Being
Blackie, L. E. R., Roepke, A. M., Forgeard, M. J. C., Jayawickreme, E., & Fleeson, W. (2014) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118315927.ch27 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Self-citation
Psychological Assessment of Growth Following Adversity: A Review
Joseph, S., & Linley, P. A. (2008) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118269718.ch2 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
A Contrarian View of Growth Following Adversity
Ford, J. D., Tennen, H., & Albert, D. (2008) · Trauma, Recovery, and Growth · doi:10.1002/9781118269718.ch15 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Social support buffers the impact of functional impairments on caregiver psychological well‐being in the context of brain tumor and other cancers
Ownsworth, T., Henderson, L., & Chambers, S. K. (2009) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.1663 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Confirmatory factor analysis of the posttraumatic growth inventory with a sample of soldiers previously deployed in support of the Iraq and Afghanistan wars
Lee, J. A., Luxton, D. D., Reger, G. M., & Gahm, G. A. (2010) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.20692 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Turning points and lessons learned: Stressful life events and personality trait development across middle adulthood.
Sutin, A. R., Costa, P. T., Wethington, E., & Eaton, W. W. (2010) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/a0018751 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
COMMENTARIES on "Posttraumatic Growth: Conceptual Foundations and Empirical Evidence"
Maercker, A., & Zöllner, T. (2004) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pli1501_02 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Symposium on the Healthy Personality
Wishik, S. M. (1951) · American Journal of Public Health and the Nations Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.41.7.866-b · Cited by 77 · see citing works
The Personal Acquaintance Measure: a tool for appraising one's acquaintance with any person.
Starzyk, K. B., Holden, R., Fabrigar, L., & MacDonald, T. (2006) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.90.5.833 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Studying personality processes: Explaining change in between-persons longitudinal and within-person multilevel models.
Fleeson, W. (2007) · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Factor structure and concurrent validity of the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory–Short Form among veterans from the Iraq War
Kaler, M. E., Erbes, C. R., Tedeschi, R. G., Arbisi, P. A., & Polusny, M. A. (2011) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.20623 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
I Can, I Do, I Am: The Narrative Differentiation of Self-Efficacy and Other Self-Evaluations while Adapting to Bereavement
Bauer, J. J., & Bonanno, G. A. (2001) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1006/jrpe.2001.2323 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Assessment of posttraumatic growth.
Cohen, L. H., Hettler, T. R., & Pane, N. (1998) · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Depressive Symptoms, Social Network, and Bereavement Service Utilization and Preferences among Spouses of Former Hospice Patients
Bergman, E. J., & Haley, W. E. (2009) · Journal of Palliative Medicine · doi:10.1089/jpm.2008.0237 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Egocentrism and ego resiliency: Personality characteristics associated with perspective-taking from early childhood to adolescence.
Gjerde, P. F., Block, J. H., & BLOCK, J. H. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.51.2.423 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Egocentrism and ego resiliency: Personality characteristics associated with perspective-taking from early childhood to adolescence.
Gjerde, P. F., Block, J. H., & BLOCK, J. H. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.2.423 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-Perceptions of Stability and Change in Personality at Midlife: The UNC Alumni Heart Study
Herbst, J. H., McCrae, R. R., Costa, P. T., Feaganes, J. R., & Siegler, I. C. (2000) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/107319110000700406 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Corroboration of Growth Following Breast Cancer: Ten Years Later
Helgeson, V. S. (2010) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2010.29.5.546 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Psychosocial functioning in young men predicts their personality stability over 15 years
Lönnqvist, J., Mäkinen, S., Paunonen, S. V., HENRIKSSON, M. M., & Verkasalo, M. (2007) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2007.08.006 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Personality Change Pre- to Post- Loss in Spousal Caregivers of Patients With Terminal Lung Cancer
Hoerger, M. P., Chapman, B. P., Prigerson, H. G., Fagerlin, A., Mohile, S. G., Epstein, R. M., Lyness, J. M., & Duberstein, P. R. (2014) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550614524448 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Of Blood and Death
Blackie, L., & Cozzolino, P. J. (2011) · Psychology Science · doi:10.1177/0956797611415542 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citation

Flagged first, then by citations

Sorted by citations

Cybernetic Big Five Theory
DeYoung, C. G. (2015) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2014.07.004 · Cited by 1,057 · see citing works
Processes of Personality Development in Adulthood: The TESSERA Framework
Wrzus, C., & Roberts, B. W. (2017) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868316652279 · Cited by 559 · see citing works
“…predict changes in personality characteristics, such as reported from war veterans (Jongedijk, Carlier, Schreuder, & Gersons, 1996), it is possible that repeated thoughts of the traumatic experience and the accompanying emotions actually drive personality change (Jayawickreme & Blackie, 2014).”
Background
Post‐traumatic growth as positive personality change: Challenges, opportunities, and recommendations
Jayawickreme, E., Infurna, F. J., Alajak, K., Blackie, L. E. R., Chopik, W. J., Chung, J. M., Dorfman, A., Fleeson, W., Forgeard, M. J. C., Frazier, P., et al. (2021) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12591 · Cited by 333 · see citing works
“Despite the strong appeal of this narrative, empirical research provides limited evidence that adversity reliably leads to improved psychological functioning (Jayawickreme & Blackie, 2014; Mangelsdorf, Eid, & Luhmann, 2019).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citation
Vices of the Mind
Cassam, Q. (2019) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198826903.001.0001 · Cited by 323 · see citing works
Transactions between life events and personality traits across the adult lifespan.
Denissen, J. J. A., Luhmann, M., Chung, J. M., & Bleidorn, W. (2018) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000196 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
Wisdom in Context
Grossmann, I. (2017) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691616672066 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
“…thinking has come from single-shot experiments; longitudinal studies on wisdom are still missing (Staudinger & Glück, 2011), preventing conclusive evaluation on how contexts of adversity or unique professional experience may affect the development of wise thought ( Jayawickreme & Blackie, 2014).”
Background
Characteristics of mental health recovery narratives: Systematic review and narrative synthesis
Llewellyn-Beardsley, J., Rennick-Egglestone, S., Callard, F., Crawford, P., Farkas, M., Hui, A., Manley, D., McGranahan, R., Pollock, K., Ramsay, A., et al. (2019) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0214678 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Whole Trait Theory: An integrative approach to examining personality structure and process
Jayawickreme, E., Zachry, C. E., & Fleeson, W. (2018) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2018.06.045 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Self-citation
Fixing the Growth Illusion: New Directions for Research in Resilience and Posttraumatic Growth
Infurna, F. J., & Jayawickreme, E. (2019) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721419827017 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
“This is problematic given that posttraumatic growth has been conceptualized explicitly in terms of positive personality change ( Jayawickreme & Blackie, 2014, 2016).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Post-Traumatic Growth and Stress-Related Responses During the COVID-19 Pandemic in a National Representative Sample: The Role of Positive Core Beliefs About the World and Others
Vázquez, C., Valiente, C., García, F. E., Contreras, A., Peinado, V., Trucharte, A., & Bentall, R. P. (2021) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-020-00352-3 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Resilience to major life stressors is not as common as thought
Infurna, F., & Luthar, S. (2016) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691615621271 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
“…policymakers to decide against providing resources (including evidencebased interventions) for those individuals who, in fact, do suffer considerably in the wake of serious adversities, such as natural disasters or serious community violence ( Jayawickreme & Blackie, 2014; Luthar & Brown, 2007).”
Re-evaluating the notion that resilience is commonplace: A review and distillation of directions for future research, practice, and policy
Infurna, F. J., & Luthar, S. S. (2018) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2018.07.003 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
The Cambridge Handbook of Personality Psychology
(2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Does growth require suffering? A systematic review and meta-analysis on genuine posttraumatic and postecstatic growth.
Mangelsdorf, J., Eid, M., & Luhmann, M. (2019) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000173 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
“…a large body of research has evolved which explores the phenomenon of posttraumatic growth, and several theoretical frameworks have been developed and refined (e.g., Jayawickreme & Blackie, 2014, 2016; Joseph & Linley, 2004; Park et al., 1996; Park & Helgeson, 2006; Tedeschi & Calhoun, 1996, 2004).”
Background
Growing from experience: an exploratory study of posttraumatic growth in adolescent refugees
Sleijpen, M., Haagen, J. F. G., Mooren, T. T. M., & Kleber, R. J. (2016) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.3402/ejpt.v7.28698 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
“It measures perceptions of change rather than actual pre-to post-trauma changes (Jayawickreme & Blackie, 2014).”
Influential
Helping or Harming? The Effect of Trigger Warnings on Individuals With Trauma Histories
Jones, P. J., Bellet, B. W., & McNally, R. J. (2020) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702620921341 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
“…said, posttraumatic growth is a somewhat controversial measure that should not be thought of as a straightforward measure of psychological health (Jayawickreme & Blackie, 2014); indeed, some studies have indicated that it is positively correlated with more severe PTSD (Dekel, Ein-Dor, & Solomon,…”
Background
Better family relationships––higher well-being: The connection between relationship quality and health related resources
Grevenstein, D., Bluemke, M., Schweitzer, J., & Aguilar‐Raab, C. (2019) · Mental Health & Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.mph.2019.200160 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Post-traumatic growth in mental health recovery: qualitative study of narratives
Slade, M., Rennick‐Egglestone, S., Blackie, L. E. R., Llewellyn‐Beardsley, J., Franklin, D., Hui, A., Thornicroft, G., McGranahan, R., Pollock, K., Priebe, S., et al. (2019) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029342 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Self-citation
The psychologically rich life questionnaire
Oishi, S., Choi, H. P., Buttrick, N. R., Heintzelman, S. J., Kushlev, K., Westgate, E. C., Tucker, J., Ebersole, C. R., Axt, J. R., Gilbert, E. A., et al. (2019) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2019.06.010 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
“…psychological well-being is compatible with a psychologically rich life to the extent that personal growth, like the experience of psychological richness, often happens upon encountering new and challenging experiences (see also the posttraumatic growth literature, Jayawickreme & Blackie, 2014).”
Background
Capturing interactions, correlations, fits, and transactions: A Person-Environment Relations Model
Rauthmann, J. F. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813995-0.00018-2 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Does Psychedelic Therapy Have a Transdiagnostic Action and Prophylactic Potential?
Kočárová, R., Horáček, J., & Carhart-Harris, R. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.661233 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Investigating the impact of involuntary psychiatric hospitalization on youth and young adult trust and help-seeking in pathways to care
Jones, N., Gius, B. K., Shields, M. C., Collings, S., Rosen, C., & Munson, M. R. (2021) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-021-02048-2 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Personality Change: Implications for Organizational Behavior
Tasselli, S., Kilduff, M., & Landis, B. (2018) · Academy of Management Annals · doi:10.5465/annals.2016.0008 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
“Disruptive personal experiences such as alcohol abuse (Hicks, Durbin, Blonigen, Iacono, & McGue, 2012; Littlefield, Sher, & Wood, 2009) and personal trauma (Jayawickreme & Blackie, 2014) contribute to changes in personality and have spillover effects in the workplace.”
Background
Reducing reports of illusory posttraumatic growth: A revised version of the Stress-Related Growth Scale (SRGS-R).
Boals, A., & Schuler, K. L. (2017) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/tra0000267 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Temperament and brain networks of attention
Posner, M. I., & Rothbart, M. K. (2018) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2017.0254 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
The Role of Emotion-Related Abilities in the Quality of Life of Breast Cancer Survivors: A Systematic Review
Durosini, I., Triberti, S., Savioni, L., Sebri, V., & Pravettoni, G. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph191912704 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
“On the contrary, understanding one’s own emotional journey in depth permits the cultivation of new personal resources, as it happens for example in post-traumatic growth [85].”
Background
Stressful life events and predictors of post-traumatic growth among high-risk early emerging adults
Arpawong, T. E., Rohrbach, L. A., Milam, J. E., Unger, J. B., Land, H. M., Sun, P., Spruijt‐Metz, D., & Sussman, S. Y. (2014) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2014.994223 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“With regard to the construct of PTG, many questions arise on whether the self-reported measure of growth reflects actual growth (from pre- to post-SLE) or only a perception of it (Frazier et al., 2009; Jayawickreme & Blackie, 2014).”
Background
Cognitive biases in perceptions of posttraumatic growth: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Gower, T., Pham, J., Jouriles, E. N., Rosenfield, D., & Bowen, H. J. (2022) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2022.102159 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Posttraumatic growth among people living with HIV: A systematic review
Rzeszutek, M., & Gruszczyńska, E. (2018) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2018.09.006 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Psychological well-being in Europe after the outbreak of war in Ukraine
Scharbert, J., Humberg, S., Kroencke, L., Reiter, T., Sakel, S., ter Horst, J., Utesch, K., Gosling, S. D., Harari, G. M., Matz, S., et al. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-44693-6 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
“Besides potentially introducing retrospective biases, such cross-sectional data donotallowforinvestigationsofpre-postcomparisonsorchangeover time, such as anticipation or recovery effects 9,10 .”
BackgroundMethod
Positive Psychotherapy
Rashid, T., & Seligman, M. (2018) · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780195325386.001.0001 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Creativity and Healing
Forgeard, M. J. C. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316979839.017 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Post-traumatic growth as positive personality change: Developing a measure to assess within-person variability
Blackie, L. E. R., Jayawickreme, E., Tsukayama, E., Forgeard, M. J. C., Roepke, A. M., & Fleeson, W. (2016) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2016.04.001 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Self-citation
Illusory posttraumatic growth is common, but genuine posttraumatic growth is rare: A critical review and suggestions for a path forward
Boals, A. (2023) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2023.102301 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Linking trauma to posttraumatic growth and mental health through emotional and cognitive creativity.
Orkibi, H., & Ram-Vlasov, N. (2018) · Psychology of Aesthetics Creativity and the Arts · doi:10.1037/aca0000193 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Does Positive Contact Between Residents and Tourists Stimulate Tourists’ Environmentally Responsible Behavior? The Role of Gratitude and Boundary Conditions
Tu, H.-W., & Ma, J.-F. (2021) · Journal of Travel Research · doi:10.1177/00472875211048938 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“When receiving unexpected help from strangers, individuals with positive personality traits tend to consider other people as kindhearted (Jayawickreme and Blackie 2014), while individuals with dark personality traits may assume ulterior motives (Moor and Anderson 2019), which affects the formation…”
Background
Whole traits: Revealing the social-cognitive mechanisms constituting personality's central variable
Fleeson, W., & Jayawickreme, E. (2021) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/bs.aesp.2020.11.002 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Self-citation
The workplace integration of veterans: Applying diversity and fit perspectives
González, J. A., & Simpson, J. (2020) · Human Resource Management Review · doi:10.1016/j.hrmr.2020.100775 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Identity integration in people with acquired disabilities: A qualitative study
Adler, J. M., Lakmazaheri, A., O'Brien, E., Palmer, A., Reid, M., & Tawes, E. (2019) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12533 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
The protective function of personal growth initiative among a genocide-affected population in Rwanda.
Blackie, L. E. R., Jayawickreme, E., Forgeard, M. J. C., & Jayawickreme, N. (2014) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/tra0000010 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citation
Navigating groundlessness: An interview study on dealing with ontological shock and existential distress following psychedelic experiences
Argyri, E. K., Evans, J., Luke, D. P., Michael, P., Michelle, K., Rohani-Shukla, C., Suseelan, S., Prideaux, E., McAlpine, R. G., Murphy-Beiner, A., et al. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0322501 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“Following difficult or traumatic experiences, a period of self-questioning can catalyse the formation of a new sense of self, emerging with increased psychological maturity [98,99] that encourages prosociality [100].”
Trajectories of posttraumatic growth and depreciation after two major earthquakes.
Marshall, E. M., Frazier, P., Frankfurt, S., & Kuijer, R. G. (2015) · Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy · doi:10.1037/tra0000005 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“Similarly, Jayawickreme and Blackie (2014) have recently argued that self-reported posttraumatic growth may be best understood as an individual difference trait associated with how individuals generally respond to life challenges.”
Background
A Longitudinal Study of Post-Traumatic Growth and Psychological Distress in Colorectal Cancer Survivors
Occhipinti, S., Chambers, S. K., Lepore, S. J., Aitken, J. F., & Dunn, J. C. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0139119 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“Over the past two decades, the nature, stability and predictive power of the construct of post-traumatic growth have been the center of a lively academic debate (for a review with commentary that examines PTG from a personality perspective see Jayawickreme and Blackie [2] and associated papers; for considered discussi…”
BackgroundResultInfluential
An Integrated Historical Trauma and Posttraumatic Growth Framework: a Cross-Cultural Exploration
Ortega‐Williams, A., Beltrán, R., Schultz, K., Henderson, Z., Colón, L., & Teyra, C. (2021) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1080/15299732.2020.1869106 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Perceived post-traumatic growth may not reflect actual positive change: A short-term prospective study of relationship dissolution
Owenz, M. B., & Fowers, B. J. (2018) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407518811662 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“This research domain has been controversial, however, due to what Jayawickreme and Blackie (2014) call a “lack of attention to methodological limitations and overinterpretation of extant findings” (p. 313), with the primary flaw being an extensive reliance on retrospective reports of growth.”
Background
Development and validation of a measure of spiritual fortitude.
Tongeren, D. R. V., Aten, J. D., McElroy, S. E., Davis, D. E., Shannonhouse, L., Davis, E. B., & Hook, J. N. (2019) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/tra0000449 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Perceptions of Mental Health and Wellbeing Following Residential Displacement and Damage from the 2018 St. John River Flood
Woodhall‐Melnik, J., & Grogan, C. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16214174 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“This higher function may manifest as better relationships with others, spiritual growth, more positive outlooks on life, a reappraisal of priorities and belief in positive life opportunities, and increased self-confidence and self-perceived strength [75,76,80].”
Background
Early-life exposure to hardship increased risk tolerance and entrepreneurship in adulthood with gender differences
Yi, J., Chu, J., & Png, I. (2022) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2104033119 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Does growth require suffering? A systematic review and meta-analysis on genuine posttraumatic and postecstatic growthPreprint
Mangelsdorf, J., Eid, M., & Luhmann, M. (2018) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/vkys2 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Social participation and posttraumatic growth: The serial mediation of hope, social support, and reappraisal
Laslo‐Roth, R., George‐Levi, S., & Margalit, M. (2020) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.22490 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
A Common Model Is Essential for a Cumulative Science of Wisdom
Grossmann, I., Weststrate, N. M., Ferrari, M., & Brienza, J. (2020) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2020.1750920 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“We fully agree with Park that selfreports are not only problematic for assessing CWM characteristics in situ but also (and maybe especially) when reporting the developmental trajectory of these characteristics retrospectively (Jayawickreme & Blackie, 2014).”
Background
Resilience and Recovery Following Disasters: The Meaning Making Model
Park, C. L., & Blake, E. C. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-32007-2_2 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Perception of major life events and personality trait change
Haehner, P., Rakhshani, A. C., Faßbender, I., Lucas, R. E., Donnellan, M. B., & Luhmann, M. (2022) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1177/08902070221107973 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“For example, post-traumatic growth research has shown that perceived changes in social relationships and character growth do not necessarily correspond to actual changes in these domains (Jayawickreme & Blackie, 2014).”
Background
Young Women’s Accounts of Caregiving, Family Relationships, and Personal Growth When Mother Has Mental Illness
Petrowski, C. E., & Stein, C. H. (2016) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-016-0441-6 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“…some results from previous studies of adults coping with parental mental illness (Kinsella et al. 1996; Mowbray et al. 2004; Dunn 1993) and a growing literature on benefit finding and personal growth for adults coping with a variety of difficult life circumstances (Jayawickreme and Blackie 2014).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Parents’ adjustment following the death of their child: Resilience is multidimensional and differs across outcomes examined
Infurna, F., & Luthar, S. (2017) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2017.04.004 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“This is akin to research that has been done on posttraumatic growth, where multiple pertinent outcomes are simultaneously examined to ascertain the degree to which individuals may potentially show enduring improvements in specific areas following adversity (see Jayawickreme & Blackie, 2014).”
Result
Sense of coherence is linked to post-traumatic growth after critical incidents in Austrian ambulance personnel
Ragger, K., Hiebler-Ragger, M., Herzog, G., Kapfhammer, H.-P., & Unterrainer, H. F. (2019) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-019-2065-z · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Emotional resilience and event centrality mediate posttraumatic growth following adverse childhood experiences.
Tranter, H., Brooks, M., & Khan, R. (2020) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/tra0000953 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Resilience, Life Events, and Well-Being During Midlife: Examining Resilience Subgroups
McGinnis, D. (2018) · Journal of Adult Development · doi:10.1007/s10804-018-9288-y · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“Post-traumatic growth refers to psychological growth that follows events that have disrupted self-perceptions and worldviews, with changes thought to influence personality change (Jayawickreme and Blackie 2014; Tedeschi and Calhoun 2004).”
Background
Posttraumatic Growth Among Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder in China and Its Relationship to Family Function and Mental Resilience: A Cross-Sectional Study
Qin, X., Feng, Y., Qu, F., Luo, Y., Chen, B., Chen, M., Zou, Y., & Zhang, L. (2020) · Journal of Pediatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.pedn.2020.10.026 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Posttraumatic growth as a process and an outcome: Vexing problems and paradoxes seen from the perspective of humanistic psychology.
Joseph, S. (2019) · The Humanistic Psychologist · doi:10.1037/hum0000156 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“Second, it has been proposed that PTG be rephrased as a positive personality change (Jayawickreme & Blackie, 2014).”
Background
Relationships among non‐interpersonal and interpersonal trauma types, posttraumatic stress, and posttraumatic growth
Thomas, E. A., Owens, G. P., & Keller, E. M. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23190 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Meaning mediates the association between suffering and well-being
Edwards, M., & Tongeren, D. R. V. (2019) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2019.1651890 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self‐distancing promotes positive emotional change after adversity: Evidence from a micro‐longitudinal field experiment
Dorfman, A., Oakes, H., Santos, H. C., & Grossmann, I. (2019) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12534 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
A Meta-analytic Review of the Relationship Between Posttraumatic Growth, Anxiety, and Depression
Long, L. J., Phillips, C. A., Glover, N., Richardson, A. L., D’Souza, J. M., Cunningham-Erdogdu, P., & Gallagher, M. W. (2021) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-021-00370-9 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Evaluation of a modified version of the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory-Short Form
for the Millennium Cohort Study Team, Kaur, N., Porter, B., LeardMann, C. A., Tobin, L. E., Lemus, H., & Luxton, D. D. (2017) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/s12874-017-0344-2 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“Due to these concerns about the PTGI, researchers have been encouraged to conduct longitudinal studies to prospectively assess posttraumatic growth [17, 18].”
Background
Personal growth in psychosis
Slade, M., Blackie, L., & Longden, E. (2019) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20585 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citation
Perceived posttraumatic growth and depreciation after spinal cord injury: Actual or illusory?
Kunz, S., Joseph, S., Geyh, S., & Peter, C. (2019) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/hea0000676 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Parents’ post-traumatic growth and spirituality post-neonatal intensive care unit discharge
Brelsford, G. M., Doheny, K. K., & Nestler, L. (2019) · Journal of Psychology and Theology · doi:10.1177/0091647119856468 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“In a more general sense, PTG has been conceptualized as the processing of learning from and finding meaning in traumatic events (Jayawickreme & Blackie, 2014).”
Background
Self-reported posttraumatic growth predicts greater subsequent posttraumatic stress amidst war and terrorism
Zalta, A. K., Gerhart, J. I., Hall, B. J., Rajan, K. B., Vechiu, C., Canetti, D., & Hobfoll, S. E. (2016) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2016.1229467 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“Jayawickreme and Blackie (2014) outline five steps required to determine one’s PTG: (i) deduce one’s standing after the trauma, (ii) recall one’s standing prior to the trauma, (iii) compare these standings, (iv) assess the degree of change, and (v) evaluate the degree to which change was due to the…”
Background
Stress-Related Growth: Building a More Resilient Brain
Ord, A. S., Stranahan, K. R., Hurley, R. A., & Taber, K. H. (2020) · Journal of Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.20050111 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“If illusory perceptions of growth coexist with and do not hinder active coping (e.g., deliberate ruminations), then they may serve as a short-term adaptive palliative coping strategy helping individuals deal effectively with the aftermath of distressing events (83, 90, 95).”
Posttraumatic growth and well-being among people living with HIV: A systematic review and meta-analysis in recognition of 40 years of HIV/AIDS
Pięta, M., & Rzeszutek, M. (2021) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-021-02990-3 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“However, PTG research among PLWH shares the same shortcomings as the overall PTG literature [8], with the additional complication of the ongoing nature of illness-related trauma and related measurement difficulties [13].”
BackgroundMethod
Perceptions of Change after a Trauma and Perceived Posttraumatic Growth: A Prospective Examination
Boals, A., Bedford, L. A., & Callahan, J. L. (2019) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs9010010 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“The distinction between actual PTG and perceived PTG is a crucial one, and it is paramount that researchers recognize this distinction (Jayawickreme and Blackie, 2014, [6]).”
Background
The private life of CEOs; A strategic leadership perspective
van Doorn, S., Heyden, M., & Reimer, M. (2023) · Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2023.101679 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
The Development of Wisdom: A Social Ecological Approach
Igarashi, H., Levenson, M. R., & Aldwin, C. M. (2018) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gby002 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“There is the risk that retrospective data lacks veridicality (Jayawickreme & Blackie, 2014), and is influenced by a positivity bias of age-related preferences for attending to and recalling positive events (see Charles & Carstensen, 2007).”
Background
Charting self‐esteem during marital dissolution
Bleidorn, W., Schwaba, T., Denissen, J. J. A., & Hopwood, C. J. (2019) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12525 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“As with other research on adaptation to aversive life events (i.e., post-traumatic growth), the inconclusive nature of evidence may – at least in part – reflect methodological limitations of past research on marital dissolution (cf. Jayawickreme & Blackie, 2014; Tennen & Affleck, 2009).”
Background
Beyond “Bouncing”: Resilience as an Expansion–Contraction Dynamic within a Holonic Frame
Clark, J. N. (2020) · International Studies Review · doi:10.1093/isr/viaa048 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
What are the personality and trauma dynamics that contribute to posttraumatic growth?
Shuwiekh, H. A. M., Kira, I. A., & Ashby, J. S. (2017) · International Journal of Stress Management · doi:10.1037/str0000054 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Reconstructing Personal Stories in Virtual Reality as a Mechanism to Recover the Self
Georgieva, I., & Georgiev, G. V. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17010026 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Development of character strengths across the deployment cycle among U.S. Army soldiers
Chopik, W. J., Kelley, W. L., Vie, L. L., Oh, J., Bonett, D. G., Lucas, R. E., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2020) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12564 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“…on personality development following life events and adverse circumstances provides some precedent to expect that there may be individual differences in adaptation to the deployment experience (Bleidorn, Hopwood, & Lucas, 2016; Jayawickreme & Blackie, 2014; Jayawickreme, Brocato, & Blackie, 2016).”
BackgroundInfluential
Examining Associations Between Major Negative Life Events, Changes in Weekly Reports of Post-Traumatic Growth and Global Reports of Eudaimonic Well-Being
Jayawickreme, E., Blackie, L. E. R., Forgeard, M. J. C., Roepke, A. M., & Tsukayama, E. (2021) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/19485506211043381 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citation
Educational Psychology
Ben‐Eliyahu, A., & Zeidner, M. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.041 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Health benefits of positive reappraisal coping among people living with HIV/AIDS: A systematic review
Finkelstein‐Fox, L., Park, C. L., & Kalichman, S. C. (2019) · Health Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/17437199.2019.1641424 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Promoting posttraumatic growth among the refugee population in Spain: A community‐based pilot intervention
Paloma, V., de la Morena, I., & López‐Torres, C. (2019) · Health & Social Care in the Community · doi:10.1111/hsc.12847 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Adolescent Posttraumatic Growth: A Review
Harmon, J., & Venta, A. C. (2020) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-020-01047-9 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Predictors of Self-Reported Growth Following Religious and Spiritual Struggles: Exploring the Role of Wholeness
Hart, A. C., Pargäment, K. I., Grubbs, J. B., Exline, J. J., & Wilt, J. A. (2020) · Religions · doi:10.3390/rel11090445 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“Some have argued that perceptions of growth do not correspond to actual changes but are instead psychological defense mechanisms (Maercker and Zoellner 2004), reflections of cultural scripts (Linley and Joseph 2004), or attempts to make meaning of difficult times (Jayawickreme and Blackie 2014).”
Background
Stability and change of perceived characteristics of major life events.
Haehner, P., Kritzler, S., Faßbender, I., & Luhmann, M. (2021) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000394 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Attachment Styles and Posttraumatic Growth Among Suicide-Loss Survivors
Levi‐Belz, Y., & Ari, L. L. (2018) · Crisis · doi:10.1027/0227-5910/a000550 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
What does resilience signify? An evaluation of concepts and directions for future research
Infurna, F. J. (2020) · Gerontology · doi:10.1159/000507365 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Is Social Support Associated With Upper Extremity Disability?
Nota, S. P. F. T., Spit, S., Oosterhoff, T., Hageman, M., Ring, D., & Vranceanu, A.-M. (2016) · Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research · doi:10.1007/s11999-016-4892-2 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“This finding is consistent with research on posttraumatic growth, benefit finding, and meaning making [12, 19], which suggests that patients who are able to look at a stressful or traumatic situation through an adaptive lens that allows for finding positives such as insight into one’s own ability to cope, appreciation…”
Result
Are sequential sample designs useful for examining post-traumatic changes in character strengths?
Lamade, R. V., Jayawickreme, E., Blackie, L. E. R., & McGrath, R. E. (2019) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2019.1610481 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“…on PTG (e.g., Blackie et al., 2017; Danhauer et al., 2013; see Jayawickreme & Blackie, 2014, for a review), the field has been criticized for relying heavily on retrospective reports of changes in personality (Infurna & Jayawickreme, 2019; Jayawickreme & Blackie, 2014; Tennen & Affleck, 2009).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citation
Perceived and actual posttraumatic growth in religiousness and spirituality following disasters
Davis, E. B., Tongeren, D. R. V., McElroy‐Heltzel, S. E., Davis, D. E., Rice, K. G., Hook, J. N., Aten, J. D., Park, C. L., Shannonhouse, L., & Lemke, A. W. (2019) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12537 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“Moreover, despite considerable controversy over what the construct of PTG actually is and over how to measure it validly (Frazier et al., 2009; Jayawickreme & Blackie, 2014), to our knowledge, no studies have examined the relationships between perceived and actual R/S PTG following disasters.”
Background
Spiritual fortitude: A systematic review of the literature and implications for COVID-19 coping.
Zhang, H., Hook, J. N., Tongeren, D. R. V., Davis, E. B., Aten, J. D., McElroy‐Heltzel, S. E., Davis, D. E., Shannonhouse, L., Hodge, A. S., & Captari, L. E. (2021) · Spirituality in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1037/scp0000267 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Do We Know How Adversity Impacts Human Development?
Jayawickreme, E., Rivers, J., & Rauthmann, J. M. (2018) · Research in Human Development · doi:10.1080/15427609.2018.1495515 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“Such reports may also reflect positive illusions, active coping efforts, and violation of postevent recovery expectations, as opposed to real and genuine changes in an individual’s personality as a response to adversity (Jayawickreme & Blackie, 2014).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citation
Beyond Resilience: Glimpses into Women’s Posttraumatic Growth after Experiencing Intimate Partner Violence
Brosi, M. W., Rolling, E. S., Gaffney, C., & Kitch, B. (2019) · American Journal of Family Therapy · doi:10.1080/01926187.2019.1691084 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Victimhood dissociation and conflict resolution: evidence from the Colombian peace plebiscite
Acosta, L. (2021) · Theory and Society · doi:10.1007/s11186-020-09423-z · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Growth through Adversity: Exploring Associations between Internal Strengths, Posttraumatic Growth, and Wisdom
Plews-Ogan, M., Ardelt, M., & Owens, J. E. (2018) · The Journal of Value Inquiry · doi:10.1007/s10790-018-9659-4 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Resilience in the face of interpersonal loss: The role of character strengths
Blanchard, T., McGrath, R. E., & Jayawickreme, E. (2021) · Applied Psychology Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1111/aphw.12273 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citation
Behavior Problems, Self-Esteem, and Prosocial Behavior in Siblings of Children With Chronic Physical Health Conditions: An Updated Meta-Analysis
Pinquart, M. (2022) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsac066 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Personality Neuroscience
DeYoung, C. G., & Blain, S. D. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.026 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Advertising on the edge: appeal effectiveness when advertising in extreme sports
Raggiotto, F., Scarpi, D., & Moretti, A. (2019) · International Journal of Advertising · doi:10.1080/02650487.2019.1653009 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“Indeed, situations pushing one to the limits and exposing one to difficulty lead to painful psychological processes of positive adjustment (Taylor et al. 2003) to rebuild self-identity and to minimize the perception of those challenges and difficulties (Jayawickreme and Blackie 2014).”
Background

Post‐traumatic growth as positive personality change: Challenges, opportunities, and recommendations
Jayawickreme, E., Infurna, F. J., Alajak, K., Blackie, L. E. R., Chopik, W. J., Chung, J. M., Dorfman, A., Fleeson, W., Forgeard, M. J. C., Frazier, P., et al. (2021) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12591 · Cited by 333 · see citing works
Self-citation
What does a personality science approach to post-traumatic growth reveal?
Blackie, L. E. R., & Jayawickreme, E. (2022) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1177/08902070221104628 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citation
Exploring the Psychological Benefits of Hardship
Jayawickreme, E., & Blackie, L. E. R. (2016) · SpringerBriefs in psychology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-47989-7 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citation
Phenomenology of personality changes under post-traumatic growth
Mykhailyuk, I. V. (2017) · Likarska sprava · doi:10.31640/ls-2017(7)43
Unravelling the Post-Traumatic Growth Paradox: Can Negative Experiences Drive Positive Personality Maturation?
Kandler, C., & Specht, J. (2014) · PUB – Publications at Bielefeld University (Bielefeld University) · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Authors: Jayawickreme, E., & Blackie, L. E. R.
Affiliations: Wake Forest University (US)
Corresponding author: Jayawickreme, Eranda
ORCID: Jayawickreme, Eranda
Blackie, Laura E. R.
Venue: European Journal of Personality
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2014-07
Volume: 28
Issue: 4
Pages: 312-331
ISSN: 0890-2070 (ISSN-L)
1099-0984
DOI: 10.1002/per.1963
OpenAlex: W1553615027
Cited by: 555
References: 145
Citations by year: 2026: 29 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 46 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 52 · 2021: 64 · 2020: 84 · 2019: 61 · 2018: 70 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 4
FWCI: 26.83
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
doi.org
Licence: other-oa
journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: European Journal of Personality (publishedVersion)
Repository@Nottingham (University of Nottingham) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
Repository@Nottingham (University of Nottingham) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders: John Templeton Foundation
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Resilience and Mental Health
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
Keywords: posttraumatic growth, personality psychology, methodological limitations, resilience

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Post–traumatic growth as positive personality change: Evidence, controversies and future directions

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