The DOI matches its Crossref record; 87 of the 94 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Habits in everyday life: Thought, emotion, and action.
Abstract
To illustrate the differing thoughts and emotions involved in guiding habitual and nonhabitual behavior, 2 diary studies were conducted in which participants provided hourly reports of their ongoing experiences. When participants were engaged in habitual behavior, defined as behavior that had been performed almost daily in stable contexts, they were likely to think about issues unrelated to their behavior, presumably because they did not have to consciously guide their actions. When engaged in nonhabitual behavior, or actions performed less often or in shifting contexts, participants' thoughts tended to correspond to their behavior, suggesting that thought was necessary to guide action. Furthermore, the self-regulatory benefits of habits were apparent in the lesser feelings of stress associated with habitual than nonhabitual behavior.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Nevertheless, Wood et al. (2002) found that complex tasks were associated with more thoughts about the task during its performance than simple tasks, indicating they may be less automatic.”
From How are habits formed: modelling habit formation in the real world (2010) · cites this paper as Wood et al., 2002
Citations
Cites
James, W. (1891) · Personality Culture Society · doi:10.1037/11059-000 · Cited by 25,876
Advances In Experimental Social Psychology
(2022) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(22)x0002-6 · Cited by 22,559
The Handbook of Social Psychology
Gravatt, A. E., Lindzey, G. E., & Aronson, F. (1969) · The Family Coordinator · doi:10.2307/582242 · Cited by 12,518
Efficacy of the Theory of Planned Behaviour: A meta‐analytic review
Armitage, C. J., & Conner, M. (2001) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466601164939 · Cited by 9,970
Well-being : the foundations of hedonic psychology
Kahneman, D. J., Diener, E. F., & Schwarz, N. (1999) · Cited by 7,472
Book Review: The Psychology of Attitudes
Chakravarti, D., Eagly, A. H., & Chaiken, S. (1997) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.2307/3151869 · Cited by 7,173
Ecological momentary assessment
Shiffman, S., Stone, A. A., & Hufford, M. R. (2008) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091415 · Cited by 6,454
Social psychology: handbook of basic principles
Higgins, E., & Kruglanski, A. (2008) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.45-3496 · Cited by 5,535
The development of markers for the Big-Five factor structure
Goldberg, L. R. (1992) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.4.1.26 · Cited by 5,530
Implementation intentions: Strong effects of simple plans.
Gollwitzer, P. M. (1999) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.54.7.493 · Cited by 5,478
Research works printed but not linked: 11
- Barker, 1978, Measures of habitat and behavior output., 229
- 10.1037/0022-3514.46.3.610 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1037/0022-3514.74.5.1252 · DOI · Paper page
- Eagly, 1993, The psychology of attitudes.
- 10.1037/0003-066X.43.5.349 · DOI
- 10.1037/0278-7393.22.6.1323 · DOI
- Langer, 1989a, Mindfulness.
- Leiter, 2001, Burnout and health., 415
- Nelson, 2001, Preventive management of work stress: Current themes and future challenges., 349
- Raudenbush, 2001, HLM5: Hierarchical linear and nonlinear modeling
- Wegner, 1996, Mental control., 466
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Webb, T. L., & Sheeran, P. (2006) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.132.2.249 · Cited by 3,732
Implementation intentions and goal achievement: a meta-analysis of effects and processes
Gollwitzer, P. M., & Sheeran, P. (2006) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(06)38002-1 · Cited by 3,236
“Automaticity commonly characterizes highly overlearned activities (e.g., driving a car, typing) including the operation of habits (Aarts & Dijksterhuis, 2000a,b; Sheeran et al., 2005a; Wood et al., 2002).”
BackgroundHow Habit Limits the Predictive Power of Intention: The Case of Information Systems Continuance1
Limayem, M., Hirt, S. G., & Cheung, C. M. K. (2007) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.2307/25148817 · Cited by 2,450
Hodgson, G. M. (2006) · Journal of Economic Issues · doi:10.1080/00213624.2006.11506879 · Cited by 2,320
How are habits formed: modelling habit formation in the real world
Lally, P., van Jaarsveld, C. H. M., Potts, H. W. W., & Wardle, J. (2010) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.674 · Cited by 2,036
Customer engagement: the construct, antecedents, and consequences
Pansari, A., & Kumar, V. (2016) · Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science · doi:10.1007/s11747-016-0485-6 · Cited by 1,861
How Emotion Shapes Behavior: Feedback, Anticipation, and Reflection, Rather Than Direct Causation
Baumeister, R. F., Vohs, K. D., DeWall, C. N., & Zhang, L. (2007) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868307301033 · Cited by 1,874
A new look at habits and the habit-goal interface.
Wood, W., & Neal, D. T. (2007) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.114.4.843 · Cited by 1,470
Self-citationWood, W., & Rünger, D. (2016) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-122414-033417 · Cited by 1,445
Self-citationInterventions to Break and Create Consumer Habits
Verplanken, B., & Wood, W. (2006) · Journal of Public Policy & Marketing · doi:10.1509/jppm.25.1.90 · Cited by 1,221
Self-citationGardner, B. (2015) · Health Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/17437199.2013.876238 · Cited by 1,016
Lally, P., & Gardner, B. (2013) · Health Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/17437199.2011.603640 · Cited by 901
Oh, H. J., Ozkaya, E., & LaRose, R. (2014) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2013.07.053 · Cited by 778
Beyond the three-component model of organizational commitment.
Solinger, O. N., van Olffen, W., & Roe, R. A. (2008) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.93.1.70 · Cited by 719
The benefits and dangers of enjoyment with social networking websites
Turel, O., & Serenko, A. (2012) · European Journal of Information Systems · doi:10.1057/ejis.2012.1 · Cited by 684
Changing circumstances, disrupting habits.
Wood, W., Tam, L., & Witt, M. G. (2005) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.88.6.918 · Cited by 678
Self-citationBeyond frequency: Habit as mental construct
Verplanken, B. (2006) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466605x49122 · Cited by 648
Wood, W., & Neal, D. T. (2009) · Journal of Consumer Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jcps.2009.08.003 · Cited by 667
Self-citationChiu, C., Hsu, M., Lai, H., & Chang, C. (2012) · Decision Support Systems · doi:10.1016/j.dss.2012.05.021 · Cited by 637
Reconsidering the Trade-off Between Expertise and Flexibility: a Cognitive Entrenchment Perspective
Dane, E. (2010) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.35.4.zok579 · Cited by 603
The Interplay Between Goal Intentions and Implementation Intentions
Sheeran, P., Webb, T. L., & Gollwitzer, P. M. (2005) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167204271308 · Cited by 597
Klöckner, C. A., & Blöbaum, A. (2010) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2010.03.001 · Cited by 627
Lord, R. G., Diefendorff, J. M., Schmidt, A. M., & Hall, R. J. (2009) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.100314 · Cited by 576
The automatic component of habit in health behavior: Habit as cue-contingent automaticity.
Orbell, S., & Verplanken, B. (2010) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0019596 · Cited by 563
Galla, B. M., & Duckworth, A. L. (2015) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000026 · Cited by 565
Neal, D. T., Wood, W., & Quinn, J. M. (2006) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2006.00435.x · Cited by 553
Self-citationde Guinea, A. O., & Markus, M. L. (2009) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.2307/20650303 · Cited by 515
Understanding information systems continuance: The case of Internet-based learning technologies
Limayem, M., & Cheung, C. M. K. (2008) · Information & Management · doi:10.1016/j.im.2008.02.005 · Cited by 546
Knickmeyer, D. (2020) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118605 · Cited by 444
Planned, motivated and habitual hygiene behaviour: an eleven country review
Curtis, V. A., Danquah, L. O., & Aunger, R. V. (2009) · Health Education Research · doi:10.1093/her/cyp002 · Cited by 482
de Guinea, A. O., & Markus, M. L. (2009) · Journal of the Association for Information Systems · doi:10.5555/2481626.2481629 · Cited by 460
Inspiration: Core Characteristics, Component Processes, Antecedents, and Function.
Thrash, T. M., & Elliot, A. J. (2004) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.87.6.957 · Cited by 455
Verplanken, B., & Roy, D. R. (2015) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2015.11.008 · Cited by 490
How do habits guide behavior? Perceived and actual triggers of habits in daily life
Neal, D. T., Wood, W., Labrecque, J. S., & Lally, P. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2011.10.011 · Cited by 295
Self-citationThe Handbook of Behavior Change
Hagger, M. S., Cameron, L. D., Hamilton, K., Hankonen, N. E., & Lintunen, T. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318 · Cited by 446
LaRose, R. (2010) · Communication Theory · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2885.2010.01360.x · Cited by 404
The importance of habits in eating behaviour. An overview and recommendations for future research
Riet, J. V., Sijtsema, S. J., Dagevos, H., & De Bruijn, G.-J. (2011) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2011.07.010 · Cited by 399
Epitropaki, O., Sy, T., Martin, R., Tram, S., & Topakas, A. (2013) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2013.10.005 · Cited by 381
A unified model of IT continuance: Three complementary perspectives and crossover effects
Bhattacherjee, A., & Lin, C.-P. (2015) · European Journal of Information Systems · doi:10.1057/ejis.2013.36 · Cited by 336
Purchase and consumption habits: not necessarily what you intend
Ji, M. F., & Wood, W. (2007) · Journal of Consumer Psychology · doi:10.1016/s1057-7408(07)70037-2 · Cited by 336
Self-citationTarafdar, M., Maier, C., Laumer, S., & Weitzel, T. (2019) · Information Systems Journal · doi:10.1111/isj.12253 · Cited by 399
Hsu, M., Chang, C., & Chuang, L.-W. (2014) · International Journal of Information Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2014.09.002 · Cited by 348
Kurz, T., Gardner, B., Verplanken, B., & Abraham, C. (2014) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Climate Change · doi:10.1002/wcc.327 · Cited by 322
Aldrich, H. E., & Ruef, M. (2018) · Academy of Management Perspectives · doi:10.5465/amp.2017.0123 · Cited by 313
Hagger, M. S. (2018) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.12.007 · Cited by 350
Wilson, A. L., Buckley, E., Buckley, J. D., & Bogomolova, S. (2016) · Food Quality and Preference · doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2016.02.009 · Cited by 308
Reflective and Impulsive Determinants of Consumer Behavior
Strack, F., Werth, L., & Deutsch, R. (2006) · Journal of Consumer Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15327663jcp1603_2 · Cited by 303
Baumeister, R. F., & Masicampo, E. J. (2010) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/a0019393 · Cited by 316
Intention to consume seafood—the importance of habit
Honkanen, P., Olsen, S. O., & Verplanken, B. (2005) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2005.04.005 · Cited by 292
Exercise habit formation in new gym members: a longitudinal study
Kaushal, N., & Rhodes, R. E. (2015) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-015-9640-7 · Cited by 285
Changing Behavior Using the Theory of Planned Behavior
Ajzen, I., & Schmidt, P. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.002 · Cited by 346
Nilsen, P., Roback, K., Broström, A., & Ellström, P.-E. (2012) · Implementation Science · doi:10.1186/1748-5908-7-53 · Cited by 284
Institutions and Individuals: Interaction and Evolution
Hodgson, G. M. (2007) · Organization Studies · doi:10.1177/0170840607067832 · Cited by 285
Habit in Personality and Social Psychology
Wood, W. (2017) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868317720362 · Cited by 299
Self-citationSun, H. (2012) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.2307/41703463 · Cited by 273
How do people adhere to goals when willpower is low? The profits (and pitfalls) of strong habits.
Neal, D. T., Wood, W., & Drolet, A. (2013) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0032626 · Cited by 265
Self-citationRamanathan, S., & Williams, P. (2007) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/519149 · Cited by 264
Explaining Cognitive Lock-In: The Role of Skill-Based Habits of Use in Consumer Choice
Murray, K. B., & Häubl, G. (2007) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/513048 · Cited by 273
Understanding repetitive travel mode choices in a stable context: A panel study approach
Thøgersen, J. B. (2006) · Transportation Research Part A Policy and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.tra.2005.11.004 · Cited by 257
The (N)Ever-Changing World: Stability and Change in Organizational Routines
Pentland, B. T., Hærem, T., & Hillison, D. (2011) · Organization Science · doi:10.1287/orsc.1110.0624 · Cited by 252
Incorporating the influence of latent modal preferences on travel mode choice behavior
Vij, A., Carrel, A. L., & Walker, J. L. (2013) · Transportation Research Part A Policy and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.tra.2013.07.008 · Cited by 241
Consumer style and health: The role of impulsive buying in unhealthy eating
Verplanken, B., Herabadi, A. G., Perry, J. A., & Silvera, D. H. (2005) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870440412331337084 · Cited by 259
Continuance intention of online technologies: A systematic literature review
Yan, M., Filieri, R., & Gorton, M. (2021) · International Journal of Information Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2021.102315 · Cited by 276
Leadership decision-making: A behavioral reasoning theory analysis
Westaby, J. D., Probst, T. M., & Lee, B. C. (2010) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2010.03.011 · Cited by 264
Self‐Regulation in Health Behavior
(2006) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470713150 · Cited by 243
Predicting habit: The case of physical exercise
Verplanken, B., & Melkevik, O. (2007) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2007.01.002 · Cited by 239
Digital Behaviour Change Interventions to Break and Form Habits
Pinder, C., Vermeulen, J., Cowan, B. R., & Beale, R. (2018) · ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction · doi:10.1145/3196830 · Cited by 235
Lin, S., Scott, B. A., & Matta, F. K. (2018) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2016.1255 · Cited by 275
Gardner, B., Phillips, L. A., & Judah, G. (2016) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjhp.12189 · Cited by 232
Not irrational but habitual: The importance of "behavioural lock-in" in energy consumption
Maréchal, K. (2010) · Ecological Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.12.004 · Cited by 252
Habitual Behavior Is Goal-Driven
Kruglanski, A. W., & Szumowska, E. (2020) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691620917676 · Cited by 231
Mental habits: metacognitive reflection on negative self-thinking.
Verplanken, B., Friborg, O., Wang, C. E., Trafimow, D., & Woolf, K. (2007) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.92.3.526 · Cited by 213
Factors affecting low-carbon consumption behavior of urban residents: A comprehensive review
Ding, Z., Jiang, X., Liu, Z., Long, R., Xu, Z., & Cao, Q. (2018) · Resources Conservation and Recycling · doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.01.013 · Cited by 211
Anderson, N. B. (2004) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781412952576.n210 · Cited by 202
Soror, A. A., Hammer, B. I., Steelman, Z. R., Davis, F. D., & Limayem, M. (2015) · Information Systems Journal · doi:10.1111/isj.12065 · Cited by 220
Change in international practices
Hopf, T. (2017) · European Journal of International Relations · doi:10.1177/1354066117718041 · Cited by 198
Sedentary behavior as a daily process regulated by habits and intentions.
Conroy, D. E., Maher, J. P., Elavsky, S., Hyde, A. L., & Doerksen, S. E. (2013) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0031629 · Cited by 211
Choi, S. B., & Lim, M. (2016) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.03.032 · Cited by 221
The role of moral identity in the aftermath of dishonesty
Mulder, L. B., & Aquino, K. F. (2013) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2013.03.005 · Cited by 197
Modelling Habit Formation and Its Determinants
Gardner, B., & Lally, P. (2018) · The Psychology of Habit · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-97529-0_12 · Cited by 187
Habitual Behavior in American Eating Patterns: The Role of Meal Occasions
Khare, A., & Inman, J. J. (2006) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/500487 · Cited by 184
Antecedents and determinants of information technology habit
Lankton, N. K., Wilson, E. V., & Mao, E. (2010) · Information & Management · doi:10.1016/j.im.2010.06.004 · Cited by 182
How do entrepreneurs know what to do? learning and organizing in new ventures
Aldrich, H. E., & Yang, T. (2013) · Journal of Evolutionary Economics · doi:10.1007/s00191-013-0320-x · Cited by 181
Nudge: Concept, Effectiveness, and Ethics
Lin, Y., Osman, M., & Ashcroft, R. E. (2017) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/01973533.2017.1356304 · Cited by 180
Reichert, M., Giurgiu, M., Koch, E. D., Wieland, L. M., Lautenbach, S., Neubauer, A., von Haaren‐Mack, B., Schilling, R., Timm, I., Notthoff, N., et al. (2020) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2020.101742 · Cited by 197
Liu–Thompkins, Y., & Tam, L. (2013) · Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1509/jm.11.0508 · Cited by 177
Initial Validation of a Self-Report Measure of the Extent of and Reasons for Medication Nonadherence
Voils, C. I., Maciejewski, M. L., Hoyle, R. H., Reeve, B. B., Gallagher, P., Bryson, C. L., & Yancy, W. S. (2012) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/mlr.0b013e318269e121 · Cited by 174
Scott, B. A., Barnes, C. M., & Wagner, D. T. (2012) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2010.1050 · Cited by 177
“Security begins at home”: Determinants of home computer and mobile device security behavior
Thompson, N., McGill, T. J., & Wang, X. (2017) · Computers & Security · doi:10.1016/j.cose.2017.07.003 · Cited by 174
Where Does Personality Have Its Influence? A Supermatrix of Consistency Concepts
Fleeson, W., & Noftle, E. E. (2008) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2008.00525.x · Cited by 172
Klöckner, C. A., & Oppedal, I. O. (2011) · Resources Conservation and Recycling · doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2010.12.009 · Cited by 170
Job stressors and the pursuit of sport activities: A day-level perspective.
Sonnentag, S., & Jelden, S. (2009) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0014953 · Cited by 166
A trust-risk perspective on social commerce use: an examination of the biasing role of habit
Farivar, S., Turel, O., & Yuan, Y. (2017) · Internet Research · doi:10.1108/intr-06-2016-0175 · Cited by 169
Dimensions of wellness: Change your habits, change your life.
Stoewen, D. L. (2017) · PubMed Central · Cited by 169
Kaushal, N., & Rhodes, R. E. (2014) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.07.026 · Cited by 175
Orbell, S., & Verplanken, B. (2015) · Health Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/17437199.2014.992031 · Cited by 184
Televised Exposure to Politics: New Measures for a Fragmented Media Environment
Dilliplane, S., Goldman, S., & Mutz, D. C. (2012) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2012.00600.x · Cited by 166
Tobias, R. (2009) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/a0015512 · Cited by 165
Breaking Habits Using Implementation Intentions
Adriaanse, M. A., & Verhoeven, A. A. C. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-97529-0_10 · Cited by 167
Pro-environmental habits: An underexplored research agenda in sustainability science
Linder, N., Giusti, M., Samuelsson, K., & Barthel, S. (2021) · AMBIO · doi:10.1007/s13280-021-01619-6 · Cited by 210
Metadata
- Authors
- Wood, W., Quinn, J. M., & Kashy, D. A.
- Affiliations
- Texas A&M University (US)
- Michigan State University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 2002
- Volume
- 83
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1281-1297
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W2099800158
- Cited by
- 1,028
- References
- 94
- Citations by year
- 2026: 42 · 2025: 48 · 2024: 61 · 2023: 48 · 2022: 49 · 2021: 59 · 2020: 149 · 2019: 45 · 2018: 54 · 2017: 54 · 2016: 41 · 2015: 52 · 2014: 39 · 2013: 41 · 2012: 49
- FWCI
- 11.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (1R01MH619000-01)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law › Pro-Environmental Behavior and Attitudes
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Keywords
- habit, habitual behavior, automaticity, conscious thought, emotions, self-regulation, stress, everyday life, diary study
- MeSH terms
- Activities of Daily Living, Adult, Analysis of Variance, Behavior, Emotions, Female, Habits, Humans, Male, Self Disclosure, Students, Thinking
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review