Cited by 1,108Social and Intergroup PsychologyPsychometric Methodologies and TestingPsychological Testing and Assessment

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The Single Category Implicit Association Test as a measure of implicit social cognition.

Karpinski, Andrew, Steinman, Ross B.·2006·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

DOI 10.1037/0022-3514.91.1.16

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Abstract

The Single Category Implicit Association Test (SC-IAT) is a modification of the Implicit Association Test that measures the strength of evaluative associations with a single attitude object. Across 3 different attitude domains--soda brand preferences, self-esteem, and racial attitudes--the authors found evidence that the SC-IAT is internally consistent and makes unique contributions in the ability to understand implicit social cognition. In a 4th study, the authors investigated the susceptibility of the SC-IAT to faking or self-presentational concerns. Once participants with high error rates were removed, no significant self-presentation effect was observed. These results provide initial evidence for the reliability and validity of the SC-IAT as an individual difference measure of implicit social cognition.

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“The SC-IAT was programmed using Inquisit by Millisecond software and the script was based on Karpinski and Steinman [46].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
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Disgust and Sexual Arousal in Young Adult Men and Women
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“The D-score algorithm for IAT data developed by Greenwald et al. (2003) and adapted for the SC-IAT by Karpinski and Steinman (2006) was used.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Positive Associations Primacy in the IAT
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“We used a single-category IAT, a type of IAT that prior research has shown can have satisfactory reliability and validity (Karpinski & Steinman, 2006), to measure participants’ implicit biases toward autism.”
Method
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Attitude toward protest uniquely predicts (normative and nonnormative) political action by (advantaged and disadvantaged) group members
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“It is a well-known psychometric fact that using noisy manifest measures of underlying latent constructs (such as using an IAT D score to measure implicit attitudes) places an upper bound on the strength of the statistical relationship found between those manifest variables in any given sample (e.g., Furr & Bacharach,…”
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Method
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“Given the implicit nature of measures such as the IAT, there may be greater effects on subsequent behavioral engagement following manipulation of the impulsive system via implicit/subliminal primes..”
BackgroundInfluential
Unraveling Sexual Associations in Contact and Noncontact Child Sex Offenders Using the Single Category – Implicit Association Test
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“Also, we choose to fix the order of the measures to reduce error variance (Perugini, Richetin, & Zogmaister, 2010) and to limit the large sample size requirements if presentation of all the measures would have been counterbalanced (Karpinski & Steinman, 2006).”
Method
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“…associations in all participants (as demonstrated for the category ‘relax’ of the NFC-IAT) might produce IAT effects that allow for research on single category assessment and thus might provide a promising alternative to measures such as the single category IATs (Karpinski & Steinman, 2006).”
Background
Shopping to save the planet? Implicit rather than explicit attitudes predict low carbon footprint consumer choice
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“Karpinski and Steinman (2006) ‘…explicit attitude measures were better predictors of deliberative behaviours than IAT scores.’”
Background
Gender stereotypes embedded in natural language are stronger in more economically developed and individualistic countries
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“As in (16), our measures of gender stereotype, denoted by GS, rely on the word embedding association test (WEAT), which tweaks the IAT for word embeddings.”
BackgroundInfluential
Does the discrepancy between implicit and explicit attitudes moderate the relationships between explicit attitude and (intention to) being physically active?
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Information leakage in the Response Time‐Based Concealed Information Test
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“…from innocent ones) by adding inducer items to the task (Lukács, 2019; Lukács, Kleinberg, & Verschuere, 2017), inspired by the Implicit Association Test (IAT; Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998; particularly Bluemke & Friese, 2008; Karpinski & Steinman, 2006; see also Agosta & Sartori, 2013).”
Background
A wolf in sheep’s clothing? Communal narcissism and positive implicit self-views in the communal domain
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“During the Single Category Implicit Association Test, participants are required to sort stimuli representing three categories with only two response keys, each assigned to two of the three categories (e.g., positive sedentary behavior vs. negative; positive vs. negative sedentary behavior; the words used in this study…”
Method
Effects of Chocolate Deprivation on Implicit and Explicit Evaluation of Chocolate in High and Low Trait Chocolate Cravers
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“A SC-IAT (Karpinski and Steinman, 2006; Bluemke and Friese, 2008) was used to assess implicit attitudes toward chocolate.”
Method
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“Specifically, the implicit measurement approach employed here is similar to the Single Category Implicit Association Test (SC-IAT) that was introduced by Karpinski and Steinman (2006).”
Method
Single-Target Implicit Association Tests (ST-IAT) Predict Voting Behavior of Decided and Undecided Voters in Swiss Referendums
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“They found that for participants who were initially undecided, future (i.e., one week later) opinion about the enlargement of a U.S. military base was significantly predicted by a measure obtained in a Single-Category IAT (SC-IAT) [14].”
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On the Relationship Between Automatic Attitudes and Self-Reported Sexual Assault in Men
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“2Although many attitudes objects have a naturally contrasting comparison group where positivity toward one category implies negativity toward the other, rape has no obvious contrasting category (for a similar point, see Karpinski & Steinman, 2006).”
L'IAT (Implicit Association Test) ou la mesure des cognitions sociales implicites : Revue critique de la validité et des fondements théoriques des scores qu'il produit
Blaison, C., Chassard, D., Kop, J., & Gana, K. (2006) · L’Année psychologique · doi:10.4074/s0003503306002065 · Cited by 22
“Par exemple, un IAT d’estime de soi mesurerait en fait la force d’association entre les concepts « Moi – Agréable » comparativement à la force d’association entre les concepts « Pas moi – Agréable » et non la force d’association « Moi – Agréable » en elle-même (Karpinski & Steinman, 2006).”
BackgroundInfluential
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“The Single Category IAT may therefore allow for more precision than the standard dual category IAT.”
Influential
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“We calculated the D score as the indicator of implicit bias (Karpinski & Steinman, 2006; Wen & Zuo, 2007), then conducted a one-sample t-test to compare the D score (M ¼ 0.15, SD ¼ 0.45) with the value of 0.”
MethodInfluential
The effects of moral/social identity threats and affirmations on psychological defensiveness following wrongdoing
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“…assesses the strength of automatic or less controllable associations between two categories (Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998), or the evaluative associations for one entity, the self, as is the case for the Single Category IAT (SC-IAT; Karpinski & Steinman, 2006) used in the present research.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
The effect of a serious game on empathy and prejudice of psychology students towards persons with disabilities
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“It measures the implicit social preferences of participants using a categorical computer task where the strongest association between concepts is measured through reaction time (Karpinski & Steinman 2006).”
Background
Motivational and implicit processes contribute to incidental physical activity
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Method
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“To address this I am conducting further studies using the single category IAT (Karpinski & Steinman, 2006) to measure people’s absolute preference for direct gaze and, separately, for averted gaze.”
Method
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“The single category IAT involves measuring the strength of evaluative associations with a single attitude object (Karpinski and Steinman, 2006) and has been used in consumer behavior (Florack et al., 2010; Karpinski and Steinman, 2008; Nevid and McClelland, 2010).”
Background
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“Future research should adopt single-category implicit measures (e.g., the single-category IAT, Karpinski & Steinman, 2006), to address the issue of whether those individuals who have a controlled orientation, explicitly measured, show similar implicit trends.”
MethodInfluential
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“According to the SC-IAT procedures established by Karpinski and Steinman [43], each stage was preceded by a series of instructions focusing on the dimensions of the categorization task and suitable key responses.”
MethodInfluential
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“…deal of prior research seeking to develop novel implicit measures (e.g., Bar-Anan et al., 2009; Nosek & Banaji, 2001; Sriram & Greenwald, 2009; Karpinski & Steinman, 2006; Bluemke & Friese, 2008), or extend such measures into new topics (e.g., Axt, Conway, et al., 2020; Roddy et al., 2010;…”
Background
Direct evaluative conditioning in brand placement: The impact of scene valence and prominence on brand placement repetition effects
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“…common approach to measuring implicit associations is to use variants of the implicit association test (IAT; Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998; Karpinski & Steinman, 2006; Nosek et al., 2007; Sriram & Greenwald, 2009), the affect misattribution procedure (AMP; Payne, Cheng, Govorun, &…”
Method
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“Participants were excluded if they were female (n = 0), failed the quality control questions (n = 17), reported they could not understand written English or were missing data on this item (n = 2), or responded too quickly on the RESC-IAT (n = 1) or RE-IAT (n = 3).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
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“A SC-IAT was implemented in Presentation software (Version 17.02) and conducted following the procedure described by Karpinski and Steinman (2006).”
MethodInfluential
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The Category-Focus Implicit Association Test
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“85) of the internal consistency coefficient of SC-IAT in previous studies (52).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
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Implicit and explicit attitudes in transportation research: A literature review
Tosi, J. D., Haworth, N. L., Díaz‐Lázaro, C. M., Poó, F. M., & Ledesma, R. D. (2021) · Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.trf.2020.12.014 · Cited by 27
“These criticisms have sparked the development of alternative versions of the IAT which are based on single targets (Single Category IAT; Karpinski & Steinman, 2006), single attributes (Single Attribute IAT; Penke, Eichstaedt, & Asendorpf, 2006), and a shorter completion time (Brief IAT; Sriram & Greenwald, 2009).”
Traffic climate and driver behaviors: Explicit and implicit measures
Uzumcuoglu, Y., & Özkan, T. (2019) · Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.trf.2019.03.016 · Cited by 19
Rapid Response Measurement: Development of a Faking-Resistant Assessment Method for Personality
Meade, A. W., Pappalardo, G., Braddy, P. W., & Fleenor, J. W. (2018) · Organizational Research Methods · doi:10.1177/1094428118795295 · Cited by 22
“In particular, the response format and the use of response latency is similar to the implicit association test (IAT).”
MethodInfluential
Implicit versus explicit attitude to doping: Which better predicts athletes' vigilance towards unintentional doping?
Chan, D. K. C., Keatley, D., Tang, T., Dimmock, J., & Hagger, M. (2017) · Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport · doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2017.05.020 · Cited by 19
Measuring Implicit Attitude in Information Systems Research with the Implicit Association Test
Serenko, A., & Turel, O. (2020) · Communications of the Association for Information Systems · doi:10.17705/1cais.04719 · Cited by 19
“Last, there are several types of the IAT, and some are more specialized than the others (e.g., Single Category Implicit Association Test (Karpinski & Steinman, 2006; Trendel et al., 2018), child-oriented Implicit Association Test (Baron & Banaji, 2006), and a personalized version of the IAT (De Houwer, Custers, & De C…”
Method
On the relationship between implicit and explicit self-esteem: The moderating role of dismissing attachment
Dentale, F., Vecchione, M., Coro, A. D., & Barbaranelli, C. (2011) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2011.10.009 · Cited by 16
Gender Differences in the Implicit and Explicit Perceptions of Sport
Sunderji, S., Murray, R. M., & Sabiston, C. M. (2024) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-024-01499-6 · Cited by 20
“Given that the implicit process is automatic, it is necessary to investigate this phenomenon via indirect measures, such as the Implicit Association Task (SC-IAT; Karpinski & Steinman, 2006) or priming procedures (Blair & Banaji, 1996).”
Influential
An implicit gender sex-science association in the general population and STEM faculty
Marini, M., & Banaji, M. R. (2020) · The Journal of General Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221309.2020.1853502 · Cited by 21
“Implicit gender sex-science beliefs SC-IAT scores were computed as IAT scores in Experiment 1.”
MethodInfluential
Critical Review of Measurement Practices in the Study of Automatic Associations of Sedentary Behavior, Physical Activity, and Exercise
Zenko, Z., & Panteleimon Ekkekakis, A. (2019) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.2017-0349 · Cited by 22
Implicit evaluation of chocolate and motivational need states interact in predicting chocolate intake in everyday life
Richard, A., Meule, A., & Blechert, J. (2019) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2019.01.006 · Cited by 22
“A SC-IAT (Karpinski & Steinman, 2006) was used for assessing implicit evaluation of chocolate.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Implicit and Explicit Attitudes Toward Sex and Romance in Asexuals
Bulmer, M., & Izuma, K. (2017) · The Journal of Sex Research · doi:10.1080/00224499.2017.1303438 · Cited by 19
“To circumvent this problem, we used the SC-IAT, which can capture negative or positive associations with a single concept, rather than comparing two concepts (Karpinski & Steinman, 2006).”
Method
Brain reactivity to alcohol and cannabis marketing during sobriety and intoxication
Perna, E. B. D. S. F., Theunissen, E. L., Kuypers, K. P. C., Evers, E. A. T., Stiers, P. L. J., Toennes, S. W., Witteman, J., Dalen, W. E. V., & Ramaekers, J. G. (2016) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.12351 · Cited by 26
Implicit Associations and Explicit Expectancies toward Cannabis in Heavy Cannabis Users and Controls
Beraha, E. M., Cousijn, J., Hermanides, E., Goudriaan, A. E., & Wiers, R. W. H. J. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00059 · Cited by 20
“Using Single Category Implicit Association Tests (SC-IATs; Karpinski and Steinman, 2006), it was found that implicit positive-arousal associations toward cannabis predicted cannabis use, over and beyond explicit measures of affective expectancies.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Automatic and Strategic Measures as Predictors of Mirror Gazing Among Individuals with Body Dysmorphic Disorder Symptoms
Clerkin, E. M., & Teachman, B. (2009) · Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e3181b05d7f · Cited by 18
“Given these methodological challenges, we believe that future research investigating automatic appearance evaluations in BDD should consider tasks that do not require a relative comparison category (e.g., the Single Category IAT; Karpinski and Steinman, 2006).”
The Breadth–Based Adjective Rating Task (BART) as an Indirect Measure of Self–Esteem
Karpinski, A., Steinberg, J. A., Versek, B., & Alloy, L. B. (2007) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2007.25.6.778 · Cited by 14
Self-citation
Moral emotions in predatory and impulsive offenders using implicit measures
Cima, M., Tonnaer, F., & Lobbestael, J. (2007) · doi:10.1007/bf03061076 · Cited by 18
“Some investigators used an error rate of 20% as excluding criterion (e.g., Karpinski & Steinman, 2006 ), while others usederrorrateshigherthan26%(Knutson,Wood,Spumpinato & Grafman, 2006) and 40% (Heider & Skowronski, 2007) as exclusion criterion.”
Method
Intranasal oxytocin enhances positive self-attribution in healthy men
Colonnello, V., & Heinrichs, M. (2014) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2014.06.016 · Cited by 17
“Following a validated protocol [17], the stimuli used for the SC-IAT were composed of a list of positive (i.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Conceptual and Historical Perspectives
Cloninger, S. C. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.004 · Cited by 8
Neural signals in amygdala predict implicit prejudice toward an ethnic outgroup
Izuma, K., Aoki, R., Shibata, K., & Nakahara, K. (2019) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.01.019 · Cited by 24
“After completing the two SC-IATs, each participant was asked to complete a semantic differential scale (Greenwald et al., 1998; Karpinski and Steinman, 2006), which measures explicit attitudes toward Japan and South Korea.”
Influential
Implicit Criminal Identity and Age: Implications for Criminal Persistence and Desistance
Veysey, B., & Rivera, L. M. (2017) · Criminal Justice and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0093854817722173 · Cited by 17
“The SC-IAT was scored in accordance with established procedures (Greenwald, Nosek, & Banaji, 2003; Karpinski & Steinman, 2006).”
The Effect of Implicit Preferences on Food Consumption: Moderating Role of Ego Depletion and Impulsivity
Wang, Y., Zhu, J., Hu, Y., Fang, Y., Wang, G., Cui, X., & Wang, L. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01699 · Cited by 17
The Prospective Joint Effects of Self-Regulation and Impulsive Processes on Early Adolescence Alcohol Use
O’Connor, R. M., & Colder, C. R. (2015) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs · doi:10.15288/jsad.2015.76.884 · Cited by 21
“The Single Category Implicit Association Test (SC-IAT; Karpinski & Steinman, 2006) is a modification of the widely used IAT (see Reich et al., 2010).”
Method
The value of an implicit self-associative measure specific to core beliefs of depression
Lemmens, L. H. J. M., Roefs, A., Arntz, A. R., van Teeseling, H. C., Peeters, F. P. M. L., & Huibers, M. J. H. (2013) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2013.10.006 · Cited by 20
Predicting Dental Flossing Behavior: The Role of Implicit and Explicit Responses and Beliefs
Millar, M. (2011) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/01973533.2010.539949 · Cited by 17
“Thus, the present research employed a modified Single Category Implicit Associations Test (SC-IAT) developed by Karpinski and Steinman (2006) to measure implicit responses to flossing.”
MethodResultInfluential
Self-symbols as implicit motivators
Holland, R. W., Wennekers, A., Bijlstra, G., Jongenelen, M. M., & van Knippenberg, A. (2009) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2009.27.4.579 · Cited by 17
“Participants started the experiment with a single target Implicit Association Task (st-IAT; see Wigboldus, Holland, & Van Knippenberg, 2005; Karpinski & Steinman, 2006) that served to measure their implicit self-esteem.”
Method
Consumer Acceptance of Novel Foods
Fischer, A. R. H., & Reinders, M. J. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-803751-5.00014-3 · Cited by 8
Indirect Assessment of Implicit Disgust Sensitivity
Zinkernagel, A., Hofmann, W., Dislich, F. X. R., Gschwendner, T., & Schmitt, M. J. (2011) · European Journal of Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1027/1015-5759/a000078 · Cited by 17
First impressions and food technology neophobia: Examining the role of visual information for consumer evaluations of cultivated meat
Baum, C. M., Steur, H. D., & Lagerkvist, C. J. (2023) · Food Quality and Preference · doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2023.104957 · Cited by 26
Personality Neuroscience
DeYoung, C. G., & Blain, S. D. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.026 · Cited by 34
Explicit and implicit image cognitions toward destination: Application of the Single-Target Implicit Association Test (ST-IAT)
Lee, K.-H., & Kim, D.-Y. (2017) · doi:10.1016/j.jdmm.2016.06.006 · Cited by 16
How Can Implicit and Explicit Attitudes Both Be Changed? Testing Two Interventions to Promote Consumption of Green Vegetables
Mattavelli, S., Avishai, A., Perugini, M., Richetin, J., & Sheeran, P. (2017) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-016-9874-9 · Cited by 16
The Role of Implicit Associations in the Hypothetical Bias
Verneau, F., la Barbera, F., & del Giudice, T. (2017) · Journal of Consumer Affairs · doi:10.1111/joca.12116 · Cited by 16
What Makes Social Work Students Implement Evidence-Based Practice Behaviors?
Shapira, Y., Enosh, G., & Havron, N. (2017) · Journal of Social Work Education · doi:10.1080/10437797.2016.1260507 · Cited by 16
“The IAT gauges unintentional and uncontrolled reactions that participants cannot fake (Karpinski & Steinman, 2006).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Automatic Evaluation Stimuli – The Most Frequently Used Words to Describe Physical Activity and the Pleasantness of Physical Activity
Rebar, A., Schoeppe, S., Alley, S., Short, C., Dimmock, J., Jackson, B., Conroy, D. E., Rhodes, R., & Vandelanotte, C. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01277 · Cited by 16
“…tools researchers can use to assess automatic evaluations including the Implicit Association Test (or variations thereof; Greenwald et al., 1998; Karpinski and Steinman, 2006; Siram and Greenwald, 2009), the evaluative priming method (Fazio et al., 1995; Eves et al., 2007), or the impulsive…”
Method
Disentangling Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients’ Implicit and Explicit Attitudes toward Methotrexate
Linn, A., Vandeberg, L., Wennekers, A., Vervloet, M., van Dijk, L., & van den Bemt, B. V. D. (2016) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2016.00233 · Cited by 16
“To measure patients’ implicit attitudes and associations, the Single Category Implicit-Association Test (SC-IAT) was used, which is a well-established and valid measure of implicit associations (Karpinski and Steinman, 2006).”
Method
The association between implicit alcohol attitudes and drinking behavior is moderated by baseline activation in the lateral prefrontal cortex.
Friese, M., Gianotti, L. R. R., & Knoch, D. (2016) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/hea0000179 · Cited by 16
Assessing Children’s Implicit Attitudes Using the Affect Misattribution Procedure
Williams, A., Steele, J. R., & Lipman, C. (2016) · Journal of Cognition and Development · doi:10.1080/15248372.2015.1061527 · Cited by 16
“In conjunction with the success of validating the traditional IAT and different priming measures for use with children, it would be useful to adapt additional IAT-based measures and scoring procedures, such as the single-category IAT (Karpinski & Steinman, 2006;)”
Implicit associations in social anxiety disorder: The effects of comorbid depression
Wong, J., Morrison, A. S., Heimberg, R. G., Goldin, P. R., & Gross, J. J. (2014) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.05.008 · Cited by 16
Teoria funcionalista dos valores humanos: evidências de sua adequação no contexto paraibano
de Medeiros, É. D., Gouveia, V., Gusmão, E. É. D. S., Milfont, T., da Fonsêca, P. D., & de Aquino, T. A. D. (2012) · doi:10.1590/s1678-69712012000300003 · Cited by 16

Authors: Karpinski, A., & Steinman, R. B.
Affiliations: Temple University (US)
ORCID: Karpinski, Andrew
Venue: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2006
Volume: 91
Issue: 1
Pages: 16-32
ISSN: 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
1939-1315
DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.91.1.16
OpenAlex: W1998043162
Cited by: 1,108
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 35 · 2025: 49 · 2024: 55 · 2023: 54 · 2022: 56 · 2021: 78 · 2020: 105 · 2019: 53 · 2018: 75 · 2017: 63 · 2016: 81 · 2015: 61 · 2014: 51 · 2013: 56 · 2012: 57
FWCI: 107.62
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
Keywords: Single Category Implicit Association Test, Implicit Association Test, implicit social cognition, evaluative associations, attitude measurement, self-esteem, racial attitudes, self-presentation, faking, reliability statistics, validity, individual differences
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Association Learning, Attitude, Awareness, Choice Behavior, Female, Gender Identity, Humans, Individuality, Internal-External Control, Male, Personality Inventory, Prejudice, Psychometrics, Self Concept, Social Behavior, Students, Reproducibility of Results, Black People, White People

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The Single Category Implicit Association Test as a measure of implicit social cognition.

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