The Single Category Implicit Association Test as a measure of implicit social cognition.

“The IAT specifically has been adapted for use in bipolar formats, unipolar formats, and most recently, the single-category IAT (SC-IAT; Karpinski & Steinman, 2006).”

“…Kraus等人(2012)的观点, 高低阶 层在各自生活和成长的空间中, 经历着不同的客 观资源占有和主观地位感知, 因此也形成了各自 不同的认知模式。高阶层个体占有的社会资源较 多, 受到的社会限制较少, 故而相对来说他们能 够比较自由地从事人生目标的追求, 并且比较容 易获得成功 , 长此以往就倾向于形成唯我主义 (solipsism)的社会认知取向 , 表现为他们多认为 人的行为更主要是受个体自身如特质、情绪等因 素的影响。而低阶层则相反, 长期感受到资源与 地位方面的限制 , 使得他们的个人控制感较低 , 而对外部系统的依赖较强, 这就倾向于使他们最…”

“Adaptations have even been developed that evaluate attitudes toward more than two concepts simultaneously (Karpinski & Steinman, 2006; Klymowsky & Gregg, 2012).”

“Following the procedure of Karpinski and Steinman (2006), we split each combined BIAT block into thirds and calculated the BIAT score separately for each third of the trials, without dividing it by its standard deviation.”

“…Test (BIAT; Sriram & Greenwald, 2009), Go–No-Go association task (GNAT; Nosek & Banaji, 2001), Single-Target Implicit Association Test (ST-IAT; Karpinski & Steinman, 2006; Wigboldus, Holland, & van Knippenberg, 2004), and the Sorting PairedFeatures task (SPF; Bar-Anan, Nosek, & Vianello,…”

“However, according to the Implicit Association Test analysis (e.g. Bluemke and Friese 2008; Greenwald et al. 2003; Karpinski and Steinman 2006), the ST-IAT score of our study revealed for liberal arts teachers a nearly significant positive association between “intelligence” and “modifiable”.”

“To measure implicit attitudes towards social media, we adapted the Single Category Implicit Association Test (SC-IAT) 61 .”

“Following Karpinski and Steinman ( 2006), each trial stayed on the screen for 1500 ms maximum and was separated by 350 ms inter-trial interval.”

“The ST-IAT was identical to the IAT but with only one atti-tude-object (rather than two) investigated on each critical block (Karpinski & Steinman, 2006).”

“Participants were then invited to ‘complete a word-based game in which [they should] assign words to categories’, specifically a Single Category Implicit Association Test (SC-IAT; Karpinski & Steinman, 2006).”

“As an indirect measure of gender associations with psychological science, we adapted the Single-Category Implicit Association Test (SC-IAT; Karpinski & Steinman, 2006).”

“That is, objectification of the other was measured through an adapted version of the Single Category Implicit Association Test (SC-IAT; Karpinski & Steinman, 2006), in which participants were presented with a set of pictures portraying the ostensible partner of the expected interaction, that were…”

“We next assessed implicit evaluations of immigrants with a SC-IAT [49].”

“The original test has been simplified [98], and the simplified version has been adapted to evaluate implicit sexual motivation [99].”

“SC-IAT scores were computed from test trials with the D-score algorithm (Greenwald et al., 2003; Karpinski & Steinman, 2006).”

“The Single Category Implicit Association Test (SC-IAT) is a method to measure the strength of associations with independent attitudinal objects (Karpinski & Steinman, 2006) and is suitable for measuring implicit stereotypes and social cognition.”

“Many variants have been developed over the years: the Single Category IAT (SC-IAT) [7] was proposed to overcome the difficulty of defining a complementary category and to simplify the interpretation of IAT results.”

“After completing the ICU, participants were asked to complete the Single Target Implicit Association Test (ST-IAT) [39] to assess implicit attitudes toward violence.”

“IAT research has demonstrated good internal consistency and predictive validity (Karpinski and Steinman 2006), indicating overall satisfactory reliability and validity of results.”

“Future studies should explore other types of implicit (e.g., single-category IAT; Karpinski & Steinman, 2006) and explicit (e.g., semantic differential) measures of the depressive trait by expanding conceptual convergence between the two forms of measurement.”

“The SC-IAT has some advantages over the original IAT and other adaptations that make it appropriate for assessing implicit attitudes toward substances.”

“In contrast to IAT, the SC-IAT uses only one target concept (instead of two).”

“We used the SC-IAT (rather than an IAT) because of the absence of a relevant outgroup to the category “people with a mental illness.””

“The Single Category IAT (Karpinski & Steinman, 2006) and Go/No-Go Task (Nosek & Banaji, 2001) were excluded on the same grounds (i.e., the effects reflect attitudes toward the categories Black and White rather than the faces used to activate those categories).”

“For this reason Karpinski and Steinman (2006) developed a “Single Category Implicit Association Test (SC-IAT),” which only uses the category “I.” There is a wide range of moderators being thought to influence the relationship between implicit and explicit measures (e.g., Nosek, 2005).”

“’s (2010) findings, participants mentally associated the law with competition more strongly than the law with cooperation during the SC-IAT. This association, however, depended on the participants’ country of residence, with participants from Spain associating the law with competition less strongly than participants f…”

“Firstly to overcome the relative preference assessment, single category[16] and single target[17] IATs are developed.”

“Also multiple linear regressions with parents rearing behaviours as dependent variable and anxiety (explicit, implicit), calmness (implicit), age, sex, and order of SC-IATs as independent variables were calculated.”

“The task used here was a variation of the Single Target Implicit Association Test (ST-IAT; Wigboldus, Holland, & van Knippenberg, submitted for publication) which is almost identical to the Single Category Implicit Association Test (SC-IAT; Karpinski & Steinman, 2006).”

“The choice between IAT and SC-IAT depends on the research question, and the SC-IAT seems more beneficial when a naturally opposing category is unavailable (Karpinski & Steinman, 2006), like the category sport in the present study.”

“After participants responded to these items, they took a second science quiz and then completed a single-category implicit 36 association test (IAT) to assess their level of personal identification with science.”

“Adoption of the priming procedure or the single-category IAT (Karpinski & Steinman, 2006) in future work will help shed light on the process of implicit self-stereotyping.”

“SC‑IAT data were processed following the method used by Karpinski and Steinman (2006).”

“Furthermore, the Single-Category Implicit Association Test (SC-IAT) improves upon the IAT by measuring associations between a target category (e.g., people with mental illness) and two attribute categories without the need for comparison to another category [50].”

“Unlike the traditional IAT, the SC-IAT (Karpinski & Steinman, 2006) focuses on a single object, providing a relative measure of a respon-dent’s preference for that object rather than comparing two objects.”

“…packages either do not include all available algorithms or do not document which one is computed. implicitMeasures (Epifania et al., 2025) is an R package for scoring the IAT and the SC-IAT, which implements the algorithms by Greenwald et al. (2003) and Karpinski and Steinman (2006), respectively.”

“…of interest among social science researchers, and their measurement is now a key part of many fields of different disciplines, such as psychology (Karpinski & Steinman, 2006; Schnabel et al., 2008), linguistics (Lynott et al., 2012), economics (Kumar et al., 2016), and political science…”

“To avoid a response bias by unbalanced key assignment in blocks 2–5, stimuli were presented in a ratio of 12:12:20 in practice blocks 2 and 4 and a ratio of 24:24:36 in critical blocks 3 and 5 (Karpinski & Steinman, 2006).”

“…racial bias in the present context emerged as a manifestation of ingroup favoritism, outgroup derogation, or a combination of both (e.g. see Karpinski and Steinman 2006, De Dreu et al. 2011, Greenwald and Pettigrew 2014, Brewer 2017), a recent study by two of the present authors may…”

“…IAT and its variants, such as SC-IAT, GNAT, and EAST, is that the IAT measures relative valence between two target stimuli, while the other variants focus on the valence toward a single target stimulus (De Houwer, 2003; Greenwald et al., 1998 ; Karpinski & Steinman, 2006 ; Nosek & Banaji, 2001).”

“Given the absence of a counterpart for the target category (mood-improving behaviours), a single-category variant was chosen (Karpinski and Steinman, 2006).”

“Various paradigms measure implicit attitudes, including the Go/No-go Association Test (GNAT), the Single Category IAT (SC-IAT), and others, each refining techniques to probe unconscious biases (Karpinski and Steinman 2006; Nosek and Banaji 2001).”

“After the subjects completed the implicit attitude test, the explicit attitudes were measured (22).”

“In Study 2, automatic approach-avoidance tendencies and implicit affective attitudes toward PA behaviours were assessed using a manikin task and a single-category implicit association test (SC-IAT), respectively.”

“Implicit Association Tests (IAT) can be employed to examine automatic, unconscious associations between specific stimuli as an indication of implicit beliefs (Greenwald et al., 1998; 2003; Karpinski & Hilton, 2001; Karpinski & Steinman, 2006; Seewald et al., 2023).”

“The video proceeds to showcase the adapted Single-Category version [6] of the original Implicit Association Task (IAT) [5].”

“The analytical approach follows the suggestions by Karpinski and Steinman [78].”

“…because the strength of the semantic association between social status and attitude-consistent traits in compatible conditions leads to less cognitive conflict and does not involve the same level of regulation as in incompatible conditions (Greenwald et al., 1998; Karpinski & Steinman, 2006).”

“Nonetheless, there is some evidence that IAT measures are valid measures of implicit social cognition, having demonstrated sound sociometric properties including reliability and predictive validity for some variables, including ethnic biases [42,43].”

“Moreover, the participants carried out a SC-IAT on flowers in order to familiarize themselves with the instrument and procedure.”

“Variations of the IAT that could be described as single concept IATs, such as the Single Target/Category IAT (Bluemke & Friese, 2008; Karpinski & Steinman, 2006) have, however, shown promise for measuring absolute implicit attitudes.”

“While there are multiple variants of the IAT, the SC-IAT is advantageous for measuring associations for object categories that do not have a natural ‘‘opposite,’’ such as gambling (see Karpinski & Steinman, 2006, for a full rationale).”

“Using the same SC-IAT, Rebar and collaborators [90] revealed that automatic affective reactions toward physical activity prospectively predicted the objectively measured level of physical activity over the next two weeks, above and beyond physical activity intentions.”