Cited by 1,108Social and Intergroup PsychologyPsychometric Methodologies and TestingPsychological Testing and Assessment

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The Single Category Implicit Association Test as a measure of implicit social cognition.

Karpinski, Andrew, Steinman, Ross B.·2006·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

DOI 10.1037/0022-3514.91.1.16

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Abstract

The Single Category Implicit Association Test (SC-IAT) is a modification of the Implicit Association Test that measures the strength of evaluative associations with a single attitude object. Across 3 different attitude domains--soda brand preferences, self-esteem, and racial attitudes--the authors found evidence that the SC-IAT is internally consistent and makes unique contributions in the ability to understand implicit social cognition. In a 4th study, the authors investigated the susceptibility of the SC-IAT to faking or self-presentational concerns. Once participants with high error rates were removed, no significant self-presentation effect was observed. These results provide initial evidence for the reliability and validity of the SC-IAT as an individual difference measure of implicit social cognition.

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Brunner, T. A., Künzi, H. N., Ha, T. M., Ngô, M. H., Bui, T. L., Nguyen, A. D., Le, N. T., & Lucas, B. F. (2025) · Future Foods · doi:10.1016/j.fufo.2025.100780 · Cited by 3
Are questionable research practices considered a successful career strategy? A novel implementation of the implicit association test
Velicu, A., Winter, F., Rathmann, J. M. K., & Rauhut, H. (2025) · Scientometrics · doi:10.1007/s11192-025-05357-4 · Cited by 2
“The SC-IAT differs from the regular IAT by focusing on a single category instead of assessing associations between two contrasting categories (Karpinski & Steinman, 2006).”
The impact of songs with prosocial lyrics on implicit cognition and prosocial behavior: a prospective event-related brain potential study
Xu, Q.-J., Liu, S.-Q., Li, M.-H., Wang, X., Li, J.-R., Yuan, X.-R., Yang, M.-M., Yang, M.-Y., Jiang, Z., Gou, Q., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1426891 · Cited by 3
The effect of continuum beliefs on public stigma of depression with evidence from explicit and implicit sources
Wang, X., Lv, Q., Lu, M., & Qu, W. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-95723-2 · Cited by 3
“Finally, for the implicit measures experiment, we applied the reaction time preprocessing method proposed by Karpinski and Steinman 28 .”
Effects of high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation on drug craving in patients with methamphetamine use disorder.
Hou, S., Wang, J., Gao, Y., Zhang, Y., Wang, H.-Y., Li, Z., & Jing, L. (2025) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2025.03.010 · Cited by 3
Affective associations towards running: fuzzy patterns of implicit-explicit interaction in young female runners and non-runners
Burberg, T., Würth, S., Amesberger, G., & Finkenzeller, T. (2024) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2024.1210546 · Cited by 3
Reconsidering the Relationship Between Anti-immigration Attitudes and Preferences for the AfD Using Implicit Attitudes Measures
Kleinert, M. (2023) · Politische Vierteljahresschrift · doi:10.1007/s11615-023-00500-3 · Cited by 4
“Following established procedures (Karpinski and Steinman 2006), D-scores were derived from the collected reaction times.”
Influential
Forgive or complain: Interpersonal distance modulates reactive attitudes and neural responses toward wrongdoers
Li, S., Cheng, S. Y., Shangguan, C., Li, X., & Li, X. (2023) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2023.108653 · Cited by 3
Effects of fitspiration on believability and intention to exercise
Berry, T., Locke, S., & Ori, E. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1094276 · Cited by 3
“Implicit attitudes A single-category implicit association task (SC-IAT; Karpinski and Steinman, 2006) had participants categorize words as quickly as possible by pressing keys on a computer keyboard.”
Background
A Positive Versus Negative Interaction Memory Affects Parole Officers’ Implicit Associations Between the Self-Concept and the Group Parolees
Saad, M. K., Rivera, L. M., & Veysey, B. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.787583 · Cited by 3
Social Class Priming Effect on Prosociality: Evidence from Explicit and Implicit Measures
Zhang, S., Zang, X., Zhang, S., & Zhang, F. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19073984 · Cited by 4
“Experiment 2 employed an implicit task of SC-IAT, which was a more accurate measure of implicit attitude [41] to explore the degree to which prosocial behaviors were integrated into the participants’ selfconcepts.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
The pressure and the lack of cognitive resource: evidences for duality of attitudes
Chen, D., Yan, S., & Fei, D.-Z. (2022) · Electronic Commerce Research · doi:10.1007/s10660-022-09540-0 · Cited by 3
Reciprocal associations between implicit attitudes and drinking in emerging adulthood
Paige, K. J., Weigard, A. S., & Colder, C. R. (2022) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.14759 · Cited by 3
Taking a walk through time: aversive memory re-experiencing may be linked to spatio-temporal distance
Meyer, T., Nelson, J., & Nexhmedin Morina, B. (2021) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2021.2003993 · Cited by 4
“Following the procedure of Karpinski and Steinman (2006) implemented in Inquisit (v4; Millisecond Software), single word stimuli were presented in the middle of the screen and had to be categorized as quickly and accurately as possible by the participant, using the left (‘e’) or right…”
MethodInfluential
Implicit Attitudes Towards Weight, One’s Own Body and its Relation to Food in Women with Overweight and Obesity
Baur, J., Schmitz, F., Naumann, E., & Svaldi, J. (2021) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-021-10271-z · Cited by 5
“To assess implicit attitudes towards one’s own body, a single-category (SC)-IAT (Karpinski & Steinman, 2006) was used, which facilitates the interpretation of the score as the relative evaluation of this concept category.”
Method
Effects of physical‐activity‐related anti‐weight stigma materials on implicit and explicit evaluations
Berry, T. R., & Myre, M. (2021) · Obesity Science & Practice · doi:10.1002/osp4.492 · Cited by 4
‘Large Is Beautiful!’ Associative Retraining Changes Implicit Beliefs About Thinness and Beauty and Decreases Women’s Appearance Anxiety
Selimbegović, L., Collange, J., Bocage-Barthélémy, Y., & Chatard, A. (2021) · International Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.5334/irsp.442 · Cited by 4
“We used the single-category version because we were only interested in implicit self-evaluation of beauty ( Karpinski & Steinman, 2006).”
Method
Investigating the Implicit and Explicit Attitudes of Primary School Educators in Scotland Towards Autistic Children
Cage, E., & Doyle, T. (2024) · International Journal of Disability Development and Education · doi:10.1080/1034912x.2024.2408674 · Cited by 7
“The words were from Karpinski and Steinman (2006; positive words: wonderful, excellent, friendly, likeable, happy, triumphant, cheerful, pleasure ; negative words: tragic, dislike, angry, humiliate, horrible, nasty, terrible, unpleasant ).”
Influential
The Unique Role of Regulatory Mode Orientations in Implicit and Explicit Self-Forgiveness
Pierro, A., Pica, G., Dentale, F., Gelfand, M. J., & Kruglanski, A. W. (2020) · Social Psychology · doi:10.1027/1864-9335/a000433 · Cited by 4
“…tasks (e.g., the Implicit Association Test, Greenwald et al., 1998; and/or its variants, e.g., the Single Category Implicit Association Test, Karpinski & Steinman, 2006) could have been adapted to measure selfforgiveness, we decided not to use them as they may create relevant ambiguity in…”
Method
Personality Traits and Mental Disorders
Hakulinen, C. A., Jokela, M. M., Mika Kivimaki, B., & Elovainio, M. J. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.018 · Cited by 4
Traits and Dynamic Processes
Jayawickreme, E., & Zachry, C. E. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.032 · Cited by 2
Anxiety, Depression and Cognitive Dysfunction
Eysenck, M. W., & Holmes, A. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.033 · Cited by 3
Personality in Cross-Cultural Perspective
Dragūns, J. G., & Tanaka‐Matsumi, J. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.037 · Cited by 4
Marital Attitudes and Implicit Associations Tests (IAT) among Young Adults
Hall, S. S., & Lee, K. (2020) · Journal of Family Issues · doi:10.1177/0192513x20949899 · Cited by 6
“For example, a single target IAT was used to measure perfectionism (De Cuyper et al., 2013), attitudes toward Coke (Karpinsky & Steinman, 2006), and seduction tendencies (Hempel et al., 2013).”
Method
When and for Whom Implicit Partner Evaluations Predict Forgiveness
Faure, R., Righetti, F., Larson, G. M., Cuellar, M., Koutsoumpis, A., Zwicker, M. V., & Hofmann, W. (2020) · Social Psychology and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550620936476 · Cited by 3
“To measure their implicit partner evaluations, we used a Single Category Implicit Association Test (SC-IAT; Karpinski & Steinman, 2006).”
Method
Situational Victimization Cues Strengthen Implicit and Explicit Self-Victim Associations: An Experiment With College-Aged Adults
Sachs, N. M., Veysey, B., & Rivera, L. M. (2020) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260520922368 · Cited by 3
“We measured implicit self-victim associations with a Single-Category Implicit Association Test (SC-IAT; Karpinski & Steinman, 2006; also see Greenwald et al., 1998), which measures individual differences in strength of evaluative associations with a single attitude object.”
Only Believers Rely on God? A New Measure to Investigate Catholic Faith Automatic Associations and Their Relationship With Psychological Well-Being
Dentale, F., Vecchione, M., Shariff, A. F., Verrastro, V., Petruccelli, I., Diotaiuti, P., Petruccelli, F., & Barbaranelli, C. (2018) · Psychology of Religion and Spirituality · doi:10.1037/rel0000141 · Cited by 3
Assessment of the implicit attitude of Japanese people toward blacks and Little Black Sambo
Mori, K. (2018) · Open Journal of Social Sciences · doi:10.4236/jss.2018.61001 · Cited by 3
“It is desirable to use the single category version of IAT (Karpinski & Steinman, 2006) [22], or the single-target paper-based IAT as used in this study, to re-examine the Greenwald et al. results.”
Method
Implicit Social Cognitive Processes Underlying Victim Self and Identity: Evidence With College-Aged Adults
Sachs, N. M., Veysey, B., & Rivera, L. M. (2017) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260517741625 · Cited by 3
“We adopt a Single Category Implicit Association Test (SC-IAT; Karpinski & Steinman, 2006) to measure IVI and IVSS.”
Effect of e-cigarette advertisements and antismoking messages on explicit and implicit attitudes towards tobacco and e-cigarette smoking in 18–65-year-olds: a randomised controlled study protocol
Booth, P., Albery, I., & Frings, D. (2017) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014361 · Cited by 3
“The algorithm used by Bardin et al 24 and Karpinski and Steinman 43 based on the D score from Greenwald et al 44 will be used when analysing the data.”
Method
News Media Depictions of Obama Influence Automatic Attitudes: Implications for the Obama Effect
March, D. S., Kendrick, R. V., Fritzlen, K. A., & Olson, M. (2016) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2016.34.6.504 · Cited by 3
“Therefore, the SCIAT was employed because it does not require a contrast category (Karpinski & Steinman, 2006).”
MethodInfluential
The Psychological Legacy of Barack Obama: The Impact of the First African-American President of the United States on Individuals' Social Cognition
Rivera, L. M., & Plant, E. (2016) · doi:10.1521/soco.2016.34.6.495 · Cited by 3
RESEARCH OF SELF-ESTEEM OF YOUTH USING IMPLICIT ASSOCIATION TESTS AND SELF-REPORTED PROCEDURES
Plotka, I., Blumenau, N., Ozola, E., Pogildjakova, S., & Drozdova, J. (2016) · SOCIETY INTEGRATION EDUCATION Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference · doi:10.17770/sie2016vol1.1511 · Cited by 3
“The Single Category IAT (SC-IAT) is a modification of the IAT that measures the strength of evaluative associations with a single attitude object (Karpinski & Steinman, 2006).”
MethodInfluential
RESEARCH OF IMPLICIT ATTITUDES TOWARDS GAMBLING FOR GAMBLERS AND NON-GAMBLERS
Plotka, I., Blumenau, N., & Vinogradova, Z. (2016) · doi:10.17770/sie2016vol1.1529 · Cited by 3
“This paper presents a study using SC-IAT method to research attitudes towards gambling on the sample of problem gamblers, social gamblers and nongamblers.”
MethodInfluential
Implicit-Explicit Evaluative Discrepancies in Depression and Information Seeking
Johnson, I. R., & McDonough-Caplan, H. (2016) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2016.34.3.238 · Cited by 3
Do implicit female negative associations with mathematics display cultural or regional biases?
del Angel, R. D., & Verzi, D. (2016) · doi:10.1080/09720529.2015.1084785 · Cited by 3
“Results of earlier studies (Nosek et al. 2002; Greenwald et al. 2006; Karpinski and Steinman, 2006) demonstrate that female implicit attitudes are more negative about mathematics and they associate mathematics more strongly with masculine words than male implicit attitudes and associations.”
Background

Authors: Karpinski, A., & Steinman, R. B.
Affiliations: Temple University (US)
ORCID: Karpinski, Andrew
Venue: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2006
Volume: 91
Issue: 1
Pages: 16-32
ISSN: 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
1939-1315
DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.91.1.16
OpenAlex: W1998043162
Cited by: 1,108
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 35 · 2025: 49 · 2024: 55 · 2023: 54 · 2022: 56 · 2021: 78 · 2020: 105 · 2019: 53 · 2018: 75 · 2017: 63 · 2016: 81 · 2015: 61 · 2014: 51 · 2013: 56 · 2012: 57
FWCI: 107.62
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
Keywords: Single Category Implicit Association Test, Implicit Association Test, implicit social cognition, evaluative associations, attitude measurement, self-esteem, racial attitudes, self-presentation, faking, reliability statistics, validity, individual differences
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Association Learning, Attitude, Awareness, Choice Behavior, Female, Gender Identity, Humans, Individuality, Internal-External Control, Male, Personality Inventory, Prejudice, Psychometrics, Self Concept, Social Behavior, Students, Reproducibility of Results, Black People, White People

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The Single Category Implicit Association Test as a measure of implicit social cognition.

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