Cited by 1,108Social and Intergroup PsychologyPsychometric Methodologies and TestingPsychological Testing and Assessment

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The Single Category Implicit Association Test as a measure of implicit social cognition.

Karpinski, Andrew, Steinman, Ross B.·2006·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

DOI 10.1037/0022-3514.91.1.16

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Abstract

The Single Category Implicit Association Test (SC-IAT) is a modification of the Implicit Association Test that measures the strength of evaluative associations with a single attitude object. Across 3 different attitude domains--soda brand preferences, self-esteem, and racial attitudes--the authors found evidence that the SC-IAT is internally consistent and makes unique contributions in the ability to understand implicit social cognition. In a 4th study, the authors investigated the susceptibility of the SC-IAT to faking or self-presentational concerns. Once participants with high error rates were removed, no significant self-presentation effect was observed. These results provide initial evidence for the reliability and validity of the SC-IAT as an individual difference measure of implicit social cognition.

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Sambol, S., Dadswell, K., Cook, S., & Ball, M. (2024) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104294
Dress Code in Chinese High Schools: A Preliminary Design towards its Sociological Impacts
Zhu, L.-B. (2024) · Journal of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences · doi:10.54097/cm8zzk44
“According to Karpinski and Steinman's (2006) single-category IAT template, this test should be divided into two halves, so subjects will receive two trials [9].”
Method
Age and Chronic and Temporary Criminality: Associations With Implicit and Explicit Criminal Identities
Veysey, B., & Rivera, L. M. (2024) · Criminal Justice and Behavior · doi:10.1177/00938548231225256
“The SC-IAT was scored in accordance with past procedures (Greenwald et al., 2003; Karpinski & Steinman, 2006), including the fact that participants are required to correctly categorize at least 80% of the IAT stimuli (i.e., participants are required to attend carefully and not to respond randomly).”
‘We like because we feel liked’ exposure to cultural fusion improves outgroup attitudes through contact metacognition
Bao, Y., Wang, W., Zhao, Y., Yu, D., Njoroge, W., & Chen, B. (2023) · Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/casp.2758
Prejudice among egalitarians: The case of values and weight bias
Souchon, N., Hanel, P., Coutté, A., & Maio, G. (2023) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2984
Implicit Criminal Associations: The Consequences of a Criminal Justice Education
Saad, M. K. (2023) · Journal of Criminal Justice Education · doi:10.1080/10511253.2023.2220781
“The semantic stimuli used in the SC-IAT represent self, other, and criminal.”
Influential
Measuring Symptom-Specific Panic-Relevant Associations Using Single-Target Implicit Association Tests
Blackwell, S. E., Wilhelm, F. H., Reinecke, A., Margraf, J., & Woud, M. L. (2023) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-023-10384-7 · Cited by 1
Implicit and explicit COVID-19 associations and mental health in the United States: a large-scale examination and replication
Werntz, A. J., O’Shea, B. A., Sjobeck, G., Howell, J. L., Lindgren, K. P., & Teachman, B. A. (2023) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2023.2176486
Cognitive categorization of new hybrid products and implicit attitude formation: Empirical study of sensory stimulation
Abdelaziz, B., & Ikrame, M. (2022) · Innovative Marketing · doi:10.21511/im.18(3).2022.18
“To calculate the SC-IAT scores, the reference procedure of Karpinski and Steinman (2006) was followed: After a response time of 350 ms, the stimulus disappears from the screen, and responses exceeding this time are not considered.”
Development and Validation of Implicit Measures for Organizational Climate
Meyer, K. (2022) · Journal of Organizational Psychology · doi:10.33423/jop.v22i1.5016
“Consequently, many studies have explored the association or disassociation between implicit and explicit measures (Lane et al., 2007). Ziegert and Hanges (2005) explored and attempted to replicate findings from Brief and colleagues (2000) about the role of implicit attitudes in a climate for racial bias.”
BackgroundInfluential
Örtük Benlik Saygısı: Doğası, Değerlendirilmesi ve Psikopatolojilerdeki Rolü
İMAMOĞLU, A. H., & Bi̇lge, Y. (2021) · Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry · doi:10.18863/pgy.800464 · Cited by 1
Mixing the implicit: A Linear Mixed-Effects Models approach for a Rasch analysis of the Implicit Association Test and the Single Category Implicit Association TestPreprint
Epifania, O. M., Anselmi, P., & Robusto, E. (2021) · doi:10.31124/advance.16592579.v1
“The Implicit Association Test (Greenwald et al., 1998), the Single Category IAT (SC-IAT Karpinski & Steinman, 2006), and the Go/No-go Association Task (GNAT; Nosek & Banaji, 2001) are based on automatic associations.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Does the News Shape Our Views? Effects of Media Exposure on Implicit and Explicit Attitudes Toward Drug Addicts in the Philippines
Bries, F. S. M., Ngina, K. M. C., & Bonsol-Marasigan, J. (2021) · Mountain Journal of Science and Interdisciplinary Research (formerly Benguet State University Research Journal) · doi:10.70884/mjsir.v81i1.280
“…where participants committed errors (as is the typical practice in IAT analysis), the trials themselves are retained while their latencies are replaced by the subject’s mean latency across all test trials with an additional 400ms penalty (similar to the procedure by Karpinski & Steinman, 2006).”
Vanuit het kind bezien: de rol van de moeder-kindrelatie in de ontwikkeling van psychopathologie na seksueel misbruik
Milius, A., van Delft, I., Finkenauer, C., & Pronk, T. (2020) · Kind en adolescent · doi:10.1007/s12453-020-00248-2
I Sit but I Don’t Know Why: Integrating Controlled and Automatic Motivational Precursors Within a Socioecological Approach to Predict Sedentary BehaviorsPreprint
Maltagliati, S., Sarrazin, P., Isoard-Gautheur, S., Rhodes, R., Boisgontier, M., & Cheval, B. (2020) · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-70750/v1
“…study assessed automatic affective attitudes toward sedentary behaviors (Chevance et al., 2017), using the Single Category Implicit Association Test, a reaction time-based task (Karpinski & Steinman, 2006; Rebar et al., 2015), but did not observed association with time spent in sedentary behaviors.”
Method
Genetics of Personality
Sallis, H., Smith, G. D., & Munafo, M. R. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.024 · Cited by 1
The Trait Approach
Weiss, A., & Deary, I. (2020) · The Cambridge Handbook of Personality Psychology · doi:10.4135/9781446215159.n847
Social Relations and Social Support
Austin, E. Q., Knack, J. M., Jensen‐Campbell, L. A., & Rex‐Lear, M. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.036
Models of Personality Structure
Raad, B. D., & Barelds, D. P. H. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.012 · Cited by 4
Personality Assessment Methods
Boyle, G. J., & Helmes, E. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.011 · Cited by 1
Personality and Intelligence
Schermer, J. A., & Saklofske, D. H. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.014
Narrative Identity in the Social World
McLean, K. C., Syed, M., Haraldsson, K. G., & Lowe, L. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.035 · Cited by 2
Personality in Nonhuman Animals
Bell, A. M., & Bensky, M. K. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.023 · Cited by 1
General Introduction
Corr, P. J., & Matthews, G. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.002
Personality at Work
Salgado, J. F., Anderson, N. R., & Moscoso, S. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.040 · Cited by 4
Personality and Crime
Lynam, D. R., Vize, C. E., & Miller, J. D. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.043 · Cited by 2
Actitudes implícitas en Psicología Ambiental. Una revisión de literatura
Tosi, J., Ledesma, R., Kuhnen, A., & Felippe, M. L. (2020) · Estudos de Psicologia (Natal) · doi:10.22491/1678-4669.20190030
“Es importante destacar que, a diferencia del IAT y el BIAT, el SC-IAT permite obtener un resultado “absoluto” (i.e. asociaciones implícitas entre los atributos y una sola categoría target) en vez de “relativo” (i.e. asociaciones implícitas entre los atributos y dos o cuatro categorías target).”
BackgroundInfluential
Examining the association between explicit and implicit attachment and the outcomes of acceptance and commitment therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy for depression
A-Tjak, J., Morina, N., Boendermaker, W., Topper, M., & Emmelkamp, P. (2020) · doi:10.21203/rs.2.12534/v2
“Both the sequence of the SC-IATs and the place where the target label first appeared were counterbalanced, to counter sequence effects (26).”
Influential
Implicit Attitudes towards Humanistic and Natural Wisdom Among College Students
Chen, H.-B., & Dong, H.-Y. (2019) · DEStech Transactions on Economics Business and Management · doi:10.12783/dtem/icaem2019/30967
“Attribute words in SC-IAT were wise descriptors which were wisdom exemplars, wise person, the sage, the wise, wise man, and wise people.”
MethodInfluential
Adding Implicit Measurement Methods to Interactive Optimizations in Industrial Design - A Concept, First Tests, and Comparison Using Two Simple Case Studies
Wiesner, M., Petrow, A., & Vajna, S. (2019) · Proceedings of the Design Society · doi:10.1017/dsi.2019.251
“The Single Category Implicit Association Test (SC-IAT) (Karpinski and Steinman, 2006) (Greenwald et al., 1998) and the Affect Misattribution Procedure (AMP) (Payne et al., 2005) have proved to be applicable implicit preference acquisition methods in own preliminary work (Wiesner and Vajna, 2018).”
Method
Body ownership illusions in humans and other animals
WADA, M. (2019) · Japanese Journal of Animal Psychology · doi:10.2502/janip.69.1.2
“…& Ramachandran, 2003）。一方，ラバーハンドと実験参加者の手への刺激を同期させずに行なうと，錯覚が減弱する（非同期条件）。特に，両刺激の時間的なずれが300ミリ秒を越えると，錯覚が大きく減弱する（Shimada, Fukuda, & Hiraki, 2009）。つまり，RHI は実験参加者の手に対する触覚刺激と，ラバーハンドに対する筆の動きという視覚刺激が，同期して入力したことによって生じる感覚統合によって起こると考えられる。なお，一般に視覚刺激と触覚刺激は，30ミリ秒程度の時間差があれば，その順序を識別可能である（Spence,…”
Children’s explicit and implicit school satisfactions
Cordonier, L. (2019) · Revue européenne des sciences sociales · doi:10.4000/ress.5272
“I used the SC-IAT-P because it measures individuals’ attitude toward a single target concept—“school”, in the present case—, whereas other IAT versions require the opposition of two target concepts (Karpinski and Steinman, 2006).”
Method
Stress Mindset
Keech, J. J., & Hamilton, K. (2018) · Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-6439-6_102001-1

Authors: Karpinski, A., & Steinman, R. B.
Affiliations: Temple University (US)
ORCID: Karpinski, Andrew
Venue: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2006
Volume: 91
Issue: 1
Pages: 16-32
ISSN: 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
1939-1315
DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.91.1.16
OpenAlex: W1998043162
Cited by: 1,108
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 35 · 2025: 49 · 2024: 55 · 2023: 54 · 2022: 56 · 2021: 78 · 2020: 105 · 2019: 53 · 2018: 75 · 2017: 63 · 2016: 81 · 2015: 61 · 2014: 51 · 2013: 56 · 2012: 57
FWCI: 107.62
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
Keywords: Single Category Implicit Association Test, Implicit Association Test, implicit social cognition, evaluative associations, attitude measurement, self-esteem, racial attitudes, self-presentation, faking, reliability statistics, validity, individual differences
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Association Learning, Attitude, Awareness, Choice Behavior, Female, Gender Identity, Humans, Individuality, Internal-External Control, Male, Personality Inventory, Prejudice, Psychometrics, Self Concept, Social Behavior, Students, Reproducibility of Results, Black People, White People

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The Single Category Implicit Association Test as a measure of implicit social cognition.

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