The Single Category Implicit Association Test as a measure of implicit social cognition.

“…that several commentators on IAT measures have urged: appraising the construct validity of IAT measures (Arkes & Tetlock, 2004; Blanton & Jaccard, 2006; De Houwer, Teige-Mocigemba, Spruyt, & Moors, in press; Fiedler, Messner, & Bluemke, 2006; Karpinski & Hilton, 2001; Rothermund & Wentura, 2004).”

“Everyday life is full of temptations that challenge our capacity for self-control or willpower.”

“To do this, we used a Single Category Implicit Association Test (SC-IAT; Karpinski and Steinman 2006) to measure participants’ implicit attitudes toward the perceived gender-affiliation and greenness of products.”

“As expected, the SC-IAT predicted consumption behavior in a taste-and-rate task better for participants low rather than high in trait self-control.”

“As an implicit measure we used a Single Category IAT with just one target category (SC-IAT, Karpinski & Steinman, 2006 ) with the category labels ‘pleasant’ or ‘I like’, ‘unpleasant’ or ‘I don’t like’, and ‘chips’.1 (Chips is the colloquial German expression for”

“All participants completed the SC-IAT blocks in the same order (Gawronski, 2002).”

“In support of this idea, Mann and Gilovich (in preparation, Study 2), using a Single-Category Implicit Association Test (Karpinski & Steinman, 2006), found that people associate money with material possessions more strongly than they do with experiences.”

“To improve the IAT’s ability to measure personal attitudes, Karpinski and Steinman (2006) modified the IAT to use a single category, and Olson and Fazio (2004) modified the IAT to require more personalized categorizations of the stimuli (e.g., “I like/I don’t like” as opposed to…”

“First, Karpinski and Steinman (2006) explicitly questioned the ST-IAT’s reliability despite its similarities with the SC-IAT, raising the question of whether response windows are a crucial feature of single-target assessments if they are to reach satisfying levels of reliability.”

“…Publishing Ltd Note, though, that as interest in implicit attitudes grows, researchers develop new instruments and refine existing ones with the goal of improving their reliability and predictive validity (e.g., Greenwald, Nosek, & Banaji, 2003; Karpinski & Steinman, 2006; Nosek & Banaji, 2001).”

“For instance, the IAT (Greenwald et al., 1998) typically involves a comparison of two target objects, thus reflecting a measure of relative preference rather than absolute evaluations (for a single category variant of the IAT, see Karpinski & Steinman, 2006).”

“We assessed participants’ automatic affective reactions toward peanut mm Karpinski & Steinman, 2006 ).”

“Furthermore, scores on the Value-SC-IAT were less strongly related to social desirability than the SVS but were related to scores on a measure of value-expressive behavior (Bardi & Schwartz, 2003), even when controlling for the SVS.”

“First, our materials are not easily modifiable, meaning that single-category IATs (Karpinski & Steinman, 2006), multidimensional IATs (e.g., Gattol, Sääksjärvi, & Carbon, 2011), and brief IATs (Sriram & Greenwald, 2009) are not possible without reworking code.”

“…priming (Fazio, Sanbonmatsu, Powell, & Kardes, 1986), the Implicit Association Test (IAT) and its variants (Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998; Karpinski & Steinman, 2006), the Extrinsic Affective Simon Task (EAST, De Houwer, 2003), or the Affect Misattribution Procedure (AMP, Payne, Cheng,…”

“The SC-IAT uses only one target category (e.g., alcohol; Karpinski & Steinman, 2006).”

“…size task (Stapel & Blanton, 2004), the Extrinsic Affective Simon Task (De Houwer, 2003), the Implicit Self-Evaluation Survey (Pelham & Hetts, 1999), the single category IAT (Karpinski & Steinman, 2006), and the Breadth-Based Adjective Rating Task (Karpinski, Steinberg, Versek, & Alloy, 2007).”

“To measure automatic affective reactions we used an SC-IAT (Karpinski & Steinman, 2006) relating to potato chips.”

“Results were analysed with an adapted version of Greenwald, Nosek, & Banaji, 2003 utilised by Karpinski and Steinman (2006). First, the overall error rates of each participant were checked to confirm that none exceeded the maximum acceptable error rate of 20% (as defined by Karpinski & Steinman, 2006).”

“Further diversification of implicit measures, such as using ones that rely less on contrasting groups (e.g., Brief IAT, Sriram & Greenwald, 2009; Go/No-Go Association Task, Nosek & Banaji, 2001 ; or Single-Target IAT, Karpinski & Steinman, 2006) or ones that do not rely on explicit categories at all (e.g., evaluative…”

“Other implicit measures In addition to Brief IATs measuring the three topics of interest, participants were randomly assigned to complete one or more of seven other implicit measures about the same topics – the IAT, Go/No-go Association Task (GNAT) [27], single-target (ST-IAT) [28], Sorting Paired Features [29], Evalu…”

“Unresolved problems with the “I”, the “A”, and the “T”: A logical and psychometric critique of the Implicit Association Test (IAT).”

“Implicit attitudes. We assessed participants’ implicit attitudes toward m&m’s with a variant of the Implicit Association Test by Greenwald et al. (1998) that included only a single target category (m&m’s) rather than two target categories ( Karpinski & Steinman, 2006 ).”

“Kim, D.Y. (2003). Voluntary controllability of the Implicit Association Test (IAT). Social Psychology Quarterly, 83−96. Klauer, K.C., & Teige-Mocigemba, S. (2007). Controllability and resource dependence in automatic evaluation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43(4), 648−655. Klein, A.M., Becker, E.S., & Ri…”

“First, we measured the degree to which participants’ health identity was active using a single-category Implicit Association Test (IAT; Karpinski & Steinman, 2006).”

“A singlecategory IAT was developed for these conditions [ 31 ].”

“…Association Task (GNAT) has been inspired by the basic logic of the IAT (Greenwald et al., 1998) with an attempt to make the task suitable for an assessment of absolute associations of a single concept rather than relative associations of two concepts (see also, Karpinski & Steinman, 2006).”

“Several new measures have been developed to examine single associations (De Houwer, 2003; Karpinski & Steinman, 2006; Nosek & Banaji, 2001).”

“In hindsight, a single-category IAT ( Karpinski & Steinman, 2006 ) that does not need a contrast category might have been a better suited paradigm for Study 1. A similar argument cannot be made for the EAST, which does not use a comparison category and did show predictive validity in Study 1.”

“Single Category IATs (SC-IATs; Karpinski & Steinman, 2006; Nosek & Banaji, 2001; Penke, Eichstaedt, & Asendorpf, 2006) use one unipolar (e.g., “Coke”) and one bipolar concept (e.g., positive vs. negative) and were developed for the assessment of associations with concepts that do not have a natural…”

“Single-category implicit association test A Single-Category Implicit Association Test (SCIAT; Karpinski & Steinman, 2006) was used to assess implicit associations between chocolate and stopping versus going.”

“The implicit racial stereotypes of the job recruiters were further assessed using the IAT.”

“Finally, although we tested the algorithms on data from two different IATs, there are other variants such as the personalized IAT without error feedback [40] or the ST-IAT [41].”

“This suggests that different paradigms such as the unipolar concept IAT (SA‐IAT; Penke, Eichstaedt, & Asendorpf, 2006 ; SC‐IAT; Karpinski & Steinman, 2006 ; ST‐IAT; Wigboldus, Holland, & Van Knippenberg, 2005 ), which does not need a contrast target or attribute category, could be useful, at least in the domain of foo…”

“E-mail: sascha.krause@uni-muenster.de 1Although the Single-Category Implicit Association Test (SC-IAT; Karpinski & Steinman, 2006) slightly outperformed the standard selfesteem IATwith regard to internal consistency, its 6-month temporal stability was substantially lower.”

“The GNAT is an implicit association measure which, similar to the SC-IAT (Karpinski & Stienman, 2006), measures a single association between two target categories.”

“Participants first completed the single category self-esteem IAT, a variant of the IAT that includes only a single category (Karpinski & Steinman, 2006).”

“In order to avoid influence from extreme outliers, the data with response times of less than 350 milliseconds and more than 2000 milliseconds are also removed [13].”

“Instead, it allows the researcher to measure the D score within only one category or target (Karpinski and Steinman 2006) but uses the same procedure as the traditional IAT by measuring reaction time and errors (Greenwald, Nosek, and Banaji 2003).”

“The choice of an appropriate contrast to the object or concept of interest is critical but straightforward for many research questions, but for others it can be more difficult (Karpinski & Steinman, 2006).”

“Several techniques have been developed to provide more independent assessments of associations (e.g., De Houwer, 2003; Karpinski & Steinman, 2006; Nosek & Banaji, 2001).”

“…written in our notation as, In studies of human biases, the combinatorial explosion in groups can be avoided by teasing apart Single-Category IATs which assess associations one group at a time (e.g. Karpinski and Steinman, 2006; Penke, Eichstaedt, and Asendorpf, 2006; Bluemke and Friese, 2008).”

“A single category implicit association test (SC-IAT) based on Karpinski and Steinman’s (43) original measure was developed to measure implicit beliefs of stress as enhancing or debilitating.”

“Using the Single Category Implicit Association Test (SC-IAT) [103], a variant of the IAT enabling the measurement of attitudes toward a specific target concept (e.”

“To further resolve this issue, we also measured implicit attitudes toward alcohol with a non-relative variant of the IAT, the Single Target IAT (ST-IAT; Wigboldus, Holland, & van Knippenberg, 2006; see also Karpinski & Steinman, 2006).”

“…2000; Franck, De Raedt, & De Houwer, 2007; Franck, De Raedt, Dereu, & Van den Abbeele, 2007; Glen & Banse, 2004; Greenwald & Farnham, 2000; Karpinski & Steinman, 2006; Nosek, Greenwald, & Banaji, 2007), it was anticipated that there would be a weak to moderate positive correlation between…”

“54(4):247–255 © 2007 Hogrefe & Huber Publishers A very similar measure has recently been introduced by Karpinski and Steinman (2006), termed the Single Category IAT.”

“…negative implicit attitude towards chocolate (measured using two unipolar, Single-Category Implicit Association Tests [SC-IAT]; Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998; Houben, Roefs, & Jansen, 2010; Karpinsky & Steinman, 2006 and also that they would consume fewer calories in a bogus taste test.”

“The Implicit Association Test (IAT) is one of the most widely used measures of implicit attitudes (Karpinski & Steinman, 2006).”

“The test blocks had a key-distribution of 2:2:3 (or 3:2:2) in order to avoid a response bias potentially caused by equal frequencies of correct responses per key [66].”

“Exclusion criteria were implemented using the recommendations for the IAT (Greenwald et al., 2001) and the SC ‐ IAT (Karpinski & Steinman, 2006).”

“Following Karpinski and Steinman [53], four SC-IATs were adapted to evaluate automatic reactions to human and nonhuman infant and adult faces.”

“…± 11 years 69% female MBMI = 34 ± 9 kg/m 2 MPA = 6073 ± 2730 average daily steps across 7 days Retrospective (1 week) Task: Single Category Implicit Association Test (SC-IAT; Karpinski & Steinman, 2006) Stimuli: words Categories: ‘activity’, ‘I like’, and ‘I dislike’ Scoring procedure: D-Score…”

“After finishing these self-report items, participants completed the Single Category Implicit Association Test (SC-IAT; Karpinski & Steinman, 2007), which measured implicit attitudes toward IDUs.”

“Vaes and colleagues (2011) used a Single-Category Implicit Association Test (i.e., SC-IAT; Karpinski and Steinman 2006) to assess the extent to which sexually objectified women were associated with uniquely human (e.”

“To measure implicit attitudes, participants completed two SC-IATs, a Rich SC-IAT and Middle-Class SC-IAT (in counterbalanced order across participants), following the procedure of Karpinski and Steinman (2006).”

“The method builds from the same logic as the Single-Category Implicit Association Test (SC-IAT) [32] used with human participants, and the relative associations can be interpreted roughly in comparison to statistics such as Cohen’s 𝑑 effect sizes.”

“Participants' implicit self-esteem was measured using a single-category Implicit Association Test (SC-IAT; Karpinski & Steinman, 2006).”

“We assessed automatic associations between giftedness and high intellectual ability or adjustment difficulties using two different single-target Implicit Association Tests (ST-IATs; Karpinski & Steinman, 2006).”

“Specifically, they find an average correspondence of r = 0.37 when they restrict their analysis to studies using a standard IAT rather than an IAT variant, like the ‘Single-Category’ IAT (Karpinski and Steinman 2006), a relative and graded measure of behavior (e.g., deciding precisely how much money to donate to a bla…”

“Also, it is not clear whether response windows as suggested by Karpinski and Steinman (2006) really decrease the likelihood that participants engage in such unwanted processing of the stimuli.”

“Overview of Currently Available Implicit Measures Measurement Instrument Reference Action Interference Paradigm Banse et al. (2010) Affect Misattribution Procedure Payne et al. (2005) Approach-Avoidance Task Chen & Bargh (1999) Brief Implicit Association Test Sriram & Greenwald (2009) Evaluative Movement Assessment Br…”

“To this aim, some researchers utilized a variant of the IAT, the Single Category Implicit Association Test (SCIAT), to assess implicit attitudes toward physical activity or sedentary behavior only (Karpinski & Steinman, 2006).”

“By comparing the average reaction time of the compatible block with the incompatible, the extent to which targets are associated with one versus the other attribute can be measured (Karpinski & Steinman, 2006).”