Cited by 1,108Social and Intergroup PsychologyPsychometric Methodologies and TestingPsychological Testing and Assessment

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The Single Category Implicit Association Test as a measure of implicit social cognition.

Karpinski, Andrew, Steinman, Ross B.·2006·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

DOI 10.1037/0022-3514.91.1.16

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Abstract

The Single Category Implicit Association Test (SC-IAT) is a modification of the Implicit Association Test that measures the strength of evaluative associations with a single attitude object. Across 3 different attitude domains--soda brand preferences, self-esteem, and racial attitudes--the authors found evidence that the SC-IAT is internally consistent and makes unique contributions in the ability to understand implicit social cognition. In a 4th study, the authors investigated the susceptibility of the SC-IAT to faking or self-presentational concerns. Once participants with high error rates were removed, no significant self-presentation effect was observed. These results provide initial evidence for the reliability and validity of the SC-IAT as an individual difference measure of implicit social cognition.

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‘So, what is it? And do I like it?’ New product categorisation and the formation of consumer implicit attitude
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“We followed the reference procedure for the calculation of SC-IAT scores (Karpinski & Steinman, 2006): outcomes of individuals with an error rate greater than 20% were excluded from analysis; latencies below 350 ms were not taken into account, and error latencies were replaced with block means plus an error penalty of…”
MethodInfluential
Effects of diversity versus segregation on automatic approach and avoidance behavior towards own and other ethnic groups
Degner, J., Essien, I., & Reichardt, R. (2016) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2234 · Cited by 12
Attitude and key word signing usage in support staff.
Rombouts, E., Maes, B., & Zink, I. (2016) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2016.03.016 · Cited by 12
Multisensory stimulation with other-race faces and the reduction of racial prejudice
Estudillo, A. J., & Bindemann, M. (2016) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2016.04.006 · Cited by 12
“…for the single category IAT is calculated by subtracting the average response times when other-race faces shared the same key with negative words from the average response times when other-race faces shared the same key with positive words (for further details, see Karpinski & Steinman, 2006).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Honest politics: Evaluating candidate perceptions for the 2012 U. S. election with the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure
Drake, C., Kramer, S. L., Habib, R., Schuler, K., Blankenship, L., & Locke, J. (2015) · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2015.04.004 · Cited by 12
Seeing the Unexpected: Counterstereotypes are Implicitly Bad
Flannigan, N., Miles, L., Quadflieg, S., & Macrae, C. N. (2013) · doi:10.1521/soco.2013.31.6.712 · Cited by 12
“The words were taken from Karpinski and Steinman (2006), and the occupational stimuli were modified from Quadflieg et al.”
Method
When wanting to change is not enough: automatic appetitive processes moderate the effects of a brief alcohol intervention in hazardous-drinking college students
Ostafin, B. D., & Palfai, T. P. (2012) · Addiction Science & Clinical Practice · doi:10.1186/1940-0640-7-25 · Cited by 14
“There is evidence that the IAT used in this study is more reflective of approach motivation toward alcohol rather than avoidance motivation away from alcohol [31], but future research would benefit from using implicit measures such as the single-category IAT [50] to examine the independent contributions of approach an…”
Method
Handle with Care: The Impact of Using Java Applets in Web-Based Studies on Dropout and Sample Composition
Stieger, S., Göritz, A., & Voracek, M. (2011) · Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2010.0052 · Cited by 12
“Furthermore, in a between-subject design, participants were asked to take part in one of two randomly assigned implicit association tests (i.e., either an Implicit Association Test [IAT] on anxiety 12,13 or two shorter Single Category Implicit Association Tests [SC-IAT] on anxiety and calmness 14 ).”
The effects of priming legal concepts on perceived trust and competitiveness, self-interested attitudes, and competitive behavior
Callan, M. J., Kay, A. C., Olson, J. M., Brar, N., & Whitefield, N. (2010) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2009.12.005 · Cited by 12
On the Death of Implicit Association Tests (IATs)
Röhner, J., & Iliescu, D. (2023) · European Journal of Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1027/1015-5759/a000778 · Cited by 16
Talking about mental illness, professional help, self-esteem and health. A structural equation model of implicit and explicit internalized stigma
González-Sanguino, C., Castellanos, M. A., González-Domínguez, S., & Muñoz, M. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-01930-1 · Cited by 11
“…the previously mentioned studies on the implicit assessment of internalized stigma (Rüsch, Corrigan, et al., 2010; von Hippel et al., 2018), a simplified version of the original IAT (Greenwald et al., 1998), the Single Category-IAT (SC-IAT) (Karpinski and Steinman, 2006), was developed in Spanish.”
Background
Improving the touchscreen-based food approach-avoidance task: remediated block-order effects and initial findings regarding validity
van Alebeek, H., Kahveci, S., & Blechert, J. (2021) · Open Research Europe · doi:10.12688/openreseurope.13241.1 · Cited by 11
“…0267, 0282, 0283, 0226, 0317, 0325, 0361, 0366, 0380, 0394, 0396, 0397, 0399, 0424, 0439, 0438, 0467, 0510, 0515, 0539, 0654, 0682, 0715, 0742, 0759, 0811, 0800, 0809, 0818, 0819, 0840, 0860, 0874, 0880. two stimulus categories on one side and one on the other side (Karpinski & Steinman, 2006).”
Testing the dual process model of adolescent cannabis use with prospective three-way interactions between self-regulation, negative outcome expectancies, and implicit cannabis attitudes.
Egerton, G. A., Colder, C., & Lee, Y. (2021) · Addictive Behaviours · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.106902 · Cited by 11
The creepy, the bad and the ugly: exploring perceptions of moral character and social desirability in uncanny faces
Rosa, A. O. L., Villacampa, J., Corradi, G. B., & Ingram, G. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-01452-w · Cited by 14
Make exercise easier: A brief intervention to influence implicit attitudes towards exercise and physical activity behavior
Qiu, Y., & Zhang, G. (2020) · Learning and Motivation · doi:10.1016/j.lmot.2020.101660 · Cited by 16
The Five-Factor Model of Personality: Consensus and Controversy
McCrae, R. R. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.013 · Cited by 20
Preliminary development of an implicit association test to measure body dissatisfaction and predict disordered eating behaviors.
Velkoff, E. A., & Smith, A. R. (2020) · Body image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.05.005 · Cited by 11
Implicit attitudes and explicit cognitions jointly predict a reduced red meat intake: a three-wave longitudinal study
Muschalik, C., Crutzen, R., Candel, M. J. J. M., Elfeddali, I., & de Vries, H. (2020) · Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1080/21642850.2020.1730843 · Cited by 12
“In the first part of the study, we assessed participants’ implicit attitudes towards red meat by means of a modified version of the Single-Category Implicit Association Test (SC-IAT) (Karpinski & Steinman, 2006).”
MethodInfluential
The role of implicit sexual desire in romantic relationships
de Jong, D. C., Reis, H., Peters, B. J., DeHaan, C. R., & Birnbaum, G. (2019) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2019.05.042 · Cited by 11
Do implicitly measured math-anxiety associations play a role in math behavior?
Schmitz, E. A., Jansen, B. R. J., Wiers, R., & Salemink, E. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2019.05.013 · Cited by 11
“This allows for a direct and independent comparison of anxiety associations between different targets (Karpinski & Steinman, 2006; Wigboldus et al., 2004).”
Influential
Examining attitudes toward bicycle-share program use: A dual-process theory approach
Chen, L.-H., & Chancellor, H. (2019) · Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.trf.2019.03.007 · Cited by 11
How becoming a mother shapes implicit and explicit responses to infant cues
Senese, V. P., Miranda, M. C., de Falco, S., Venuti, P., & Bornstein, M. H. (2018) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.21772 · Cited by 17
Context Effects of Alcohol Availability at Home: Implicit Alcohol Associations and the Prediction of Adolescents' Drinking Behavior.
Peeters, M., Koning, I., Monshouwer, K., Vollebergh, W., & Wiers, R. (2016) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs · doi:10.15288/jsad.2016.77.749 · Cited by 11
Testing the Implicit and Explicit Cognitions Underlying Behavioral Inhibition System-Related Drinking in Young Adults
Keough, M. T., O’Connor, R. M., & Colder, C. R. (2016) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.13036 · Cited by 18
“An adapted SC-IAT (Karpinski and Steinman, 2006; O’Connor et al., 2012) was used to assess implicit alcohol cognitions at baseline and post-TSST.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Finding what is hidden: a method to measure implicit attitudes for nursing and health‐related behaviours
Manns‐James, L. (2015) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.12626 · Cited by 11
“A modification of the original method, the single-target or single-category IAT, has been validated in several studies to assess attitudes for or against a single concept (Karpinski & Steinman 2006, Penke et al. 2006, Bluemke & Friese 2008).”
Method
Non-participation in chlamydia screening in the Netherlands: determinants associated with young people’s intention to participate in chlamydia screening
ten Hoor, G. T., Ruiter, R., van Bergen, J., Hoebe, C., Houben, K., & Kok, G. (2013) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-1091 · Cited by 11
Determining True and False Witnessed Events: Can an Eyewitness-Implicit Association Test Distinguish Between the Seen and Unseen
Freng, S., & Kehn, A. (2013) · Psychiatry Psychology and Law · doi:10.1080/13218719.2012.735885 · Cited by 11
“For situations that fail to meet this requirement, it is possible that adapting other indirect techniques such as the Go/No Go Association Task (GNAT, Nosek & Banaji, 2001) or the single category IAT (SCIAT, Karpinski & Steinman, 2006) may provide useful alternatives.”
Method
Implicit attitudes and digital piracy
Taylor, S. A. (2012) · Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing · doi:10.1108/17505931211282409 · Cited by 10
Motives and health-related behaviour: Incremental prediction by implicit motives
Aspden, T., Ingledew, D., & Parkinson, J. (2012) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2010.541911 · Cited by 11
“Therefore, we used the Single Category Implicit Association Test (SC-IAT; Karpinski & Steinman, 2006 ).”
Method
Possible Implicit Mechanisms of Minority Representation
Craemer, T. (2010) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9221.2010.00785.x · Cited by 11
Effects of positive and negative social feedback on motivation, evaluative learning, and socio-emotional processing
Sobczak, A., & Bunzeck, N. (2023) · npj Science of Learning · doi:10.1038/s41539-023-00178-7 · Cited by 10
“Based on the SC-IAT and a suggestion by Karpinski and Steinman 36 , we calculated the so-called D-score, which designates an association of the cue with positive or negative valence.”
Lay Beliefs About Homo Economicus: How and Why Does Economics Education Make Us See Honesty as Effortful?
Ong, M., Lee, J., & Parmar, B. L. (2023) · Academy of Management Learning and Education · doi:10.5465/amle.2021.0134 · Cited by 8
Less Negative Implicit Attitudes Toward Autism Spectrum Disorder in University Students: A Comparison with Physical Disabilities
Yokota, S., & Tanaka, M. (2022) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-022-05749-y · Cited by 13
“Previous studies on implicit attitudes using the IAT found no correlation between implicit attitudes and social desirability (Egloff & Schmukle, 2002; Karpinski & Steinman, 2006; Pruett & Chan, 2006).”
Explicit and implicit attitudes toward smoking: Dissociation of attitudes and different characteristics for an implicit attitude in smokers and nonsmokers
Gao, X., Sawamura, D., Saito, R., Murakami, Y., Yano, R., Sakuraba, S., Yoshida, S., Sakai, S., & Yoshida, K. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0275914 · Cited by 10
“Referring to [24,31] studies, in blocks 1 & 2, smoking images, positive words, and negative words were presented in a 7:7:10 ratio.”
Method
Comprehensive Sexuality Education Improves Primary Students’ Explicit and Implicit Attitudes Toward Homosexuality
Li, H., He, X., Xue, L., Guo, L., & Liu, W. (2022) · International Journal of Sexual Health · doi:10.1080/19317611.2022.2067282 · Cited by 11
“The single category IAT (SC-IAT) is a variant of the IAT (Karpinski & Steinman, 2006) that only requires participants responses to a specific attitude object and different evaluations.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Cognitive processing of sexual cues in asexual individuals and heterosexual women with desire/arousal difficulties
Brown, N. B., Peragine, D. E., VanderLaan, D. P., Kingstone, A. F., & Brotto, L. A. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0251074 · Cited by 12
“The SC-IAT circumvents this issue by capturing negative and/or positive associations of a single concept [36, 37].”
Background
When You Put It that Way: Framing Gender Equality Initiatives to Improve Engagement among STEM Academics
Farrell, L., Petzel, Z. W., McCormack, T., Turner, R. N., Rafferty, K., & Latu, I. M. (2020) · BioScience · doi:10.1093/biosci/biaa136 · Cited by 12
Cognitive Vulnerability in the Context of Panic: Assessment of Panic-Related Associations and Interpretations in Individuals with Varying Levels of Anxiety Sensitivity
Zahler, L., Sommer, K., Reinecke, A., Wilhelm, F. H., Margraf, J., & Woud, M. L. (2020) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-020-10103-6 · Cited by 16
Measuring objectification through the Body Inversion Paradigm: Methodological issues
Zogmaister, C., Durante, F., Mari, S., Crippa, F., & Volpato, C. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0229161 · Cited by 13
“object) association through a singlecategory IAT (SC-IAT, [55]; see [50]).”
Background

Authors: Karpinski, A., & Steinman, R. B.
Affiliations: Temple University (US)
ORCID: Karpinski, Andrew
Venue: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2006
Volume: 91
Issue: 1
Pages: 16-32
ISSN: 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
1939-1315
DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.91.1.16
OpenAlex: W1998043162
Cited by: 1,108
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 35 · 2025: 49 · 2024: 55 · 2023: 54 · 2022: 56 · 2021: 78 · 2020: 105 · 2019: 53 · 2018: 75 · 2017: 63 · 2016: 81 · 2015: 61 · 2014: 51 · 2013: 56 · 2012: 57
FWCI: 107.62
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
Keywords: Single Category Implicit Association Test, Implicit Association Test, implicit social cognition, evaluative associations, attitude measurement, self-esteem, racial attitudes, self-presentation, faking, reliability statistics, validity, individual differences
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Association Learning, Attitude, Awareness, Choice Behavior, Female, Gender Identity, Humans, Individuality, Internal-External Control, Male, Personality Inventory, Prejudice, Psychometrics, Self Concept, Social Behavior, Students, Reproducibility of Results, Black People, White People

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The Single Category Implicit Association Test as a measure of implicit social cognition.

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