Cited by 1,108Social and Intergroup PsychologyPsychometric Methodologies and TestingPsychological Testing and Assessment

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The Single Category Implicit Association Test as a measure of implicit social cognition.

Karpinski, Andrew, Steinman, Ross B.·2006·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

DOI 10.1037/0022-3514.91.1.16

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Abstract

The Single Category Implicit Association Test (SC-IAT) is a modification of the Implicit Association Test that measures the strength of evaluative associations with a single attitude object. Across 3 different attitude domains--soda brand preferences, self-esteem, and racial attitudes--the authors found evidence that the SC-IAT is internally consistent and makes unique contributions in the ability to understand implicit social cognition. In a 4th study, the authors investigated the susceptibility of the SC-IAT to faking or self-presentational concerns. Once participants with high error rates were removed, no significant self-presentation effect was observed. These results provide initial evidence for the reliability and validity of the SC-IAT as an individual difference measure of implicit social cognition.

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“For implementing the SC-IAT, we followed the procedure developed by Karpinski & Steinman [21].”
Influential
A collective action approach to improving attitudes and self-efficacy towards gender equality among male STEM academics
Petzel, Z. W., Farrell, L., McCormack, T., Turner, R. N., Rafferty, K., & Latu, I. M. (2024) · European Journal of Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s10212-024-00844-3 · Cited by 12
“Implicit attitudes were measured with a single-category Implicit Association Test (IAT) using Inquisit software (Millisecond; Seattle, WA), associating equality initiatives with positive versus negative affective words (Karpinski & Steinman, 2006).”
The use of implicit measures in service research: Why, how, when and what is the way forward?
Verhulst, N., Slabbinck, H., Willems, K., & Brengman, M. (2024) · Journal of Services Marketing · doi:10.1108/jsm-10-2023-0401 · Cited by 7
How to Build and How not to Build an Implicit Measure in Behavior Analysis: A case Study Using the Function Acquisition Speed Test
Watters, A., Cummins, J., & Roche, B. (2023) · Perspectives on Behavior Science · doi:10.1007/s40614-023-00387-w · Cited by 7
“Early iterations of the test paralleled the single-category variant of the IAT (e.g., Karpinski & Steinman, 2006).”
Gender Stereotypes Selectively Affect the Remembering of Highly Valued Professions
Tirado, A. S., Esbrí, S. F., Forn, C., & Sanchis‐Segura, C. (2023) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-023-01355-z · Cited by 8
“However, future studies using the single-category IAT (Sc-IAT; Karpinski & Steinman, 2006) could be used to address this question.”
Method
Investigating the implicit stereotypes of recycled construction and demolition waste products with an fNIRS-enabled single category implicit association test
Ding, Z.-K., Zhang, Z., Chen, W., & Chen, J.-Y. (2022) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.135233 · Cited by 7
Adopting Evaluative Conditioning to Improve Coach–Athlete Relationships
Li, J., Chen, B., & Zhang, Y. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.751990 · Cited by 7
Development of Personality across the Life Span
Atherton, O. E., Donnellan, M. B., & Robins, R. W. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.017 · Cited by 15
Real-time measurement of wise personality cognition: Evidence from mouse tracking
Li, H., & Wang, F. (2017) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-017-9732-3 · Cited by 7
“Another study found that participants were more likely to link specific groups with related traits rather than behaviors or other concepts (Karpinski and Steinman 2006).”
Background
Implicit Attitudes Toward Violence in a Sample of Adolescent Offenders With Conduct Disorder
Rosa, A. O.-L., Villacampa, J., Amador, O., Corradi, G., Munar, E., Acosta, S., & Rosselló, J. (2017) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260517739287 · Cited by 7
“We used the Single-Target IAT (ST-IAT; Karpinski & Steinman, 2006) to assess implicit attitudes toward two types of violence: physical and relational (target categories).”
Method
Adults’ Implicit Associations to Infant Positive and Negative Acoustic Cues: Moderation by Empathy and Gender
Senese, V. P., Venuti, P., Giordano, F., Napolitano, M., Esposito, G., & Bornstein, M. H. (2016) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17470218.2016.1215480 · Cited by 9
“Following the original version of the SC-IAT (see Karpinski & Steinman, 2006), to prevent a response bias or predictability of responses, target sounds, positive words, and negative words were presented in irregular frequencies across two conditions, one positive and one negative.”
Method
Implicit attitudes and implicit prejudices
Baston, R., & Vosgerau, G. (2016) · Philosophical Psychology · doi:10.1080/09515089.2016.1181260 · Cited by 7
“Moreover, there are also indirect measurements, like the Single Category Implicit Association Test (SC-IAT; Karpinski & Steinman, 2006), which measure attitudes towards a single object (no relative preference).”
Background
Testing of a paper-and-pencil Personalized Single Category Implicit Association Test (SC-IAT-P)
Bardin, B., Perrissol, S., Py, J., Fos, Y., & Souchon, N. (2016) · International Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.5334/irsp.35 · Cited by 14
“Indeed, when Bardin et al. (2014) studied the reliability of the computerized version of the SC-IAT-P, they followed the recommendations of Karpinski and Steinman (2006) to calculate an adjusted value of r (the Spearman-Brown correction) which, from a conceptual point of view, is the equivalent of…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
The Implicit Influence of a Negative Mood on the Subliminal Mere Exposure Effect
Kawakami, N. (2012) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/22.24.27.pms.115.6.715-724 · Cited by 6
An indirect measure of negative self reference interacts with academic failure to predict continuing depressive symptomatology
Sheppes, G., Meiran, N., Spivak, O., & Shahar, G. (2010) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2010.08.002 · Cited by 7
“Overall, the reliability of Negativity Aversion is roughly the same to the internal reliability obtained for the single category IAT (see Karpinski & Steinman, 2006 Experiment 1).”
MethodResultInfluential
Counterstereotypic Exemplars in Context: Evidence for Intracategory Differentiation using Implicit Measures
Scherer, L. D., & Lambert, A. J. (2009) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2009.27.4.522 · Cited by 7
“At first blush, the Single-category Implicit Association Test (SC-IAT; Karpinski & Steinman, 2006) might seem immune from this issue, because it aims to generate a separate implicit index toward Blacks, apart from Whites.”
Method
Implicit race bias revisited: On the utility of task context in assessing implicit attitude strength
Scherer, L. D., & Lambert, A. J. (2012) · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2011.06.010 · Cited by 7
“As a result of this ambiguity, new and revised measures of implicit attitudeswere developed,most notably the Single Category IAT (SC-IAT, Karpinski & Steinman, 2006) and the GoNo-GoAssociation Task (GNAT, Nosek & Banaji, 2001).”
A meta-analytic investigation into the pay-it-forward phenomenon: The roles of individualism-collectivism and social distance
Ma, H., Velasco, F., Janakiraman, N., & Yang, Z. (2024) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2024.114822 · Cited by 6
Beyond self-report measures of arousal: A new priming task to capture activation of relaxing and energizing feelings elicited by odors
Cereghetti, D. M., Coppin, G., Porcherot, C., Cayeux, I., Sander, D., & Delplanque, S. (2024) · Food Quality and Preference · doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2024.105227 · Cited by 5
Real-World Implicit Association Task for Studying Mind Perception: Insights for Social Robotics
Pekçetin, T. N., Evsen, Ş., Pekçetin, S., Acarturk, C., & Urgen, B. (2024) · IEEE/ACM International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction · doi:10.1145/3610978.3640706 · Cited by 6
“With inspiration from the Single Category IAT [22], in RW-IAT, we tested the human and robot actor in four separate blocks to address the non-complementary nature of these categories.”
Method
The impact of patients’ hostile attribution bias on aggression in doctor-patient interactions
Liu, J., Hong, Z., Lu, L., Liu, H., Xu, X., & He, W. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e23971 · Cited by 5
“This study employed the SC-IAT [51] to access implicit social cognition and the strength of evaluative associations with a single attitude object to examine patients ’ implicit aggression toward doctors [52].”
Method
Implicit weight stigma and bullying perpetration in college students: The mediating role of explicit weight stigma and moral disengagement and the moderating role of empathy
Chen, H. (2023) · Psychology in the schools (Print) · doi:10.1002/pits.22990 · Cited by 6
Implicit Association Test (IAT) toward Climate Change: a PRISMA Systematic Review
Fiorenza, M., Duradoni, M., Barbagallo, G., & Guazzini, A. (2023) · Current Research in Ecological and Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cresp.2023.100103 · Cited by 6
The effect of mindfulness intervention on internet negative news perception and processing: An implicit and explicit approach
Yang, Y., Su, F., Liu, H., & Li, X. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1071078 · Cited by 6
“The SC-IAT was designed to measure the implicit attitudes of a particular category (Karpinski and Steinman, 2006) and proved to have sufficient reliability in many fields (Bluemke and Friese, 2008; Stieger et al.”
Measuring Subconscious Gender Biases against Male and Female Virtual Agents in Japan
Koda, T., Tsuji, S., & Takase, M. (2022) · International Conference on Human-Agent Interaction · doi:10.1145/3527188.3563909 · Cited by 6
“The SC-IAT is a system for measuring subconscious bias against one target [16].”
Background
The relationship between Chinese college students’ mate preferences and their parents’ education level
Lin, W., Wang, J., Liu, Y., Li, Z., & Lin, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.907315 · Cited by 6
“We used a single-category implicit association test (SC-IAT; Karpinski and Steinman, 2006) to access the implicit attitude of mate preferences.”
Method
Are implicit attitudes toward dishonesty associated with self-serving dishonesty? Implications for the reliability of the IAT
Hatta, H., Ueda, R., Ashida, H., & Abe, N. (2022) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2022.104285 · Cited by 6
Examining associations between self-conscious emotions and implicit and reflective processes among adolescent girls and boys
Murray, R. M., Gilchrist, J., Conroy, D. E., & Sabiston, C. (2022) · Psychology of Sport And Exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2022.102196 · Cited by 6
Implicit and Explicit Self-Identification as a Drug User in People Who Used Heroin and Methamphetamine
Chen, J., Zhang, M., Zhou, J., Li, X., Zhang, F., & Shen, M. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.685110 · Cited by 8
“One study used the Single Category Implicit Association Test (SC-IAT; Karpinski and Steinman, 2006) to examine implicit associations between self and heroin in people being treated for heroin or alcohol use (Brener et al., 2012).”
Method
Impact and mechanisms of cigarillo flavor descriptors on susceptibility to use among young adult nonusers of tobacco
Avishai, A., Meernik, C., Goldstein, A., Lazard, A. J., Ranney, L. M., & Sheeran, P. (2020) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/jasp.12706 · Cited by 6
Sexual Attraction to Both Genders in Ambiphilic Men: Evidence from Implicit Cognitions
Snowden, R., Fitton, E., McKinnon, A. I., & Gray, N. (2019) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-019-01552-6 · Cited by 6
Implicit associations to infant cry: Genetics and early care experiences influence caregiving propensities
Senese, V. P., Azhari, A., Shinohara, K., Doi, H., Venuti, P., Bornstein, M. H., & Esposito, G. (2018) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2018.12.012 · Cited by 8
Cognitive predictors of reactive and proactive aggression in a forensic sample: A comparison with a non-clinical sample.
Brugman, S., Lobbestael, J., Sack, A., Cima, M., Schuhmann, T., Emmerling, F., & Arntz, A. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.08.095 · Cited by 6
An investigation of Facebook users' implicit associations between Facebook, sexual and prosocial behavior
Villacampa, J., Ingram, G. P. D., Martí-Vilar, M., & Rosa, A. O.-L. (2018) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00811 · Cited by 6
“With these aims, we applied the Single-Target Implicit Association Test (ST-IAT; Karpinski and Steinman, 2006) to assess Facebook users’ implicit associations between Facebook and sexual/prosocial issues (Study 1).”
Method
The influence of mate value on women's desire for long and short-term mates: Implicit responses
Millar, M., Westfall, R., & Lovitt, A. (2018) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2018.03.043 · Cited by 6
Implicit and Explicit Associations with Erotic Stimuli in Women with and Without Sexual Problems
van Lankveld, J., Bandell, M., Bastin-Hurek, E., van Beurden, M., & Araz, S. (2018) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-018-1152-4 · Cited by 6
Implicit attitudes to organ donor registration: altruism and distaste
Joshi, M. S., & Stevens, C. (2016) · Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1080/21642850.2016.1258313 · Cited by 5
“…the investigation of associations between two pairs of binary categories, the SC-IAT has been used to study associations related to a single category where there is no obvious comparator (Galdi, Acuri, & Gawronski, 2008; Karpinski & Steinman, 2006) and was thus more suitable for the current study.”
Method
Processus automatiques et activités physiques bénéfiques pour la santé
Cheval, B., Sarrazin, P., & Radel, R. (2016) · L’Année psychologique · doi:10.4074/s0003503316000348 · Cited by 6
A Derived Transformation of Evaluative Preferences Using Implicit Association Tests
Amd, M., & Barnes-Holmes, D. (2014) · The Psychological Record · doi:10.1007/s40732-014-0033-z · Cited by 6
“The two values were averaged to give a so-called D(600)-score (Karpinski and Steinman 2006; Greenwald et al. 2003).”
On the Road to the Unconscious Self: Understanding when People Gain Self–knowledge of Implicit Disgust Sensitivity from Behavioural Cues
Zinkernagel, A., Hofmann, W., Gerstenberg, F., & Schmitt, M. J. (2013) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.1910 · Cited by 6
“To meet these conditions, we combined the single-block variant (Teige-Mocigemba, Klauer, & Rothermund, 2008) with the single-target variant (Karpinski & Steinman, 2006) of the IAT.”
Method
“I Love Me Some Me”
Bosson, J. K., & Weaver, J. R. (2011) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118093108.ch23 · Cited by 13
“and My soul shall abhor you” : Implicit processing of social disgust
Berger, U., & Anaki, D. (2020) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2020.110360 · Cited by 4

Authors: Karpinski, A., & Steinman, R. B.
Affiliations: Temple University (US)
ORCID: Karpinski, Andrew
Venue: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2006
Volume: 91
Issue: 1
Pages: 16-32
ISSN: 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
1939-1315
DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.91.1.16
OpenAlex: W1998043162
Cited by: 1,108
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 35 · 2025: 49 · 2024: 55 · 2023: 54 · 2022: 56 · 2021: 78 · 2020: 105 · 2019: 53 · 2018: 75 · 2017: 63 · 2016: 81 · 2015: 61 · 2014: 51 · 2013: 56 · 2012: 57
FWCI: 107.62
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
Keywords: Single Category Implicit Association Test, Implicit Association Test, implicit social cognition, evaluative associations, attitude measurement, self-esteem, racial attitudes, self-presentation, faking, reliability statistics, validity, individual differences
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Association Learning, Attitude, Awareness, Choice Behavior, Female, Gender Identity, Humans, Individuality, Internal-External Control, Male, Personality Inventory, Prejudice, Psychometrics, Self Concept, Social Behavior, Students, Reproducibility of Results, Black People, White People

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The Single Category Implicit Association Test as a measure of implicit social cognition.

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