The DOI matches its Crossref record; 30 of the 30 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Massive IQ gains in 14 nations: What IQ tests really measure.
Abstract
Data from 14 nations reveal IQ gains ranging from 5 to 25 points in a single generation. Some of the largest gains occur on culturally reduced tests and tests of fluid intelligence. The Norwegian data show that a nation can make significant gains on a culturally reduced test while suffering losses on other tests. The Dutch data prove the existence of unknown environmental factors so potent that they account for 15 of the 20 points gained. The hypothesis that best fits the results is that IQ tests do not measure intelligence but rather a correlate with a weak causal link to intelligence. This hypothesis can also explain differential trends on various mental tests, such as the combination of IQ gains and Scholastic Aptitude Test losses in the United States. Over the last decade, scholars in many countries—largely unknown to one another—have been measuring IQ trends from one generation to the next. In this article their results are collected and analyzed so as to reap the benefits comparative data usually yield. It is also argued that this mass of data poses fundamental problems for developmental psychology, primarily concerning what factors have the most potent effect on IQ, what IQ tests measure, and how IQ tests should be used in making between-groups comparisons.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Industrialized nations, while embracing IQ testing in education and employment, have simultaneously experienced a generational rise in IQ scores, a phenomenon known as the Flynn effect (Flynn, 1987(Flynn, , 2011)).”
From Human Intelligence, Creativity, and Wisdom in the Age of Generative Artificial Intelligence (2025) · cites this paper as Flynn, 1987
In the citing paper
“Populations’ mean intelligence test scores have been rising since the beginning of the twentieth century.”
From The secular trend of intelligence test scores: The Danish experience for young men born between 1940 and 2000 (2021) · cites this paper as [2]
In the citing paper
“The data reported by Flynn and others are insufficient to address this question given the limited range of cohorts examined.”
From An Historical Framework for Cohort Differences in Intelligence (2005) · cites this paper as Flynn, 1987
In the citing paper
“Of concern to the study and theory of life-span development is the fact that these assertions were based almost exclusively on differences found between two particular cohorts differing approximately 30 years in age—the massive cohort gains are reported for the post-World War II cohort with most data cited pertaining to those born in the 1950s.”
From An Historical Framework for Cohort Differences in Intelligence (2005) · cites this paper as Flynn, 1987
Citations
Cites
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children
Miles-Mason, E. (2018) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781483392271.n537 · Cited by 4,133
Scribner, S., & Cole, M. (1981) · doi:10.4159/harvard.9780674433014 · Cited by 3,447
(1980) · DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library) · Cited by 1,935
The mean IQ of Americans: Massive gains 1932 to 1978.
Flynn, J. R. (1984) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.95.1.29 · Cited by 1,206
Self-citationSTANDARDIZATION OF PROGRESSIVE MATRICES, 1938
RAVEN, J. C. (1941) · British Journal of Medical Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8341.1941.tb00316.x · Cited by 389
Social versus reproductive success: The central theoretical problem of human sociobiology
Vining, D. R. (1986) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00021968 · Cited by 326
Race Differences in Intelligence
Bootzin, R. R., Loehlin, J. C., Lindzey, G. E., & Spuhler, J. N. (1976) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1421415 · Cited by 307
IQ in Japan and the United States shows a growing disparity
Lynn, R. (1982) · Nature · doi:10.1038/297222a0 · Cited by 256
On the plasticity of intelligence in adulthood and old age: Where Horn and Donaldson fail.
Baltes, P. B., & Schaie, K. W. (1976) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.31.10.720 · Cited by 223
Education and Cognitive Development: The Evidence from Experimental Research
Sharp, D. W., Cole, M., Lave, C., Ginsburg, H. P., Brown, A. L., & French, L. A. (1979) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.2307/3181586 · Cited by 223
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 1,967
Development of Spatial Cognition
Newcombe, N. S., & Huttenlocher, J. (2007) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470147658.chpsy0217 · Cited by 229
How can we boost IQs of “dull children”?: A late adoption study
Duyme, M., Dumaret, A.-C., & Tomkiewicz, S. (1999) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.96.15.8790 · Cited by 226
Incorporating general intelligence into epidemiology and the social sciences
Lubinski, D., & Humphreys, L. G. (1997) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/s0160-2896(97)90016-7 · Cited by 225
Intelligence, race, and genetics.
Sternberg, R. J., Grigorenko, E. L., & Kídd, K. K. (2005) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.60.1.46 · Cited by 224
Are we getting smarter?: rising IQ in the twenty-first century
(2013) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.50-4132 · Cited by 222
Kenworthy, L. (2008) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199550593.001.0001 · Cited by 221
The Interplay of Nature, Nurture, and Developmental Influences
Rutter, M. L. (2002) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.59.11.996 · Cited by 221
Play, Playfulness, Creativity and Innovation
Bateson, P. (2014) · Animal Behavior and Cognition · doi:10.12966/abc.05.02.2014 · Cited by 220
Sternberg, R. J., & Kaufman, J. C. (1998) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.49.1.479 · Cited by 213
Measurement for the Social Sciences
Rossiter, J. R. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-7158-6 · Cited by 212
Are intelligence tests measurement invariant over time? Investigating the nature of the Flynn effect
Wicherts, J. M., Dolan, C. V., Hessen, D. J., Oosterveld, P., van Baal, G. C. M., Boomsma, D. I., & Span, M. M. (2004) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2004.07.002 · Cited by 211
Van IJzendoorn, M. H., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & Juffer, F. (2007) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/dbp.0b013e31811320aa · Cited by 210
Plugged In: How Media Attract and Affect Youth
Valkenburg, P. M., & Piotrowski, J. T. (2017) · doi:10.12987/yale/9780300218879.001.0001 · Cited by 209
A Family Study of Autism: Cognitive Patterns and Levels in Parents and Siblings
Fombonne, E. J., Bolton, P., Prior, J., Jordan, H., & Rutter, M. L. (1997) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01694.x · Cited by 209
Psychometrics, intelligence, and public perception
Carroll, J. B. (1997) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/s0160-2896(97)90012-x · Cited by 207
Variability and Consistency in Early Language Learning: The Wordbank Project
Frank, M. C., Braginsky, M., Yurovsky, D., & Marchman, V. A. (2021) · doi:10.7551/mitpress/11577.001.0001 · Cited by 206
Desjardins, R., & Warnke, A. J. (2012) · OECD education working papers · doi:10.1787/5k9csvw87ckh-en · Cited by 206
What (or who) causes health inequalities: Theories, evidence and implications?
McCartney, G., Collins, C., & Mackenzie, M. (2013) · Health Policy · doi:10.1016/j.healthpol.2013.05.021 · Cited by 204
Quantitative reanalysis of aggregate data on IQ in sexual offenders.
Cantor, J. M., Blanchard, R., Robichaud, L. K., & Christensen, B. K. (2005) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.131.4.555 · Cited by 200
Cassarino, M., & Setti, A. (2015) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2015.06.003 · Cited by 200
Flynn effect and its reversal are both environmentally caused
Bratsberg, B., & Rogeberg, O. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1718793115 · Cited by 199
ACCEL: A New Model for Identifying the Gifted
Sternberg, R. J. (2017) · Roeper Review · doi:10.1080/02783193.2017.1318658 · Cited by 199
Lindert, P. H. (2004) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511510717 · Cited by 195
McDermott, C. L., Seidlitz, J., Nadig, A., Liu, S., CLASEN, L. S., Blumenthal, J. D., Reardon, P. K., Lalonde, F., GREENSTEIN, D. K., Patel, R., et al. (2018) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1808-18.2018 · Cited by 194
Technology and Child Development: Evidence from the One Laptop Per Child ProgramPreprint
Cristia, J., Ibarrarán, P., Cueto, S., Santiago, A., & Severín, E. (2012) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2032444 · Cited by 193
Adult age and digit symbol substitution performance: a meta-analysis
Hoyer, W. J., Stawski, R. S., Wasylyshyn, C., & Verhaeghen, P. (2004) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.19.1.211 · Cited by 192
Schooler, C., Mulatu, M. S., & Oates, G. L. S. C. (2004) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/385430 · Cited by 192
The Oxford Handbook of Personality and Social Psychology
(2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190224837.001.0001 · Cited by 191
Politics: The education effect
Emler, N., & Frazer, E. (1999) · Oxford Review of Education · doi:10.1080/030549899104242 · Cited by 189
Neuro‐cognitive performance of very preterm or very low birth weight adults at 26 years
Eryigit‐Madzwamuse, S., Baumann, N., Jaekel, J., Bartmann, P., & Dieter Wolke, C. (2014) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12358 · Cited by 189
What can we learn from longitudinal studies of adult development?
Schaie, K. W. (2005) · Research in Human Development · doi:10.1207/s15427617rhd0203_4 · Cited by 187
Secular declines in cognitive test scores: A reversal of the Flynn Effect
Teasdale, T. W., & Owen, D. R. (2008) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2007.01.007 · Cited by 185
Colvert, E., Rutter, M., Beckett, C., Castle, J., Groothues, C., Hawkins, A., Kreppner, J., O'connor, T. G., Stevens, S., & Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S. (2008) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579408000278 · Cited by 182
What did you do yesterday? A meta-analysis of sex differences in episodic memory.
Asperholm, M., Högman, N., Rafi, J., & Herlitz, A. (2019) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000197 · Cited by 182
Lohman, D. F. (2005) · Gifted Child Quarterly · doi:10.1177/001698620504900203 · Cited by 182
The role of nutrition in secular increases in intelligence
Lynn, R. (1990) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(90)90241-i · Cited by 180
Does Reading Make You Smarter? Literacy and the Development of Verbal Intelligence
Stanovich, K. E. (1993) · Advances in child development and behavior · doi:10.1016/s0065-2407(08)60302-x · Cited by 180
Briley, D. A., & Tucker-Drob, E. M. (2013) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797613478618 · Cited by 178
“First, we sought to replicate the trend of increasing heritability using only longitudinal data, which avoids validity threats associated with cross-sectional approaches (e.g., cohort effects; Baltes, 1968; Flynn, 1987).”
Raven, J. (1989) · Journal of Educational Measurement · doi:10.1111/j.1745-3984.1989.tb00314.x · Cited by 178
Social Mobility and Education in Britain
Bukodi, E., & Goldthorpe, J. H. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108567404 · Cited by 178
Tillotson, S. L., Fuggle, P. W., Smith, I., Ades, A. E., & Grant, D. B. (1994) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.309.6952.440 · Cited by 177
Directional dominance on stature and cognition in diverse human populations
The BioBank Japan Project, Joshi, P. K., Esko, T., Mattsson, H., Eklund, N., Gandin, I., Nutile, T., Jackson, A., Schurmann, C., Smith, A. V., et al. (2015) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature14618 · Cited by 176
The Weirdest People in the World?Preprint
Henrich, J., Heine, S. J., & Norenzayan, A. (2010) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1601785 · Cited by 176
Fluctuating asymmetry and psychometric intelligence
Furlow, F. B., Armijo-Prewitt, T., Gangestad, S. W., & Thornhill, R. (1997) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.1997.0115 · Cited by 175
Variation in cognitive functioning as a refined approach to comparing aging across countries
Skirbekk, V., Loichinger, E., & Weber, D. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1112173109 · Cited by 173
Furnham, A. F., Hosoe, T., & Tang, T. L. (2001) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/s0160-2896(01)00080-0 · Cited by 172
Inequity in equity: How "equity" can lead to inequity for high-potential students.
Benbow, C. P., & Stanley, J. C. (1996) · Psychology Public Policy and Law · doi:10.1037/1076-8971.2.2.249 · Cited by 171
Relation of pH strategy and developmental outcome after hypothermic circulatory arrest
Jonas, R. A., Bellinger, D. C., Rappaport, L., Wernovsky, G., Hickey, P. R., Farrell, D. M., & Newburger, J. W. (1993) · Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery · doi:10.1016/s0022-5223(19)34136-4 · Cited by 171
Modeling the dynamic hypotheses of Gf–Gc theory using longitudinal life-span data
McArdle, J. J., Hamagami, F., Meredith, W. H., & Bradway, K. P. (2000) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s1041-6080(00)00036-4 · Cited by 167
Greenfield, P. M. (1998) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10270-003 · Cited by 166
Differential effects of preterm birth and small gestational age on cognitive and motor development
Hutton, J. L., Pharoah, P. O. D., Cooke, R. W. I., & Stevenson, R. C. (1997) · Archives of Disease in Childhood Fetal & Neonatal · doi:10.1136/fn.76.2.f75 · Cited by 166
The Neuropsychological and Language Profile of Children with Benign Rolandic Epilepsy
Northcott, E., Connolly, A. M., Berroya, A., Sabaz, M., McIntyre, J., Christie, J., Taylor, A., Batchelor, J., Bleasel, A., Lawson, J. A., et al. (2005) · Epilepsia · doi:10.1111/j.1528-1167.2005.62304.x · Cited by 165
Developmental and Cognitive Characteristics of “High-Level Potentialities” (Highly Gifted) Children
Vaivre‐Douret, L. (2011) · International Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1155/2011/420297 · Cited by 165
Cognitive decline in Parkinson’s disease: A prospective longitudinal study
Muslimović, D., Post, B., Speelman, J. D., de Haan, R. J., & Schmand, B. A. (2009) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617709090614 · Cited by 164
NATURAL HISTORY OF ASHKENAZI INTELLIGENCE
Cochran, G. M., HARDY, J., & Harpending, H. C. (2005) · Journal of Biosocial Science · doi:10.1017/s0021932005027069 · Cited by 164
The changing face of cognitive gender differences in Europe
Weber, D., Skirbekk, V., Freund, I., & Herlitz, A. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1319538111 · Cited by 162
Relevance of education and intelligence at the national level for the economic welfare of people
Rindermann, H. (2007) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2007.02.002 · Cited by 162
Paternal age and intelligence: implications for age-related genomic changes in male germ cells
Malaspina, D., Reichenberg, A., Weiser, M., Fennig, S., Davidson, M., Harlap, S., Wolitzky, R., Rabinowitz, J., Susser, E., & Knobler, H. Y. (2005) · Psychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1097/00041444-200506000-00008 · Cited by 161
Early school-based learning difficulties in children born very preterm
Pritchard, V. E., Clark, C. A. C., Liberty, K. A., CHAMPION, P. R., Wilson, K., & Woodward, L. J. (2008) · Early Human Development · doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2008.10.004 · Cited by 161
IQ gains over time: Toward finding the causes.
Flynn, J. R. (1998) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10270-001 · Cited by 161
Self-citationIQ of Children Growing Up in Children's Homes: A Meta-Analysis on IQ Delays in Orphanages
van IJzendoorn, M. H., Luijk, M. P. C. M., & Juffer, F. (2008) · Merrill-Palmer Quarterly · doi:10.1353/mpq.0.0002 · Cited by 160
The negative Flynn Effect: A systematic literature review
Dutton, E., van der Linden, D., & Lynn, R. (2016) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2016.10.002 · Cited by 160
Daley, T. C., Whaley, S. E., Sigman, M., Espinosa, M., & Neumann, C. G. (2003) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-9280.02434 · Cited by 160
Longitudinal course of cognitive deficits in bipolar disorder: A meta-analytic study
Samamé, C., Martino, D. J., & Strejilevich, S. (2014) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.04.028 · Cited by 157
Dieter Wolke, C., Ratschinski, G., Ohrt, B., & Riegel, K. P. (1994) · European Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1007/bf01954744 · Cited by 157
A long-term rise and recent decline in intelligence test performance: the Flynn effect in reverse
Teasdale, T. W., & Owen, D. R. (2005) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2005.01.029 · Cited by 156
Biological and environmental predictors of heterogeneity in neurocognitive ageing
Nyberg, L. H., Boraxbekk, C., Sörman, D. E., Hansson, P., Herlitz, A., Kauppi, K., Ljungberg, J. K., Lövheim, H., Lundquist, A., Adolfsson, A. N., et al. (2020) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2020.101184 · Cited by 156
Advanced Maternal Age and Offspring Outcomes: Reproductive Aging and Counterbalancing Period Trends
Barclay, K., & Myrskylä, M. (2016) · Population and Development Review · doi:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2016.00105.x · Cited by 154
The problem of group differences in ability test scores in employment selection
Schmidt, F. L. (1988) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/0001-8791(88)90040-1 · Cited by 147
Aetiology in severe and mild mental retardation: a population-based study of Norwegian children
Strømme, P., & Hagberg, G. (2000) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1017/s0012162200000165 · Cited by 146
Roberts, R. D., & Kyllonen, P. C. (1999) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(99)00054-9 · Cited by 143
Sternberg, R. J. (2001) · High Ability Studies · doi:10.1080/13598130120084311 · Cited by 142
Prifitera, A., Weiss, L. G., & Saklofske, D. H. (1998) · WISC-III Clinical Use and Interpretation · doi:10.1016/b978-012564930-8/50002-4 · Cited by 141
Jones, R. N., & Gallo, J. J. (2002) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/57.6.p548 · Cited by 141
What is boredom proneness? A comparison of three characterizations
Tam, K. Y. Y., van Tilburg, W. A. P., & Chan, C. S. (2021) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12618 · Cited by 139
Speltz, M. L., Kapp-Simon, K. A., Collett, B. R., Cloonan, Y. K., Gaither, R., Cradock, M. M., Buono, L. A., & Cunningham, M. L. (2007) · Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery · doi:10.1097/01.prs.0000259184.88265.3f · Cited by 139
Prävalenz von Lernschwächen und Lernstörungen: Zur Bedeutung der Diagnosekriterien
Fischbach, A., Schuchardt, K., Brandenburg, J., Klesczewski, J., Balke-Melcher, C., Schmidt, C., Büttner, G., Grube, D., Mähler, C., & Hasselhorn, M. (2013) · Lernen und Lernstörungen · doi:10.1024/2235-0977/a000035 · Cited by 139
Genetic variation, brain, and intelligence differences
Deary, I. J., Cox, S. R., & Hill, W. D. (2022) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-021-01027-y · Cited by 137
Birth order: Reconciling conflicting effects
Zajonc, R. B., & Mullally, P. R. (1997) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.52.7.685 · Cited by 136
Ganis, G., & Kievit, R. (2015) · Journal of Open Psychology Data · doi:10.5334/jopd.ai · Cited by 136
Genes, Education, and Labor Market Outcomes: Evidence from the Health and Retirement Study
Papageorge, N., & Thom, K. (2016) · Journal of the European Economic Association · doi:10.1093/jeea/jvz072 · Cited by 135
Age and productivity capacity: Descriptions, causes and policy options
Skirbekk, V. (2008) · IIASA PURE (International Institute of Applied Systems Analysis) · Cited by 135
High Prevalence/Low Severity Language Delay in Preschool Children Born Very Preterm
Foster‐Cohen, S., Friesen, M. D., CHAMPION, P. R., & Woodward, L. J. (2010) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/dbp.0b013e3181e5ab7e · Cited by 133
Quality‐Consistent Estimates of International Schooling and Skill Gradients
Hanushek, E. A., & Zhang, L. (2009) · Journal of Human Capital · doi:10.1086/644780 · Cited by 132
Hoff, K. A., Briley, D. A., Wee, C., & Rounds, J. (2018) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000140 · Cited by 132
The family dynamics of intellectual development.
Zajonc, R. B. (2001) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.56.6-7.490 · Cited by 132
Intelligence as measured by the WAIS and a military draft board group test
MORTENSEN, E. L., REINISCH, J. M., & TEASDALE, T. W. (1989) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1989.tb01094.x · Cited by 131
Technology and Child Development: Evidence from the One Laptop per Child Program
Cristia, J., Ibarrarán, P., Cueto, S., Santiago, A., & Severín, E. (2017) · American Economic Journal: Applied Economics · doi:10.1257/app.20150385 · Cited by 130
Why Do People Become Modern? A Darwinian Explanation
Newson, L., & Richerson, P. J. (2009) · Population and Development Review · doi:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2009.00263.x · Cited by 130
Score gains on g-loaded tests: No g
te Nijenhuis, J., van Vianen, A. E. M., & van der Flier, H. (2007) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2006.07.006 · Cited by 129
Gignac, G. E. (2015) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2015.07.006 · Cited by 129
Risk attitude and cognitive aging
Bonsang, É., & Dohmen, T. (2015) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2015.01.004 · Cited by 129
Parents’ estimates of their own and their children's multiple intelligences
Furnham, A. F. (2000) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1348/026151000165869 · Cited by 129
Variation in Raven's Progressive Matrices scores across time and place
Brouwers, S. A., van de Vijver, F. J. R., & Hemert, D. A. V. (2008) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2008.10.006 · Cited by 129
Early life exposure to malaria and cognition in adulthood: Evidence from Mexico
Venkataramani, A. S. (2012) · Journal of Health Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2012.06.003 · Cited by 129
Neurological outcome in adult patients with early-treated phenylketonuria
Pietz, J., Dunckelmann, R., Rupp, A., Rating, D., Meinck, H. ‐., Schmidt, H., & Bremer, H. J. (1998) · European Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1007/s004310050945 · Cited by 127
Complexity of geometric inductive reasoning tasks
Primi, R. (2001) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/s0160-2896(01)00067-8 · Cited by 126
A secular decline in the strength of Spearman’s g in Japan
Lynn, R., & Cooper, C. (1994) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/bf02686854 · Cited by 126
Flynn, J. R. (1998) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1998.86.3c.1231 · Cited by 126
Self-citationThe effects of social origins and cognitive ability on educational attainment
Bukodi, E., Erikson, R. S., & Goldthorpe, J. H. (2014) · Acta Sociologica · doi:10.1177/0001699314543803 · Cited by 125
Metadata
- Authors
- Flynn, J. R.
- Affiliations
- University of Otago (NZ)
- Corresponding author
- Flynn, James R.
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 1987-03
- Volume
- 101
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 171-191
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- OpenAlex
- W2063679076
- Cited by
- 1,918
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 48 · 2024: 54 · 2023: 39 · 2022: 42 · 2021: 67 · 2020: 48 · 2019: 61 · 2018: 66 · 2017: 62 · 2016: 64 · 2015: 73 · 2014: 84 · 2013: 71 · 2012: 77
- FWCI
- 38.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2008-09-26)
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Intergenerational and Educational Inequality Studies
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Keywords
- IQ gains, fluid intelligence, intelligence testing, Scholastic Aptitude Test, developmental psychology
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
