The DOI matches its Crossref record; 100 of the 100 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The case for motivated reasoning.
Abstract
It is proposed that motivation may affect reasoning through reliance on a biased set of cognitive processes--that is, strategies for accessing, constructing, and evaluating beliefs. The motivation to be accurate enhances use of those beliefs and strategies that are considered most appropriate, whereas the motivation to arrive at particular conclusions enhances use of those that are considered most likely to yield the desired conclusion. There is considerable evidence that people are more likely to arrive at conclusions that they want to arrive at, but their ability to do so is constrained by their ability to construct seemingly reasonable justifications for these conclusions. These ideas can account for a wide variety of research concerned with motivated reasoning.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“When people try to reason through an issue, they often work hard to find evidence that confirms their initial perspective 55-58 .”
From Predictors and consequences of intellectual humility (2022) · cites this paper as [58]
In the citing paper
“Khatun et al. (2022) and Ahsan et al. (2022) identify involuntary non-migrants in Bangladesh using retrospective, self-reported survey data, which run the risk of motivated reasoning (Kunda 1990).”
From Trapped by climate change? (In)voluntary immobility in Bangladesh (2025) · cites this paper as Kunda 1990
In the citing paper
“People may process information in a manner that is consistent with their partisan identities, prior beliefs, and motivations, a process known as motivated cognition (34–37).”
From Out-group animosity drives engagement on social media (2021) · cites this paper as [35]
In the citing paper
“The processing of false information is likely to be motivated by a confirmation bias (e.g., Hameleers et al., 2024): People are more likely to uncritically accept information when it reassures their worldviews and political attitudes, and critically scrutinize information when it does not confirm their existing worldviews (e.g., Kunda, 1990).”
From How persuasive are political cheapfakes disseminated via social media? The effects of out-of-context visual disinformation on message credibility and issue agreement (2025) · cites this paper as Kunda, 1990
In the citing paper
“Based on various theories, such as the theory of motivated reasoning, which explains that decisions are often based on pre-determined goals and desirability rather than an accurate reflection of the evidence (Kunda, 1990), researchers have identified a few individual variables that may motivate the person to believe misinformation they are exposed to.These include political orientation (Chen et al”
From Deepfakes, Democracy, and the Ethics of Synthetic Media: A Synthesis of the SOLARIS Project (2026) · cites this paper as Kunda, 1990
In the citing paper
“the reason being people's motivated reasoning (Grossman, 2014; Kunda, 1990)-the tendency to interpret reality in a self-serving way.”
From The Consequences of Participating in the Sharing Economy: A Transparency-Based Sharing Framework (2021) · cites this paper as Kunda, 1990
In the citing paper
“It is proposed that there are two distinct but coexisting human motivations that account for citizens' choice and consumption of political information: directional vs. accuracy (Kunda, 1990, or defensive vs. accuracy in Hart et al., 2009, or cognitive consistency vs. understanding in Holbert et al., 2013).”
From Do Search Algorithms Endanger Democracy? An Experimental Investigation of Algorithm Effects on Political Polarization (2020) · cites this paper as Kunda, 1990
In the citing paper
“The underlying reason for the reinforcing tendency of algorithms is that algorithms are naturally designed to operate with, not against, human tendencies, one of which is that people feel more comfortable with consistency and confirmation (Kunda, 1990).”
From Do Search Algorithms Endanger Democracy? An Experimental Investigation of Algorithm Effects on Political Polarization (2020) · cites this paper as Kunda, 1990
In the citing paper
“Yet, given the human tendency toward psychological consistency (Kunda, 1990), cognitive salience of counter-attitudinal ideas in the user mind would not be strong enough to drive routine searches online.”
From Do Search Algorithms Endanger Democracy? An Experimental Investigation of Algorithm Effects on Political Polarization (2020) · cites this paper as Kunda, 1990
In the citing paper
“The self has a powerful need to see itself as having integrity, but it must do so within the constraints of reality (Adler 2012, Kunda 1990, Pennebaker & Chung 2011, Wilson 2011).”
From The Psychology of Change: Self-Affirmation and Social Psychological Intervention (2014) · cites this paper as Kunda 1990
In the citing paper
“One kind of less epistemically rational but more epistemically committal belief in AI consciousness may manifest when AI users continue to attribute consciousness to chatbots even when strong evidence suggests otherwise, because their reasoning processes are distorted by cognitive or motivational biases.”
From Are Attributions of Consciousness to AI Chatbots Epistemically Innocent? (2026) · cites this paper as Kunda, 1990
In the citing paper
“many motivationally biased beliefs aren't yet fully insulated from counterevidence but depend on what has been called an”
From Are Attributions of Consciousness to AI Chatbots Epistemically Innocent? (2026) · cites this paper as Kunda, 1990
In the citing paper
“These mechanisms are best characterized as cognitive–motivational, insofar as they involve the goal-directed (motivational) use of information processing (cognition), as described in several classic social psychological theories88,96,97.”
From Cognitive–motivational mechanisms of political polarization in social-communicative contexts (2022) · cites this paper as [97]
In the citing paper
“It is also important to emphasize that many of these top-down influences occur automatically and without awareness (Kunda, 1990; Nickerson, 1998; Nisbett & Wilson, 1977; Wilson & Brekke, 1994).”
From Biased and biasing: the hidden bias cascade and bias snowball effects (2025) · cites this paper as Kunda, 1990
In the citing paper
“Thus, such use of reference materials causes motivation and expectations that then can bias the observations and interpretation of the actual evidence”
From Biased and biasing: the hidden bias cascade and bias snowball effects (2025) · cites this paper as Kunda, 1990
Citations
Cites
Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases
Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1975) · Utility, Probability, and Human Decision Making · doi:10.1007/978-94-010-1834-0_8 · Cited by 22,650
A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance
Morvan, C., & O’Connor, A. (2017) · Macat Library eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781912282432 · Cited by 18,284
The psychology of interpersonal relations
Heider, F. (1958) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2089062 · Cited by 17,189
The Handbook of Social Psychology
Gravatt, A. E., Lindzey, G. E., & Aronson, F. (1969) · The Family Coordinator · doi:10.2307/582242 · Cited by 12,518
Availability: A heuristic for judging frequency and probability
Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1973) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(73)90033-9 · Cited by 9,984 · cited 2×
“In several studies, incentives or admonitions to be accurate did not eliminate bias ( Fischhoff, 1977 ; Kahneman & Tversky, 1972a ; Lord, Lepper, & Preston, 1984 ; Tversky & Kahneman, 1973 ).”
BackgroundThe Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion
Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1986) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60214-2 · Cited by 8,822
Illusion and well‐being: A social psychological perspective on mental health
Taylor, S. E., & Brown, J. D. (1988) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.103.2.193 · Cited by 7,814
Bem, D. J. (1972) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60024-6 · Cited by 5,241 · cited 2×
“Bem (1972) argued that the findings could also result from self-perception: The subjects, who have limited direct ac-”
BackgroundUnrealistic optimism about future life events
Weinstein, N. D. (1980) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.39.5.806 · Cited by 4,999
Subjective probability: A judgment of representativeness
Kahneman, D. J., & Tversky, A. (1972) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(72)90016-3 · Cited by 4,996
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 501–600 of 9,025
A Formal Framework for Agency and Autonomy
Flucke, G., & d’Inverno, M. (1995) · Goldsmiths (University of London) · Cited by 225
Snyder, M. (1993) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167293193001 · Cited by 221
Reconsidering the role of procedures for decision acceptance
Esaiasson, P., Persson, M., Gilljam, M., & Lindholm, T. (2019) · British Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1017/s0007123416000508 · Cited by 223
Says Who?: Epistemic Authority Effects in Social Judgment
Kruglanski, A. W., Raviv, A., Bar‐Tal, D., Raviv, A., Sharvit, K., Ellis, S., Bar, R., Pierro, A., & Mannetti, L. (2005) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(05)37006-7 · Cited by 221
Conceiving the Past and Future
Newby‐Clark, I. R., & Ross, M. (2003) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167203029007001 · Cited by 229
Egocentrism and focalism in unrealistic optimism (and pessimism)
Kruger, J., & Burrus, J. T. (2003) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2003.06.002 · Cited by 221
Why Good People Sometimes Do Bad Things: Motivated Reasoning and Unethical Behavior
Bersoff, D. M. (1999) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167299025001003 · Cited by 230
Biases in future-oriented Delphi studies: A cognitive perspective
Winkler, J., & Moser, R. (2016) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2016.01.021 · Cited by 230
Errors in probabilistic reasoning and judgment biases
Benjamin, D. J. (2019) · Handbook of behavioral economics · doi:10.1016/bs.hesbe.2018.11.002 · Cited by 241
Broda, E., & Strömbäck, J. (2024) · Annals of the International Communication Association · doi:10.1080/23808985.2024.2323736 · Cited by 310
Motivated to penalize: women's strategic rejection of successful women
Parks-Stamm, E. J., Heilman, M. E., & Hearns, K. A. (2008) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167207310027 · Cited by 217
Pluralistic Collapse: The “Oil Spill” Model of Mass Opinion Polarization
DellaPosta, D. (2020) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/0003122420922989 · Cited by 219
“…update their own beliefs and practices to maintain consistency with these mental maps and avoid cognitive strain, aggregate belief structures can be expected—at least to a modest extent—to shape individual beliefs (Festinger 1957; Goldberg and Stein 2018; Heider 1946; Hunzaker 2016; Kunda 1990).”
BackgroundSelective exposure to information: the impact of information limits
Fischer, P., Jonas, E., Frey, D., & Schulz‐Hardt, S. (2005) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.264 · Cited by 219
Accuracy motivation attenuates covert priming: The systematic reprocessing of social information.
Thompson, E. P., Roman, R. J., Moskowitz, G. B., Chaiken, S., & Bargh, J. A. (1994) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.66.3.474 · Cited by 219
Boomerangs versus javelins: how polarization constrains communication on climate change
Zhou, J. (2016) · Environmental Politics · doi:10.1080/09644016.2016.1166602 · Cited by 208
Perspectives on consumer decision making: an integrated approach
Hansen, T. (2005) · Journal of Consumer Behaviour · doi:10.1002/cb.33 · Cited by 218
Sour Grapes, Sweet Lemons, and the Anticipatory Rationalization of the Status Quo
Kay, A. C., Jimenez, M. C., & Jost, J. T. (2002) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672022812014 · Cited by 230
Free to punish: A motivated account of free will belief.
Clark, C. J., Luguri, J. B., Ditto, P. H., Knobe, J., Shariff, A., & Baumeister, R. F. (2014) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0035880 · Cited by 225
Unrealistic optimism about future life events: A cautionary note.
Harris, A. J. L., & Hahn, U. (2010) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/a0020997 · Cited by 217
Why People “Don’t Trust the Evidence”: Motivated Reasoning and Scientific Beliefs
Kraft, P. W., Lodge, M., & Taber, C. S. (2015) · The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science · doi:10.1177/0002716214554758 · Cited by 283
Coping With Deficits and Losses in Later Life: From Compensatory Action to Accommodation.
Rothermund, K., & Brandstädter, J. (2003) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.18.4.896 · Cited by 216
van der Toorn, J., Tyler, T. R., & Jost, J. T. (2010) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2010.09.003 · Cited by 236
Schwardmann, P., & van der Weele, J. (2019) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-019-0666-7 · Cited by 215
Pfeffer, J., & Fong, C. T. (2005) · Organization Science · doi:10.1287/orsc.1050.0132 · Cited by 213
Parkhurst, J. (2016) · London School of Economics and Political Science Research Online (London School of Economics and Political Science) · doi:10.4324/9781315675008 · Cited by 756
Exploring the Causes of Comparative Optimism
Shepperd, J. A., Carroll, P. J., Grace, J. L., & Terry, M. L. (2002) · Psychologica Belgica · doi:10.5334/pb.986 · Cited by 214
Lee, H. W., Bradburn, J., Johnson, R. E., Lin, S., & Chang, C.-H. D. (2018) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/apl0000346 · Cited by 228
Simmons, J. P., Nelson, L. D., & Simonsohn, U. (2020) · Journal of Consumer Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcpy.1208 · Cited by 240
The ethical mirage: A temporal explanation as to why we are not as ethical as we think we are
Tenbrunsel, A. E., Diekmann, K. A., Wade‐Benzoni, K. A., & Bazerman, M. H. (2010) · Research in Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.riob.2010.08.004 · Cited by 238
Schwarz, N., & Vaughn, L. A. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.007 · Cited by 215
Khare, A., Labrecque, L. I., & Asare, A. K. (2011) · Journal of Retailing · doi:10.1016/j.jretai.2011.01.005 · Cited by 223
Klaczynski, P. A. (2000) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00232 · Cited by 212
When Death is Good for Life: Considering the Positive Trajectories of Terror Management
Vail, K. E., Juhl, J., Arndt, J., Vess, M., Routledge, C., & Rutjens, B. T. (2012) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868312440046 · Cited by 210
A cognitive account of belief: a tentative road map
Connors, M. H., & Halligan, P. W. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01588 · Cited by 237
Motivated Reasoning: A Depth-of-Processing Perspective
Jain, S., & Maheswaran, D. (2000) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/209568 · Cited by 233
Correcting erroneous inferences in memory: The role of source credibility.
Guillory, J. J., & Geraci, L. D. (2013) · Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.jarmac.2013.10.001 · Cited by 211
Kray, L. J., Howland, L., Russell, A. G., & Jackman, L. M. (2016) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000124 · Cited by 247
Toward understanding understanding : The importance of feeling understood in relationships
Reis, H. T., Lemay, E. P., & Finkenauer, C. (2017) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12308 · Cited by 211
Fiedler, K. (1996) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.103.1.193 · Cited by 212
The role of evidence in politics: Motivated reasoning and persuasion among politicians.
Baekgaard, M., Christensen, J., Dahlmann, C. M., Mathiasen, A., & Petersen, N. B. G. (2019) · British Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1017/s0007123417000084 · Cited by 209
When Predictions Fail: The Dilemma of Unrealistic Optimism
Armor, D. A., & Taylor, S. E. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.021 · Cited by 211
Biased predecision processing.
Brownstein, A. L. (2003) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.4.545 · Cited by 215
Nan, X., Wang, Y., & Thier, K. (2022) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115398 · Cited by 249
BALDRIDGE, D. C., Floyd, S. W., & Markoczy, L. A. (2004) · Strategic Management Journal · doi:10.1002/smj.406 · Cited by 209
Motivated Bayesians: Feeling Moral While Acting Egoistically
Gino, F., Norton, M. I., & Weber, R. A. (2016) · Journal of Economic Perspectives · doi:10.1257/jep.30.3.189 · Cited by 208
Tayler, W. B. (2010) · The Accounting Review · doi:10.2308/accr.2010.85.3.1095 · Cited by 208
Misinformation, Disinformation, and Online Propaganda
Guess, A. M., & Lyons, B. A. (2020) · Social Media and Democracy · doi:10.1017/9781108890960.003 · Cited by 284
Motivated Cognitive Processing and Attitude Change
Lundgren, S. R., & Prišlin, R. (1998) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167298247004 · Cited by 207
Making Sense of Climate Change: How Story Frames Shape Cognition
Jones, M. D., & Song, G. (2013) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12057 · Cited by 219
Belief polarization is not always irrational.
Jern, A., Chang, K.-M. K., & Kemp, C. (2014) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/a0035941 · Cited by 201
Medin, D. L., Lynch, E. B., & Solomon, K. O. (2000) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.51.1.121 · Cited by 203
Borah, P. (2014) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/0093650212449353 · Cited by 206
Social learning and partisan bias in the interpretation of climate trends
Guilbeault, D., Becker, J. A., & Centola, D. M. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1722664115 · Cited by 204
Why the "Death Panel" Myth Wouldn't Die: Misinformation in the Health Care Reform Debate
Nyhan, B. J. (2010) · The Forum · doi:10.2202/1540-8884.1354 · Cited by 198
Misremembrance of Options Past: Source Monitoring and Choice
Mather, M., Shafir, E. B., & Johnson, M. K. (2000) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00228 · Cited by 202
The sense of should: A biologically-based framework for modeling social pressure
Theriault, J. E., Young, L., & Barrett, L. F. (2021) · Physics of Life Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.plrev.2020.01.004 · Cited by 201
Self-serving interpretations of ambiguity in other-regarding behavior
Haisley, E., & Weber, R. A. (2009) · Games and Economic Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.geb.2009.08.002 · Cited by 200
Defending humankind: Anthropocentric bias in the appreciation of AI art
Millet, K., Buehler, F., Du, G., & Kokkoris, M. D. (2023) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2023.107707 · Cited by 215
Dunning, D. A., Leuenberger, A., & Sherman, D. A. (1995) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.69.1.58 · Cited by 200
Ecker, U. K. H., Lewandowsky, S., Fenton, O., & Martin, K. (2013) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-013-0358-x · Cited by 200
Name Letter Preferences Are Not Merely Mere Exposure: Implicit Egotism as Self-Regulation
Jones, J. T., Pelham, B. W., Mirenberg, M. C., & Hetts, J. J. (2002) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1006/jesp.2001.1497 · Cited by 199
The emergence of coherence over the course of decision making.
Simon, D., Pham, L. B., Le, Q. A., & Holyoak, K. J. (2001) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.27.5.1250 · Cited by 199
Riet, J. V. ‘., & Ruiter, R. A. C. (2011) · Health Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/17437199.2011.606782 · Cited by 202
Critical Incidents and the Impact of Satisfaction on Customer Share
van Doorn, J., & Verhoef, P. C. (2008) · Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1509/jmkg.72.4.123 · Cited by 202
Zhang, J., & Mao, E. (2016) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.20862 · Cited by 197
Designing and Testing News Literacy Messages for Social Media
Tully, M., Vraga, E. K., & Bode, L. (2019) · Mass Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/15205436.2019.1604970 · Cited by 203
Egocentric definitions of traits and abilities in social judgment
Dunning, D., & Cohen, G. L. (1992) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.63.3.341 · Cited by 196
Climate change: Why the conspiracy theories are dangerous
Douglas, K. M., & Sutton, R. M. (2015) · Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists · doi:10.1177/0096340215571908 · Cited by 211
Stone, J., Perry, Z. W., & Darley, J. M. (1997) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15324834basp1903_2 · Cited by 196
Mowen, J. C., & Sujan, H. (2005) · Journal of Consumer Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15327663jcp1502_9 · Cited by 195
Globalization, internationalization, and short-term stays abroad
Jackson, J. (2008) · International Journal of Intercultural Relations · doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2008.04.004 · Cited by 195
11. The role of metacognition in social judgment
Petty, R. E., Briñol, P., Tormala, Z. L., & Wegener, D. T. (2007) · Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja) · Cited by 193
The role of emotion in social judgments: An introductory review and an Affect Infusion Model (AIM)
Forgas, J. P. (1994) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2420240102 · Cited by 206
Self-Regulation of Cognitive Inference and Decision Processes
Baumeister, R. F., & Newman, L. S. (1994) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167294201001 · Cited by 292
Brand Attachment and Consumer Emotional Response to Unethical Firm Behavior
Schmalz, S., & Orth, U. R. (2012) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.20570 · Cited by 210
Price-Framing Effects on the Purchase of Hedonic and Utilitarian Bundles
Khan, U. R., & Dhar, R. (2010) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.1509/jmkr.47.6.1090 · Cited by 199
LIM, C., & Tan, H. (2010) · Contemporary Accounting Research · doi:10.1111/j.1911-3846.2010.01031.x · Cited by 194
Motivation and Cognition in Social Life: A Social Survival Perspective
Stevens, L. E., & Fiske, S. T. (1995) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.1995.13.3.189 · Cited by 194
Justice-based opposition to social policies: Is it genuine?
Bobocel, D. R., Hing, L. S. S., Davey, L. M., Stanley, D. J., & Zanna, M. P. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.75.3.653 · Cited by 194
Artificial intelligence in public services: When and why citizens accept its usage
Gesk, T. S., & Leyer, M. (2022) · Government Information Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.giq.2022.101704 · Cited by 195
Toward Understanding Consumer Processing of Negative Online Word-of-Mouth Communication
Lee, C.-H., & Cranage, D. A. (2012) · Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research · doi:10.1177/1096348012451455 · Cited by 193
Encountering Social Class Differences at Work: How “Class Work” Perpetuates Inequality
Gray, B., & Kish-Gephart, J. J. (2013) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.2012.0143 · Cited by 204
Is meta-analysis the platinum standard of evidence?
Stegenga, J. (2011) · Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.shpsc.2011.07.003 · Cited by 193
A review of the effects of perceived drug use opportunity on self-reported urge.
Wertz, J. M., & Sayette, M. A. (2001) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/1064-1297.9.1.3 · Cited by 195
Troubling Consequences of Online Political Rumoring
Garrett, R. (2011) · Human Communication Research · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.2010.01401.x · Cited by 188
Moral psychology for the twenty-first century
Haidt, J. (2013) · Journal of Moral Education · doi:10.1080/03057240.2013.817327 · Cited by 221
Sympathetic Magical Thinking: The Contagion and Similarity “Heuristics”
Rozin, P. N., & Nemeroff, C. J. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.013 · Cited by 195
Strategies for Resisting Persuasion
Zuwerink, J. R., & Cameron, K. A. (2003) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15324834basp2502_5 · Cited by 205
Schröder, T., Homer-Dixon, T. F., Maynard, J. L., Mildenberger, M., Milkoreit, M., Mock, S. J., Quilley, S., & Thagard, P. R. (2013) · Journal of Social and Political Psychology · doi:10.5964/jspp.v1i1.36 · Cited by 202
Self-serving interpretations of flattery: Why ingratiation works.
Vonk, R. (2002) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.82.4.515 · Cited by 191
Psychometric and Rationalization Accounts of the Religion‐Forgiveness Discrepancy
Tsang, J.-A. C., McCullough, M. E., & Hoyt, W. T. (2005) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.2005.00432.x · Cited by 191
Whitmarsh, L. E., & Capstick, S. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813130-5.00002-3 · Cited by 214
Gauchat, G. (2015) · Social Forces · doi:10.1093/sf/sov040 · Cited by 194
Druckman, J. N. (2012) · Critical Review · doi:10.1080/08913811.2012.711022 · Cited by 194
Chapter 10 Motivated Moral Reasoning
Ditto, P. H., Pizarro, D. A., & Tannenbaum, D. (2009) · The Psychology of learning and motivation/The psychology of learning and motivation · doi:10.1016/s0079-7421(08)00410-6 · Cited by 208
Political Intolerance, Right and Left
Crawford, J. T., & Pilanski, J. M. (2012) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9221.2012.00926.x · Cited by 189
Tiedens, L. Z., Unzueta, M. M., & Young, M. J. (2007) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.93.3.402 · Cited by 189
Interpreting performance information: Motivated reasoning or unbiased comprehension.
Baekgaard, M., & Serritzlew, S. (2016) · Public Administration Review · doi:10.1111/puar.12406 · Cited by 188
Psychology’s Replication Crisis and the Grant Culture: Righting the Ship
Lilienfeld, S. O. (2017) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691616687745 · Cited by 197
Misinformation or Expressive Responding?
Schaffner, B. F., & Luks, S. (2017) · Public Opinion Quarterly · doi:10.1093/poq/nfx042 · Cited by 188
Metadata
- Authors
- Kunda, Z.
- Affiliations
- Princeton University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kunda, Ziva
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 1990
- Volume
- 108
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 480-498
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- OpenAlex
- W2149893809
- Cited by
- 9,022
- References
- 100
- Citations by year
- 2026: 542 · 2025: 609 · 2024: 519 · 2023: 583 · 2022: 640 · 2021: 606 · 2020: 642 · 2019: 631 · 2018: 483 · 2017: 372 · 2016: 331 · 2015: 321 · 2014: 299 · 2013: 231 · 2012: 258
- FWCI
- 23.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01mh042239-03)
- National Institute of Mental Health (1 RO1 MH42239-01A1)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychology of Social Influence
- Keywords
- motivated reasoning, motivation, belief evaluation, cognitive strategies, accuracy motivation, confirmation bias, justification
- MeSH terms
- Attitude, Concept Formation, Humans, Motivation, Problem Solving, Social Perception
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
