The DOI matches its Crossref record; 15 of the 15 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Gender differences in temperament: A meta-analysis.
Abstract
The authors used meta-analytical techniques to estimate the magnitude of gender differences in mean level and variability of 35 dimensions and 3 factors of temperament in children ages 3 months to 13 years. Effortful control showed a large difference favoring girls and the dimensions within that factor (e.g., inhibitory control: d = -.41, perceptual sensitivity: d = -0.38) showed moderate gender differences favoring girls, consistent with boys' greater incidence of externalizing disorders. Surgency showed a difference favoring boys, as did some of the dimensions within that factor (e.g., activity: d = 0.33, high-intensity pleasure: d = 0.30), consistent with boys' greater involvement in active rough-and-tumble play. Negative affectivity showed negligible gender differences.
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In the citing paper
“Given no gender difference in negative affectivity in infancy and childhood (Else-Quest et al., 2006), for temperament to account for the emergence of the gender difference in depression in adolescence requires an interaction between vulnerable temperament and some other factor, such as stress, with stress increasing dramatically in adolescence and increasing more for females than males.”
From Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms (2017) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“Findings suggest a small influence of gender, whereby men procrastinate slightly more than women do, revealing a weak negative correlation between the female gender and procrastination (r = -.08),possibly related to greater selfcontrol among women in general (van Eerde, 2003;Else-Quest, Hyde, Goldsmith, & van Hulle, 2006).”
From Understanding and Treating Procrastination: A Review of a Common Self-Regulatory Failure (2014) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“females scored higher on agreeableness (SMD = 0.56)”
From A Systematic Review and New Analyses of the Gender-Equality Paradox (2025) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“forgiveness (SMD = 0.28)”
From A Systematic Review and New Analyses of the Gender-Equality Paradox (2025) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“neuroticism (SMD = 0.41)”
From A Systematic Review and New Analyses of the Gender-Equality Paradox (2025) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“altruism (SMD = 0.11)”
From A Systematic Review and New Analyses of the Gender-Equality Paradox (2025) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“morningness (SMD = 0.08)”
From A Systematic Review and New Analyses of the Gender-Equality Paradox (2025) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“effortful control (SMD = 0.12)”
From A Systematic Review and New Analyses of the Gender-Equality Paradox (2025) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“extraversion (SMD = 0.15)”
From A Systematic Review and New Analyses of the Gender-Equality Paradox (2025) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“Males, on the other hand, were higher on negative reciprocity (SMD = 0.13)”
From A Systematic Review and New Analyses of the Gender-Equality Paradox (2025) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“positive reciprocity (SMD = 0.06)”
From A Systematic Review and New Analyses of the Gender-Equality Paradox (2025) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“sociotropy (SMD = 0.34”
From A Systematic Review and New Analyses of the Gender-Equality Paradox (2025) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“risk-taking (SMDs = 0.17–SMD = 0.36)”
From A Systematic Review and New Analyses of the Gender-Equality Paradox (2025) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“general impulsivity (SMD = 0.09”
From A Systematic Review and New Analyses of the Gender-Equality Paradox (2025) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“patience (SMD = 0.05)”
From A Systematic Review and New Analyses of the Gender-Equality Paradox (2025) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“Negative affectivity was the only univariate personality dimension that showed no sex differences (Else-Quest et al., 2006).”
From A Systematic Review and New Analyses of the Gender-Equality Paradox (2025) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“trust (SMD = 0.06)”
From A Systematic Review and New Analyses of the Gender-Equality Paradox (2025) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“narcissism (SMD = 0.27)”
From A Systematic Review and New Analyses of the Gender-Equality Paradox (2025) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“The authors concluded that girls have a stronger ability than boys to regulate their attention and inhibit their impulses -skills that certainly serve girls well in the classroom (Blair and Razza, 2007).”
From Gender and Education (2015) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“A recent meta-analysis of temperament in childhood and preadolescence reported a large difference between boys ' and girls ' effortful control (Cohen ' s d ¼ 1.01; Else-Quest et al., 2006).”
From Gender and Education (2015) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“It should be noted, however, that boys and girls do not differ substantially in their ability to resist temptation or susceptibility to distraction (Else-Quest et al., 2006; Silverman, 2003).”
From Gender and Education (2015) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
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Chen, L., & Yeung, W. J. (2024) · Applied Developmental Science · doi:10.1080/10888691.2024.2307366 · Cited by 16
“These findings aligned with prior meta-analyses, which demonstrated females’ advantage in self-regulation, including delayed gratification (Silverman, 2003) and effortful control (Else-Quest et al., 2006).”
Liu, J., Xu, Z., Li, X., Song, R., Wei, N., Yuan, J., Liu, L., Pan, G., & Su, H. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-05580-3 · Cited by 13
“For example, meta-analyses have found that girls do better than boys in terms of their ability to exert voluntary control over emotional reactions and impulses to act (Else-Quest et al., 2006).”
Campagna, R. A., Roberts, E., Porco, A., & Fritz, C. L. (2023) · Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association · doi:10.2460/javma.22.11.0494 · Cited by 19
“27,28 As such, boys may be more inclined to engage with dogs in actions that precipitate an aggressive or protective response.”
BackgroundMa, Y.-R., Song, J., Hu, M., Yang, R., & Yang, P. (2022) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s12887-022-03661-z · Cited by 14
“If girls are more attuned to the fine details of their environment, they will experience more stressors and curiosity, which can trigger their susceptibility to more injury events around them [43].”
BackgroundSex differences and occupational choice Theorizing for policy informed by behavioral science✰
Stern, C., & Madison, G. (2022) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2022.08.032 · Cited by 16
Attention, Speech-Language Dissociations, and Stuttering Chronicity.
Singer, C. M., Walden, T., & Jones, R. M. (2019) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/2019_ajslp-19-00039 · Cited by 14
Behavior problems and personality in Korean high school students
Lee, S. J., Park, S. H., Cloninger, C. R., & Chae, H. (2018) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.6106 · Cited by 19
“The Externalizing Problems refer to Rule-Breaking and Aggressive Behavior sought to represent excessive expression of psychological difficulties, and has been shown to be more prevalent in males (Archer, 2004; Else-Quest et al., 2006).”
Sex Differences in Variability in Vocational Interests: Evidence from Two Large Samples
Päßler, K. (2015) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.2010 · Cited by 20
Parent Depression Symptoms and Child Temperament Outcomes: A Family Study Approach
Gagne, J. R., Spann, C. A., & Prater, J. C. (2013) · Journal of Applied Biobehavioral Research · doi:10.1111/jabr.12013 · Cited by 10
Parent–Teacher Agreement on 7–Year–Old Children's Personality
Lönnqvist, J., Verkasalo, M., & Vainikainen, M. (2010) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.791 · Cited by 13
Gender and Ethnicity Differences on the Abridged Big Five Circumplex (AB5C) of Personality Traits
Mitchelson, J. K., Wicher, E. W., LeBreton, J. M., & Craig, S. B. (2008) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164408323235 · Cited by 22
An Interdisciplinary Perspective on the Origins of Concern for Others
Zahn‐Waxler, C., Schoen, A. J., & Decety, J. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316271698.008 · Cited by 40
Doss, C., Fricke, H., Loeb, S., & Doromal, J. B. (2022) · Economics of Education Review · doi:10.1016/j.econedurev.2022.102262 · Cited by 13
Roche, C., Trompeter, N., Bussey, K., Mond, J., Cunningham, M. L., Murray, S. B., Lonergan, A. R., & Mitchison, D. (2021) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2021.08.009 · Cited by 12
Relations of child effortful control to personality, well‐being and parenting
Slobodskaya, H. R., Petrenko, E. N., Loginova, S. V., Kornienko, O. S., & Козлова, Е. А. (2019) · International Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1002/ijop.12568 · Cited by 13
The effects of fantastical television content on Chinese preschoolers’ executive function
Jiang, Y. H., Fu, R., & Xing, S. (2019) · PsyCh Journal · doi:10.1002/pchj.277 · Cited by 14
Fuertes, M., Sousa, O., Łockiewicz, M., Nunes, C., & Lino, D. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0205991 · Cited by 13
Predictors of childhood trajectories of overt and indirect aggression: An interdisciplinary approach
Aimé, C., Paquette, D., Déry, M., & Verlaan, P. (2018) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.21759 · Cited by 13
Emotion Development from an Experimental and Individual Differences Lens
Pérez‐Edgar, K. E., & Hastings, P. D. (2018) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119170174.epcn409 · Cited by 14
Emotion regulation and academic perceptions in adolescence
Oram, R., Ryan, J., Rogers, M., & Heath, N. L. (2017) · Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties · doi:10.1080/13632752.2017.1290896 · Cited by 23
Women's Competition and Aggression
Campbell, A. C. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119125563.evpsych227 · Cited by 12
Martel, M. M., Gremillion, M. L., & Tackett, J. L. (2013) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-013-9382-1 · Cited by 15
“…that such mediating effects would be moderated by child sex in accordance with established sex differences in these personality traits (e.g., Else-Quest et al. 2006; Schmitt et al. 2008), such that high neuroticism would more likely account for ADHD comorbidity in girls, whereas low…”
Fuhs, M. W., Wyant, A. B., & Day, J. D. (2011) · Journal of Research in Childhood Education · doi:10.1080/02568543.2011.555497 · Cited by 13
“A recent meta-analysis of gender differences in temperament revealed small gender differences on most temperament dimensions, including the finding that girls tended to score higher on effortful control and boys tended to score higher on measures of surgency ( Else-Quest, Hyde, Goldsmith, & Van Hulle, 2006 ).”
BackgroundCognitive Control Processes Underlying Individual Differences in Self-Control
Wilkowski, B. M., & Robinson, M. D. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801850-7.00015-9 · Cited by 21
Creating Developmentally Auspicious School Environments for African American Boys
Barbarin, O. A., Chinn, L. K., & Wright, Y. F. (2014) · Advances in child development and behavior · doi:10.1016/bs.acdb.2014.04.003 · Cited by 13
Temperamento de Crianças e Diferenças de Gênero
Cosentino-Rocha, L., & Linhares, M. B. M. (2013) · Paidéia (Ribeirão Preto) · doi:10.1590/1982-43272354201308 · Cited by 27
“These fi ndings are coherent with the Else-Quest et al. (2006) meta-analysis, in which the Effortful control factor and its dimensions (e.g., inhibitory control) showed a large difference in favor of girls.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialHagy, H. A., Hidalgo‐Lopez, E., Portengen, C. M., Holman, A., Schrepf, A., Clauw, D. J., Harte, S. E., Beltz, A. M., Bohnert, A. M., & Kaplan, C. M. (2025) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s12887-025-06283-3 · Cited by 13
“In childhood, related constructs like effort-ful control show a gender difference favoring girls [130], but processes may change with development, as emotion regulation problems during adolescence are normative and may result from a lack of synchronized maturation of neurobehavioral systems…”
Kujala, M. V., Imponen, N., Pirkkala, A., Silfverberg, T., Parviainen, T. M., Tiira, K., & Kiuru, N. H. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-41849-0 · Cited by 14
“Owner gender may affect the temperament types available in the sample 66 , along with cultural background 38 ; also some connections have been identified with personality and socio-economic status 67 .”
BackgroundAre there sex differences in the development of prefrontal function during early childhood?
Shinohara, I., & Moriguchi, Y. (2020) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.22039 · Cited by 14
Giesbrecht, G. F., Letourneau, N., Dewey, D., & the APrON Study Team (2020) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579420000991 · Cited by 17
“Consistent with the majority of infant temperament studies (Bornstein et al., 2015; Else-Quest et al., 2006), we found little evidence of sex differences.”
ResultShepherd, M. A. (2016) · Urban Education · doi:10.1177/0042085916660346 · Cited by 14
Neumann, A. A., Desmarais, É., Iverson, S. L., & Gartstein, M. A. (2020) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.22313 · Cited by 13
Egan, K. N., Cohen, L. A., & Limbers, C. A. (2018) · Applied Neuropsychology Child · doi:10.1080/21622965.2018.1438896 · Cited by 17
Diab, S. Y., Guillaume, M., & Punamäki, R. (2018) · The Elementary School Journal · doi:10.1086/698730 · Cited by 17
Nyström, B., & Bengtsson, H. (2017) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.12393 · Cited by 15
Grady, J. S., & Karraker, K. H. (2016) · Infant and Child Development · doi:10.1002/icd.1997 · Cited by 15
Kiel, E. J., Premo, J. E., & Buss, K. A. (2015) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/sode.12145 · Cited by 10
Visual habituation tasks: The role of infant temperament
Mink, D., Henning, A., & Aschersleben, G. (2013) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2013.03.005 · Cited by 11
Miller, C. J., Miller, S. R., Healey, D. M., Marshall, K., & Halperin, J. M. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2012.759116 · Cited by 13
Development and validation of the Preschool Temperament Classification System for use with teachers
Munis, P., Greenfield, D., Henderson, H., & George, J. (2007) · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2007.09.003 · Cited by 12
Paquette, D. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-08720-7_20 · Cited by 14
MacDonald, K. B. (2012) · Journal of Social Evolutionary and Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0099251 · Cited by 11
“Beginning in infancy, boys engage in more largemotor, physically intense activity (Eaton & Yu, 1989; Else-Quest et al., 2006).”
BackgroundWriting Direction, Agency and Gender Stereotyping: An Embodied Connection
Suitner, C., & Maass, A. (2011) · doi:10.1515/9783110254310.303 · Cited by 12
Zhou, A. M., Lytle, M. N., Youatt, E. A., Pérez‐Edgar, K. E., LoBue, V., & Buss, K. A. (2023) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2023.108625 · Cited by 12
Cross-Cultural Sex/Gender Differences in Produced Word Content Before the Age of 3 Years
Wallentin, M., & Trecca, F. (2023) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/09567976221146537 · Cited by 14
Regulatory emotional self-efficacy and anxiety in times of pandemic: a gender perspective
Cuadrado, E., Rich‐Ruiz, M., Gutiérrez‐Domingo, T., Luque, B., Castillo‐Mayén, R., Villaécija, J., & Farhane‐Medina, N. Z. (2022) · Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1080/21642850.2022.2158831 · Cited by 11
“internalizing negative emotions such as anxiety more to women, and the expression of externalizing negative emotion such as anger more to men (Eisenberg et al., 1996; Else-Quest et al., 2006).”
BackgroundInfluentialChildhood inhibition predicts adolescent social anxiety: Findings from a longitudinal twin study
Goldsmith, H. H., Hilton, E. C., Phan, J., Sarkisian, K. L., Carroll, I. C., Lemery‐Chalfant, K., & Planalp, E. M. (2022) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579422000864 · Cited by 16
“Our meta-analysis of sex differences in temperament identified fearfulness as one of the traits for which females scored lower than males, but the meta-analytic effect size (d=−0.12) was modest and non-significant (Else-Quest et al., 2006).”
InfluentialSelf-citationFoss, S., So, R. P., Petty, C. R., Waber, D. P., Wright, R. J., & Enlow, M. B. (2022) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565641.2022.2147180 · Cited by 13
Assessing young children’s self-regulation in school contexts
Hutchinson, L. R., Perry, N. E., & Shapka, J. D. (2021) · Assessment in Education Principles Policy and Practice · doi:10.1080/0969594x.2021.1951161 · Cited by 20
ERGENLERDE DUYGU DÜZENLEME STRATEJİLERİ VE EBEVEYN TUTUMLARI ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİNİN İNCELENMESİ
Atalay, D., & Özyürek, A. (2021) · Milli Eğitim Dergisi · doi:10.37669/milliegitim.707741 · Cited by 16
Dargis, M., & Li, J. J. (2020) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-020-01783-5 · Cited by 11
Jealousy behaviors in early childhood: Associations with attachment and temperament
Murphy, T. P., McCurdy, K., Jehl, B. L., Rowan, M., & Larrimore, K. (2019) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/0165025419877974 · Cited by 12
Daly, M., & Corcoran, R. P. (2019) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2019.103881 · Cited by 9
“In a longitudinal study of 11,336 individuals we show that girls exhibited higher levels of self-control in kindergarten (Else-Quest et al., 2006; Moffitt et al., 2011) and reading achievement in third/fourth grade of elementary school (Reilly et al.”
BackgroundFrequency and Intensity of Emotional Expressiveness and Preschool Children’s Peer Competence
Lindsey, E. W. (2019) · The Journal of Genetic Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221325.2019.1579168 · Cited by 16
Six-year-olds’ learning of novel words through addressed and overheard speech
Boderé, A., & Jaspaert, K. (2016) · Journal of Child Language · doi:10.1017/s0305000916000465 · Cited by 29
Cross-Cultural Comparisons of Infant Fear
Gartstein, M., Carranza, J. A., González-Salinas, C., Ato, E., Galián, M. D., Erickson, N. L., & Potapova, N. (2016) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022116663851 · Cited by 11
Impulsivity in bipolar disorders in a Tunisian sample.
Feki, I., Moalla, M., Baâti, I., Trigui, D., Sellami, R., & Masmoudi, J. (2016) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2016.05.005 · Cited by 11
“…gene polymorphisms (Williams et al., 2003), higher levels of testosterone in males (van Honk et al., 2004), sex differences in fear of harm or injury (Else-Quest et al., 2006) and differences in cognitive strategies coping with negative affects and cultural expectations (Eagly and Steffen, 1986).”
BackgroundDRD4 VNTRs, observed stranger fear in preschoolers and later ADHD symptoms
Pappa, I., Mileva‐Seitz, V. R., Székely, E., Verhulst, F. C., Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J., Jaddoe, V. W. V., Albert Hofman, D., Tiemeier, H. W., & van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2014) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2014.09.004 · Cited by 13
Groen‐Blokhuis, M. M., Middeldorp, C. M., van Beijsterveldt, C. E. M., & Boomsma, D. I. (2011) · Twin Research and Human Genetics · doi:10.1375/twin.14.5.393 · Cited by 9
“However, overall sex differences with regard to negative emotionality were not found in the present study nor in a large meta-analysis that assessed sex differences in temperament, including Negative Affectivity (Else-Quest et al., 2006).”
ResultTraumatic in Israeli Youth Sample
Rhiger, M., Elklit, A., & Lasgaard, M. (2008) · Nordic Psychology · doi:10.1027/1901-2276.60.2.101 · Cited by 11
“Also, a recent meta-analysis (Else-Quest et al., 2006) concluded that negative affectivity showed negligible gender differences in children.”
BackgroundMother-Child Attachment and Preschool Behavior Problems in Children with Developmental Delays
Peacock, G. G., & Lamont, M. S. (2009) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e741342011-150 · Cited by 3
Does the Jigsaw method improve motivation and self-regulation in vocational high schools?
Riant, M., de Place, A., Bressoux, P., Batruch, A., Bouet, M., Bressan, M., Brown, G., Butera, F., Cepeda, C., Cherbonnier, A., et al. (2024) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2024.102278 · Cited by 16
Relations between bedtime parenting behaviors and temperament across 14 cultures
Pham, C., Desmarais, É., Jones, V., French, B. F., Wang, Z., Putnam, S. P., Casalin, S., Linhares, M. B. M., Felipe Lecannelier, A., Tuovinen, S., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1004082 · Cited by 11
“Child age and gender were included as covariates because they have been previously linked to temperament (Gartstein and Rothbart, 2003; Else-Quest et al., 2006; Putnam et al., 2006; Casalin et al., 2012) and to maintain consistency with prior cross-cultural studies (e.”
ResultLability of prenatal stress during the COVID‐19 pandemic links to negative affect in infancy
MacNeill, L. A., Krogh‐Jespersen, S., Zhang, Y., Giase, G. M., Edwards, R., Petitclerc, A., Mithal, L. B., Mestan, K. K. L., Grobman, W. A., Norton, E. S., et al. (2022) · Infancy · doi:10.1111/infa.12499 · Cited by 14
“Prior research has demonstrated effects of infant age and sex on infant temperament (Bornstein et al., 2015; Else-Quest et al., 2006); therefore, these demographic variables were included in the correlation analyses.”
MethodMudra, S., Göbel, A., Möhler, E., Stuhrmann, L. Y., Schulte‐Markwort, M., Arck, P., Hecher, K., & Diemert, A. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.844291 · Cited by 15
Neonatal brain metabolite concentrations: Associations with age, sex, and developmental outcomes
Merz, E. C., Monk, C. E., Bansal, R., Sawardekar, S., Lee, S., Feng, T., Spann, M. N., Foss, S., McDonough, L., Werner, E. A., et al. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0243255 · Cited by 13
Neville, R. D., Guo, Y., Boreham, C. A., & Lakes, K. D. (2020) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.10.077 · Cited by 12
A Thematic Analysis of Parents’ Gendered Beliefs About Emotion in Middle Childhood Boys and Girls
Thomassin, K., Bucsea, O., Chan, K. J., & Carter, E. I. (2019) · Journal of Family Issues · doi:10.1177/0192513x19868261 · Cited by 10
Profiles of individual assets and mental health symptoms in at‐risk early adolescents
Min, M. O., Yoon, D., Minnes, S., Ridenour, T. A., & Singer, L. T. (2019) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2019.06.012 · Cited by 15
Kalemi, G., Michopoulos, I., Efstathiou, V., Konstantopoulou, F., Tsaklakidou, D., Gournellis, R., & Douzenis, A. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00021 · Cited by 16
Wang, F. L., Eisenberg, N., & Spinrad, T. L. (2018) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12444 · Cited by 13
Hong, F., Doan, S. N., Lopez, A., & Evans, G. W. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01925 · Cited by 18
“In their meta-analysis of temperament, Else-Quest et al. (2006) showed that boys scored higher overall on the broad factor surgency, which included activity.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialUrbain-Gauthier, N., & Wendland, J. (2017) · Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1359104517698009 · Cited by 8
Barbarin, O. A., Murry, V. M., Tolan, P. H., & Graham, S. (2016) · Child Policy Nexus · doi:10.1002/j.2379-3988.2016.tb00084.x · Cited by 15
Different pathways to children’s enjoyment of participation in daily activities
Rosenberg, L., & Bart, O. (2016) · Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.3109/11038128.2015.1130169 · Cited by 11
“The result may stem from gender differences in favour of girls possessing certain temperamental traits such as sociability and positive affect.[45,46] It may be assumed that these traits contribute to girls’ increased enjoyment from their”
BackgroundTemperament Traits and Preference for Surgical or Nonsurgical Specialties in Year 6 Medical Students
Pawełczyk, A., Kotlicka-Antczak, M., Chmielińska, A., Pawełczyk, T., & Rabe‐Jabłońska, J. (2014) · Teaching and learning in medicine · doi:10.1080/10401334.2014.945026 · Cited by 10
A Meta-Analysis on the Predictor Variables of the School Adjustment of Youth
Lee, J.-Y.-O., Chung, I., & Back, J. (2014) · Korean Journal of Child Studies · doi:10.5723/kjcs.2014.35.2.1 · Cited by 10
Gender Hierarchy in the Space: The Role of Gender Status in Shaping the Spatial Agency Bias
Carnaghi, A., Piccoli, V., Brambilla, M., & Bianchi, M. (2014) · Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.2013.863174 · Cited by 10
Violence and Aggression in Women
Cross, C., & Campbell, A. C. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-9314-3_11 · Cited by 17
Maranatha, J. R., Wulandari, H., & Briliany, N. (2024) · JPUD - Jurnal Pendidikan Usia Dini · doi:10.21009/jpud.181.16 · Cited by 9
“Of record, Else-Quest et al. (2006) conducted a meta-analysis of gender diversity in child temperament (including research from babyhood to teenager).”
BackgroundExecutive functioning in child victims of sexual abuse: A multi-informant comparative study
Amédée, L. M., Cyr, C. P., Jean-Thorn, A., & Hébert, M. (2024) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.106737 · Cited by 11
Habe, K., Dobrota, S., & Ercegovac, I. R. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1275818 · Cited by 15
Ahmad, S., Peterson, E. R., Waldie, K. E., & Morton, S. (2023) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-023-01591-0 · Cited by 10
“Further, the meta-analysis found evidence for moderate gender differences favouring girls for effortful control while boys scored higher on surgency [70].”
Lindblom, J., Pajulo, M., Nolvi, S., Tervahartiala, K., Karlsson, H., Karlsson, L., & Korja, R. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.855190 · Cited by 12
Nazzari, S., Grumi, S., Villa, M., Mambretti, F., Biasucci, G., Decembrino, L., Giacchero, R., Magnani, M. L., Nacinovich, R., Prefumo, F., et al. (2022) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2022.105920 · Cited by 12
Trajectories of dysregulation in preschool age
Asmussen, J., Skovgaard, A. M., & Bilenberg, N. (2021) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-020-01689-z · Cited by 10
“Previous research on differences in vulnerability to dysregulation among younger children, found boys at a higher risk, explained by a slower biological maturation when compared to girls, different temperamental features, and differences in susceptibility to adversities between the two sexes [29, 34, 53, 54].”
BackgroundMohr, C., Gross-Hemmi, M. H., Meyer, A. H., Wilhelm, F. H., & Schneider, S. (2019) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-018-00862-5 · Cited by 12
Temperamental Emotionality Attributes as Antecedents of Children's Social Information Processing
Davies, P. T., Coe, J. L., Hentges, R. F., Sturge‐Apple, M. L., & Ripple, M. T. (2018) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13191 · Cited by 13
Eme, R. F. (2018) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2018.04.005 · Cited by 12
von Suchodoletz, A., Fäsche, A., & Skuballa, I. T. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01665 · Cited by 19
“While some research suggests that the gap between boys and girls in executive functions increases from childhood to adolescence (Else-Quest et al., 2006; Matthews et al., 2009), other evidence indicates that boys could catch up in their executive function skills as they grow older (Gunzenhauser and…”
BackgroundProcrastination and its Relationship with Mental Health among Children and Adolescents
Abdullah, M. Q. (2017) · Psychology and Behavioral Science International Journal · doi:10.19080/pbsij.2017.04.555649 · Cited by 8
“However, meta-analytic results do show that girls score higher on effortful control than boys Else Quest [23].”
ResultWorking Memory and School Readiness in Preschoolers
Swayze, M., & Dexter, C. A. (2017) · Contemporary School Psychology · doi:10.1007/s40688-017-0145-y · Cited by 11
Reflexive characteristic adaptations explain sex differences in the Big Five: But not in neuroticism
Щебетенко, С. (2017) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2017.02.013 · Cited by 17
Using multiple group modeling to test moderators in meta‐analysis
Schoemann, A. M. (2016) · Research Synthesis Methods · doi:10.1002/jrsm.1200 · Cited by 13
Brody, G. H., Yu, T., Barton, A. W., Miller, G. E., & Chen, E. (2016) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s095457941600047x · Cited by 13
“Distractibility describes the inability to focus attention; it is a behavioral indicator of the broad temperament domain of effortful control (Else-Quest et al., 2006).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Else-Quest, N. M., Hyde, J. S., Goldsmith, H. H., & Van Hulle, C. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 2006-01
- Volume
- 132
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 33-72
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- OpenAlex
- W1979582482
- Cited by
- 1,169
- References
- 266
- Citations by year
- 2026: 50 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 51 · 2023: 37 · 2022: 61 · 2021: 68 · 2020: 74 · 2019: 73 · 2018: 67 · 2017: 75 · 2016: 74 · 2015: 77 · 2014: 64 · 2013: 81 · 2012: 61
- FWCI
- 5.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Keywords
- gender differences, temperament, effortful control, inhibitory control, perceptual sensitivity, surgency, negative affectivity, children, externalizing disorders, rough-and-tumble play, emotional reactivity
- MeSH terms
- Female, Humans, Male, Personality, Personality Development, Psychological Theory, Sex Factors, Temperament
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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