The DOI matches its Crossref record; 15 of the 15 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Gender differences in temperament: A meta-analysis.
Abstract
The authors used meta-analytical techniques to estimate the magnitude of gender differences in mean level and variability of 35 dimensions and 3 factors of temperament in children ages 3 months to 13 years. Effortful control showed a large difference favoring girls and the dimensions within that factor (e.g., inhibitory control: d = -.41, perceptual sensitivity: d = -0.38) showed moderate gender differences favoring girls, consistent with boys' greater incidence of externalizing disorders. Surgency showed a difference favoring boys, as did some of the dimensions within that factor (e.g., activity: d = 0.33, high-intensity pleasure: d = 0.30), consistent with boys' greater involvement in active rough-and-tumble play. Negative affectivity showed negligible gender differences.
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In the citing paper
“Given no gender difference in negative affectivity in infancy and childhood (Else-Quest et al., 2006), for temperament to account for the emergence of the gender difference in depression in adolescence requires an interaction between vulnerable temperament and some other factor, such as stress, with stress increasing dramatically in adolescence and increasing more for females than males.”
From Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms (2017) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“Findings suggest a small influence of gender, whereby men procrastinate slightly more than women do, revealing a weak negative correlation between the female gender and procrastination (r = -.08),possibly related to greater selfcontrol among women in general (van Eerde, 2003;Else-Quest, Hyde, Goldsmith, & van Hulle, 2006).”
From Understanding and Treating Procrastination: A Review of a Common Self-Regulatory Failure (2014) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“females scored higher on agreeableness (SMD = 0.56)”
From A Systematic Review and New Analyses of the Gender-Equality Paradox (2025) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“forgiveness (SMD = 0.28)”
From A Systematic Review and New Analyses of the Gender-Equality Paradox (2025) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“neuroticism (SMD = 0.41)”
From A Systematic Review and New Analyses of the Gender-Equality Paradox (2025) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“altruism (SMD = 0.11)”
From A Systematic Review and New Analyses of the Gender-Equality Paradox (2025) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“morningness (SMD = 0.08)”
From A Systematic Review and New Analyses of the Gender-Equality Paradox (2025) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“effortful control (SMD = 0.12)”
From A Systematic Review and New Analyses of the Gender-Equality Paradox (2025) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“extraversion (SMD = 0.15)”
From A Systematic Review and New Analyses of the Gender-Equality Paradox (2025) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“Males, on the other hand, were higher on negative reciprocity (SMD = 0.13)”
From A Systematic Review and New Analyses of the Gender-Equality Paradox (2025) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“positive reciprocity (SMD = 0.06)”
From A Systematic Review and New Analyses of the Gender-Equality Paradox (2025) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“sociotropy (SMD = 0.34”
From A Systematic Review and New Analyses of the Gender-Equality Paradox (2025) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“risk-taking (SMDs = 0.17–SMD = 0.36)”
From A Systematic Review and New Analyses of the Gender-Equality Paradox (2025) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“general impulsivity (SMD = 0.09”
From A Systematic Review and New Analyses of the Gender-Equality Paradox (2025) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“patience (SMD = 0.05)”
From A Systematic Review and New Analyses of the Gender-Equality Paradox (2025) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“Negative affectivity was the only univariate personality dimension that showed no sex differences (Else-Quest et al., 2006).”
From A Systematic Review and New Analyses of the Gender-Equality Paradox (2025) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“trust (SMD = 0.06)”
From A Systematic Review and New Analyses of the Gender-Equality Paradox (2025) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“narcissism (SMD = 0.27)”
From A Systematic Review and New Analyses of the Gender-Equality Paradox (2025) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“The authors concluded that girls have a stronger ability than boys to regulate their attention and inhibit their impulses -skills that certainly serve girls well in the classroom (Blair and Razza, 2007).”
From Gender and Education (2015) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“A recent meta-analysis of temperament in childhood and preadolescence reported a large difference between boys ' and girls ' effortful control (Cohen ' s d ¼ 1.01; Else-Quest et al., 2006).”
From Gender and Education (2015) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“It should be noted, however, that boys and girls do not differ substantially in their ability to resist temptation or susceptibility to distraction (Else-Quest et al., 2006; Silverman, 2003).”
From Gender and Education (2015) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
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Hassan, R., Day, K. L., Lieshout, R. J. V., & Schmidt, L. A. (2018) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.21740 · Cited by 5
The codevelopment of effortful control and school behavioral problems.
Atherton, O. E., Zheng, L. R., Bleidorn, W., & Robins, R. W. (2018) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000201 · Cited by 65
Early—but modest—gender differences in focal aspects of childhood temperament
Gagne, J. R., Miller, M. M., & Goldsmith, H. H. (2013) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2013.02.006 · Cited by 64
“Although Else-Quest et al. (2006) included both questionnaire and lab-based assessments of temperament in their meta-analysis, parent ratings of temperament were predominant.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationThe role of parenting and dopamine D4 receptor gene polymorphisms in children's inhibitory control
Smith, H. J., Kryski, K. R., Sheikh, H. I., Singh, S. M., & Hayden, E. P. (2013) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.12046 · Cited by 60
Rumination Mediates the Relationship between Infant Temperament and Adolescent Depressive Symptoms
Mezulis, A. H., Priess, H. A., & Hyde, J. S. (2010) · Depression Research and Treatment · doi:10.1155/2011/487873 · Cited by 60
“In our sample, girls and boys did not differ on mother-reported infant negative emotionality, a finding consistent with a recent meta-analysis examining gender differences in temperament [37].”
ResultSelf-citationThe Early Development of Gender Differences
McIntyre, M. H., & Edwards, C. P. (2009) · Annual Review of Anthropology · doi:10.1146/annurev-anthro-091908-164338 · Cited by 54
“Boys show a higher motor activity level (Campbell & Eaton 1999, Else-Quest et al. 2006).”
BackgroundChang, H., Shaw, D. S., Dishion, T. J., Gardner, F. E. M., & Wilson, M. N. (2013) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/sode.12069 · Cited by 67
Zentner, M. R., & Eagly, A. H. (2015) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463283.2015.1111599 · Cited by 67
Gender Differences in Personality and Social Behavior
Giudice, M. D. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-097086-8.25100-3 · Cited by 55
“In a meta-analysis of temperament ratings from 3 months to 13 years of age, Else-Quest et al. (2006) found that females scored higher in all dimensions of effortful control (self-control and delay of gratification; d ¼ "0.05 to "1.01), whereas males tended to score higher in dimensions of surgency…”
BackgroundInfluentialA Systematic Review and New Analyses of the Gender-Equality Paradox
Herlitz, A., Hönig, I., Hedebrant, K., & Asperholm, M. (2025) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/17456916231202685 · Cited by 59
“Two of these were in the old analyses (Falk & Hermle, 2018; Lippa, 2008) and six in the new analyses (Cross et al., 2011; Else-Quest et al., 2006; Grijalva et al., 2015; Miller et al., 2008; Randler & Engelke, 2019; Yang & Girgus, 2019).”
InfluentialBridgett, D. J., Ganiban, J. M., Neiderhiser, J. M., Natsuaki, M. N., Shaw, D. S., Reiss, D., & Leve, L. D. (2018) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.12692 · Cited by 68
Broekhuizen, M. L., van Aken, M. A. G., Dubas, J. S., Mulder, H., & Leseman, P. P. M. (2015) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2015.06.009 · Cited by 57
Nozadi, S. S., Spinrad, T. L., Eisenberg, N., Bolnick, R. R., Eggum, N. D., Smith, C. L., Gaertner, B. M., Kupfer, A. S., & Sallquist, J. (2013) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2013.06.002 · Cited by 52
“In addition, girls tend to be rated as showing lower levels of negative emotions and are typically seen as more emotionally regulated than are boys (Buss & Kiel, 2004; Else-Quest et al., 2006; Karrass, Braungart-Rieker, Mullins, & Lefever, 2002).”
BackgroundMothers' and Fathers' Work Hours, Child Gender, and Behavior in Middle Childhood
Johnson, S. E., Li, J., Kendall, G. E., Strazdins, L. M., & Jacoby, P. (2013) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2012.01030.x · Cited by 52
“With respect to the particular temperamental or behavioral characteristics of boys (Card et al., 2008; Else-Quest et al., 2006 the association may be due to a lack of play typical in father – son relationships that could serve as a release for high energy levels or aggressive behavior.”
BackgroundHay, D. F., Nash, A., Caplan, M. Z., Swartzentruber, J., Ishikawa, F., & Vespo, J. E. (2011) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-835x.2011.02028.x · Cited by 60
“In contrast, young girls’ better self-regulatory skills (e.g., as demonstrated in the meta-analysis by Else-Quest et al., 2006) might help prevent escalation of conflict.”
BackgroundInfluentialAnxiety and oppositional defiant disorder: A transdiagnostic conceptualization
Fraire, M. G., & Ollendick, T. H. (2012) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2012.11.004 · Cited by 57
Mullola, S., Jokela, M. M., Ravaja, N., Lipsanen, J. O., Hintsanen, M., Alatupa, S., & Keltikangas‐Järvinen, L. (2011) · Teaching and Teacher Education · doi:10.1016/j.tate.2011.03.005 · Cited by 50
Empathic accuracy and adolescent romantic relationships.
Haugen, P., Welsh, D. P., & McNulty, J. (2008) · Journal des adolescens · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2008.03.003 · Cited by 53
Rotenberg, K. J., Michalik, N. M., Eisenberg, N., & Betts, L. R. (2007) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2007.04.003 · Cited by 60
Inhibitory Control Across the Preschool Years: Developmental Changes and Associations with Parenting
Geeraerts, S. B., Endendijk, J. J., Deković, M., Huijding, J., Deater-Deckard, K. D., & Mesman, J. (2020) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13426 · Cited by 78
“This is contrast to previous research findings that girls score higher than boys on inhibitory control (Else-Quest et al., 2006; Moilanen et al., 2010).”
ResultDrunkorexia among adolescents: The role of motivations and emotion regulation
Pompili, S., & Laghi, F. (2018) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2018.01.001 · Cited by 54
Effeney, G., Carroll, A., & Bahr, N. (2013) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443410.2013.785054 · Cited by 72
Chang, H., Shelleby, E. C., Cheong, J., & Shaw, D. S. (2012) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9507.2011.00648.x · Cited by 68
Ruprecht, K. M., Elicker, J. G., & Choi, J. Y. (2015) · Early Education and Development · doi:10.1080/10409289.2016.1102034 · Cited by 44
Temperament, personality and achievement goals among Chinese adolescent students
Chen, C., & Zhang, L. (2011) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443410.2011.559310 · Cited by 52
“Clark & Watson, 1999 ; Else‐Quest, Hyde, Goldsmith, & Van Hulle, 2006 ; McCrae et al, 2000 ), this research also compares the relative contribution of temperament and personality to achievement goals.”
BackgroundCan ‘risky’ impulsivity explain sex differences in aggression?
Campbell, A. C., & Muncer, S. (2009) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2009.04.006 · Cited by 55
Langevin, R., Hébert, M., & Cossette, L. (2015) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.02.001 · Cited by 59
Lecheile, B., Spinrad, T. L., Xu, X., Lopez, J., & Eisenberg, N. (2020) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0000896 · Cited by 57
Merz, E. C., Landry, S. H., Williams, J. M., Barnes, M. A., Eisenberg, N., Spinrad, T. L., Valiente, C., Assel, M., Taylor, H. B., Lonigan, C. J., et al. (2014) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2014.04.002 · Cited by 58
Vollrath, M. E., Hampson, S. E., & Júlíusson, P. B. (2012) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2012.02.056 · Cited by 43
Parent, J. M., Forehand, R., Merchant, M. J., Edwards, M. C., Conners‐Burrow, N. A., Long, N. J., & Jones, D. J. (2011) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-011-9388-y · Cited by 41
“This may result from young boys having less well-developed self-regulation processes than similarly aged girls (e.g., Else-Quest et al. 2006; Matthews et al. 2009).”
BackgroundKarreman, A., van Tuijl, C., van Aken, M. A. G., & Deković, M. (2009) · Merrill-palmer Quarterly · doi:10.1353/mpq.0.0020 · Cited by 101
Yu, Q., Zhang, L., Wu, S., Guo, Y., Jin, S., & Sun, Y. (2016) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.11.026 · Cited by 54
Lacey, M. V., Паолини, С., Hanlon, M., Melville, J., Galletly, C. A., & Campbell, L. (2014) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2014.09.010 · Cited by 51
Temperamental Differences in Children's Reactions to Peer Victimization
Sugimura, N., & Rudolph, K. D. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2012.656555 · Cited by 53
“Because girls typically show more inhibitory control than do boys (Else-Quest et al., 2006), as in this study, girls with poor inhibitory control may represent a group with particularly impaired regulatory abilities.”
ResultEagly, A. H. (2018) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/josi.12291 · Cited by 95
Walker, O. L., & Henderson, H. A. (2012) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9507.2011.00653.x · Cited by 66
Variations in cortical folding patterns are related to individual differences in temperament.
Whittle, S., Allen, N., Fornito, A., Lubman, D., Simmons, J., Pantelis, C., & Yücel, M. (2009) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2008.06.005 · Cited by 48
Wang, F. L., Eisenberg, N., Valiente, C., & Spinrad, T. L. (2015) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579415001224 · Cited by 51
“Researchers also have proposed that the etiological role of temperament in the development of psychopathology might differ for boys and girls, such that lower effortful control and higher negative affectivity predict externalizing for boys, but internalizing for girls (Carver, Johnson, & Joorman, 2008; Else-Quest et a…”
BackgroundInfluentialReciprocal Relations Between Emotional Self‐Efficacy Beliefs and Ego‐Resiliency Across Time
Milioni, M., Alessandri, G., Eisenberg, N., Castellani, V., Zuffianò, A., Vecchione, M., & Caprara, G. V. (2014) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12131 · Cited by 47
Gender processes in school functioning and the mediating role of cognitive self-regulation
Matthews, J. S., Marulis, L. M., & Williford, A. P. (2014) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2014.02.003 · Cited by 54
Santos, C. E., Galligan, K. M., Pahlke, E. E., & Fabes, R. A. (2013) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1111/ajop.12036 · Cited by 65
The Development of Effortful Control in Children Born Preterm
Poehlmann, J., Schwichtenberg, A. J., Shah, P., Shlafer, R. J., Hahn, E., & Maleck, S. (2010) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2010.486319 · Cited by 46
“Previous research has also examined gender differences in effortful control skills (Else-Quest, Hyde, Goldsmith, & Van Hulle, 2006 ), and relations between effortful control and attention problems in healthy children born at term.”
BackgroundPostnatal testosterone concentrations and male social development
Alexander, G. M. (2014) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2014.00015 · Cited by 47
Early adolescent temperament, parental monitoring, and substance use in Mexican‐origin adolescents
Clark, D. A., Donnellan, M. B., Robins, R. W., & Conger, R. D. (2015) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2015.02.010 · Cited by 69
Son, S.-H. C., Lee, K., & Sung, M. (2013) · Early Education and Development · doi:10.1080/10409289.2012.675548 · Cited by 73
“With many studies showing biological differences in the regulation skills of boys and girls (Else-Quest et al., 2006; McIntyre & Edwards, 2009), we speculated that the nonsignificant gender differences in behavioral regulation may be explained by child-rearing=education beliefs and practices.”
BackgroundPaquette, D., & Dumont, C. (2013) · Child Development Research · doi:10.1155/2013/102860 · Cited by 41
“Other studies have found more effortful control (inhibitory control and perceptual sensitivity) and sociability in girls and more impulsivity in boys [33].”
BackgroundYildirim, B. O., & Derksen, J. J. L. (2012) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2011.08.016 · Cited by 54
“05within a total sample size of n=4858) (Else-Quest et al., 2006).”
BackgroundLewis, A. J., & Olsson, C. A. (2011) · Depression Research and Treatment · doi:10.1155/2011/296026 · Cited by 47
“12) not being sufficient to conclude that boys and girls differ markedly in fearfulness [42].”
BackgroundA Role for Biology in Gender-Related Behavior
Berenbaum, S. A., Blakemore, J. E., & Beltz, A. M. (2011) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-011-9990-8 · Cited by 54
Analysis and Evaluation of the Rationales for Single-Sex Schooling‡
Bigler, R. S., Hayes, A. R., & Liben, L. S. (2014) · Advances in child development and behavior · doi:10.1016/bs.acdb.2014.05.002 · Cited by 47
Veijalainen, J., Reunamo, J., & Heikkilä, M. M. (2019) · Early Child Development and Care · doi:10.1080/03004430.2019.1611045 · Cited by 48
Smith, A. K., Rhee, S. H., Corley, R. P., Friedman, N. P., Hewitt, J. K., & Robinson, J. L. (2012) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10519-012-9551-0 · Cited by 51
“observed in the present study (see beta coefficients for gender, Table 1) are consistent with the conclusion of a meta-analysis indicating that girls have slightly higher rates of shyness than boys (weighted mean effect size d = -0.10; Else-Quest et al. 2006).”
InfluentialGaias, L. M., Räikkönen, K., Komsi, N., Gartstein, M. A., Fisher, P. A., & Putnam, S. P. (2012) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9450.2012.00937.x · Cited by 50
Pre-adolescent gender differences in associations between temperament, coping, and mood.
de Boo, G. D., & Spiering, M. (2009) · Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.664 · Cited by 45
Post tsunami psychological impact among survivors in Aceh and West Sumatra, Indonesia
Musa, R., Draman, S., Jeffrey, S., Jeffrey, I., Abdullah, N., Halim, N. A. M., Wahab, N. A., Mukhtar, N. Z. M., Johari, S. N. A., Rameli, N., et al. (2013) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2012.12.002 · Cited by 46
A gender-based approach to the influence of personality traits on entrepreneurial intention
Laouiti, R., Haddoud, M. Y., Nakara, W. A., & Onjewu, A.-K. E. (2022) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.01.018 · Cited by 94
Chen, Z., Zhang, R., Xu, T., Yang, Y., Wang, J., & Feng, T. (2020) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2020.106391 · Cited by 48
Buss, K. A., Kiel, E. J., Morales, S., & Robinson, E. (2013) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/sode.12058 · Cited by 42
“This is consistent with the meta-analysis conducted by Else-Quest et al. (2006), in which they found a significant gender difference in positive emotion/experience as reported by parents, but not using observational measures of smiling (Else-Quest et al., 2006).”
BackgroundResultMartel, M. M. (2013) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1111/ajop.12034 · Cited by 40
“Temperamental effortful control was marginally lower in boys, compared with girls, in line with prior work (Else-Quest et al., 2006; Kochanska et al., 1997).”
ResultPretend Play of Brazilian Children
Gosso, Y., Morais, M. D. L. S. E., & Otta, E. (2007) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022107305237 · Cited by 66
Sit, S. M.-M., Lam, T.-H., Lai, A. Y. K., Wong, B. Y.-M., Wang, M. P., & Ho, S.-Y. (2021) · Translational Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/tbm/ibab018 · Cited by 49
“Sex differences in fear can be seen in childhood and may be explained by heightened biological responses in females [31].”
BackgroundTeachers’ Feedback: Exploring Differences in Students’ Perceptions
Carvalho, C., Santos, J., Conboy, J., & Martins, D. (2014) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.12.351 · Cited by 43
Passive cervical spine flexion: the effect of age and gender.
Seacrist, T., Saffioti, J., Balasubramanian, S., Kadlowec, J., Sterner, R., García-Espaňa, J. F., Arbogast, K., & Maltese, M. (2012) · Clinical Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2011.10.012 · Cited by 43
“Research has shown that girls demonstrate better self-regulation skills than boys (Else-Quest et al., 2006) and are better able to follow adults' directions (Smith et al.”
BackgroundMale life-course persistent antisocial behavior: A review of neurodevelopmental factors
Eme, R. F. (2009) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2009.06.003 · Cited by 38
Understanding the role of personality and alexithymia in food preferences and PROP taste perception
Robino, A., Mezzavilla, M., Pirastu, N., Bianca, M. L., Gasparini, P., Carlino, D., & Tepper, B. J. (2016) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.01.022 · Cited by 43
Emotion Regulation in Sexually Abused Preschoolers
Langevin, R., Cossette, L., & Hébert, M. (2015) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-015-0538-y · Cited by 43
Effects of preterm birth and gender on temperament and behavior in children
Cosentino-Rocha, L., Klein, V. C., & Linhares, M. B. M. (2014) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2014.04.003 · Cited by 50
A longitudinal study of temperament continuity through IBQ, TBAQ and CBQ
Carranza, J. A., González-Salinas, C., & Ato, E. (2013) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2013.08.002 · Cited by 43
Genetic Influences on Activity Level in Early Childhood: Do Situations Matter?
Saudino, K. J., & Zapfe, J. A. (2008) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2008.01168.x · Cited by 37
Do Infant Temperament Characteristics Predict Core Academic Abilities in Preschool-Aged Children?
Gartstein, M. A., Putnam, S. P., & Kliewer, R. (2016) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2015.12.022 · Cited by 48
“…Color, Letter, and Number) to examine unique contributions of PAS, NE, and RCO, after controlling for potential age and gender effects (Table 3), given that age and gender differences have been reported for temperament attributes (e.g., Else-Quest et al., 2006; Kochanska, Coy, & Murray, 2001).”
BackgroundHuang, C., & Lamb, M. E. (2013) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022113513652 · Cited by 41
Sugimura, N., Rudolph, K. D., & Agoston, A. M. (2013) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-013-9805-1 · Cited by 36
“These findings are consistent with prior research in this age group (Else-Quest et al. 2006; Giesbrecht et al. 2011; Hankin, et al. 1998; Kochenderfer-Ladd 2004; Phelps and Jarvis 1994; Skinner and Zimmer-Gembeck 2007).”
Stability of Maternal Autonomy Support between Infancy and Preschool Age
Matte‐Gagné, C., Bernier, A., & Gagné, C. (2012) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9507.2012.00667.x · Cited by 35
Stevens, E., Plumert, J. M., Cremer, J. F., & Kearney, J. K. (2012) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jss116 · Cited by 43
Vallotton, C. D., Harewood, T., Ayoub, C. A., Pan, B., Mastergeorge, A. M., & Brophy‐Herb, H. E. (2011) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2011.03.001 · Cited by 48
Predictive validity of Bayley scale in language development of children at 6–36 months
Lung, F., Shu, B., Chiang, T., Chen, P., & Lin, L. (2009) · Pediatrics International · doi:10.1111/j.1442-200x.2009.02844.x · Cited by 38
Schlotz, W., Jones, A., Godfrey, K. M., & Phillips, D. I. W. (2008) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01946.x · Cited by 40
Kazantseva, A. V., Gaysina, D., Фасхутдинова, Г., Noskova, T., Malykh, S. B., & Хуснутдинова, Э. К. (2008) · Psychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1097/ypg.0b013e328304deb8 · Cited by 42
“personality traits indicating increased anxiety-related traits (neuroticism, HA) and decreased sociability-related traits (extraversion, NS) in women (Costa et al., 2001; Else-Quest et al., 2006).”
A longitudinal study of emotion regulation among sexually abused preschoolers
Séguin‐Lemire, A., Hébert, M., Cossette, L., & Langevin, R. (2016) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.11.027 · Cited by 42
Olino, T., Guerra-Guzman, K., Hayden, E., & Klein, D. (2020) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.31234/osf.io/tnwqs · Cited by 40
“Parent reports are the most commonly used approach to assessing child temperament (Gartstein et al., 2012); for example, in a meta-analysis of sex differences in temperament (Else-Quest et al., 2006) virtually all studies relied on parent reports.”
MethodStability of child temperament: Multiple moderation by child and mother characteristics
Bornstein, M. H., Hahn, C., Putnick, D. L., & Pearson, R. M. (2018) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjdp.12253 · Cited by 47
Cabello, R., Gutiérrez‐Cobo, M. J., & Fernández‐Berrocal, P. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01181 · Cited by 51
“These gender differences have been explained in terms of biological factors and socialization processes (Else-Quest et al., 2006; Merz et al., 2014).”
BackgroundCichy, K., Lefkowitz, E. S., Davis, E. M., & Fingerman, K. (2013) · The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbt053 · Cited by 40
“Further, this study found gender similarities in parents’ reports of discrete negative emotions in the parent–adult child tie, adding to the literature revealing gender similarities in the experience of discrete negative emotions (Else-Quest et al., 2006; Simon & Nath, 2004; Tallis et al., 1994).”
ResultChoe, D. E., Olson, S. L., & Sameroff, A. J. (2013) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.12123 · Cited by 33
“Consistent with previous studies, boys had lower levels of self-regulation and higher levels of externalizing behavior than girls (Deater-Deckard et al., 1998; Else-Quest et al., 2006; Olson et al., 2005).”
Do men vary more than women in personality? A study in 51 cultures
Borkenau, P., McCrae, R. R., & Terracciano, A. (2012) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2012.12.001 · Cited by 67
Montirosso, R., Fedeli, C., Murray, L., Morandi, F., Brusati, R., Perego, G. G., & Borgatti, R. (2012) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsr089 · Cited by 40
Sources of Continuity and Change in Activity Level in Early Childhood
Saudino, K. J. (2011) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01680.x · Cited by 41
Loe, I. M., Lee, E. S., Luna, B., & Feldman, H. M. (2011) · Early Human Development · doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2011.07.018 · Cited by 41
“Studies on the influence of gender on EF tasks are mixed [15], although a recent review suggests that girls have better inhibitory control than boys between 3 months and 13 years of age [31].”
Personality development from early childhood through adolescence
Slobodskaya, H. R. (2020) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2020.110596 · Cited by 58
Allan, N. P., Lonigan, C. J., & Wilson, S. B. (2012) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2012.07.009 · Cited by 40
Child Sex Moderates the Association between Negative Parenting and Childhood Conduct Problems
Tung, I., Li, J. J., & Lee, S. S. (2012) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.21423 · Cited by 40
“For example, boys exhibit lower effortful control (EC) than girls in the sensitive period of preadolescence [Else-Quest et al., 2006].”
BackgroundDeLisi, M., & Vaughn, M. G. (2011) · International Journal of Child Youth and Family Studies · doi:10.18357/ijcyfs21/220115425 · Cited by 38
Martel, M. M. (2009) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02065.x · Cited by 36
“Personality traits may help to explain the sex-biased prevalence rates of common forms of developmental psychopathology since traits also exhibit sex differences early in development and may be more proximal to etiological biological factors such as genetic risk alleles and hormones, potentially mediating relations be…”
BackgroundInfluential
Metadata
- Authors
- Else-Quest, N. M., Hyde, J. S., Goldsmith, H. H., & Van Hulle, C. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 2006-01
- Volume
- 132
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 33-72
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- OpenAlex
- W1979582482
- Cited by
- 1,169
- References
- 266
- Citations by year
- 2026: 50 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 51 · 2023: 37 · 2022: 61 · 2021: 68 · 2020: 74 · 2019: 73 · 2018: 67 · 2017: 75 · 2016: 74 · 2015: 77 · 2014: 64 · 2013: 81 · 2012: 61
- FWCI
- 5.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Keywords
- gender differences, temperament, effortful control, inhibitory control, perceptual sensitivity, surgency, negative affectivity, children, externalizing disorders, rough-and-tumble play, emotional reactivity
- MeSH terms
- Female, Humans, Male, Personality, Personality Development, Psychological Theory, Sex Factors, Temperament
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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