Cited by 1,169Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentPersonality Traits and PsychologyChild and Animal Learning Development

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Gender differences in temperament: A meta-analysis.

Else-Quest, Nicole M., Hyde, Janet Shibley, Goldsmith, H. Hill, Van Hulle, Carol A.·2006·Psychological Bulletin

DOI 10.1037/0033-2909.132.1.33

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Abstract

The authors used meta-analytical techniques to estimate the magnitude of gender differences in mean level and variability of 35 dimensions and 3 factors of temperament in children ages 3 months to 13 years. Effortful control showed a large difference favoring girls and the dimensions within that factor (e.g., inhibitory control: d = -.41, perceptual sensitivity: d = -0.38) showed moderate gender differences favoring girls, consistent with boys' greater incidence of externalizing disorders. Surgency showed a difference favoring boys, as did some of the dimensions within that factor (e.g., activity: d = 0.33, high-intensity pleasure: d = 0.30), consistent with boys' greater involvement in active rough-and-tumble play. Negative affectivity showed negligible gender differences.

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“Researchers often have found gender differences in children's negative emotions and problem behaviors, especially the latter (Crijnen, Achenbach, and Verhulst, 1997; Else-Quest et al., 2006; Stanger et al., 1997).”
Background
Infant Temperament: Stability by Age, Gender, Birth Order, Term Status, and Socioeconomic Status
Bornstein, M. H., Putnick, D. L., Gartstein, M. A., Hahn, C., Auestad, N., & O’Connor, D. L. (2015) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.12367 · Cited by 132
Temperament, speech and language: An overview
Conture, E. G., Kelly, E. M., & Walden, T. A. (2012) · Journal of Communication Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jcomdis.2012.11.002 · Cited by 97
Gender differences in the Big Five personality development: A longitudinal investigation from late adolescence to emerging adulthood
Vecchione, M., Alessandri, G., Barbaranelli, C., & Caprara, G. V. (2012) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2012.05.033 · Cited by 112
Risk and protective factors for (internet) gaming disorder: A meta-analysisPreprint
Ropovik, I., Martončik, M., Babinčák, P., Baník, G., Vargová, L., & Adamkovic, M. (2022) · Addictive Behaviours · doi:10.31234/osf.io/pg3rf · Cited by 3
The Infant Version of the Laboratory Temperament Assessment Battery (Lab-TAB): Measurement Properties and Implications for Concepts of Temperament
Planalp, E. M., Hulle, C. V., Gagne, J. R., & Goldsmith, H. H. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00846 · Cited by 120
Self-citation
The contented female worker: Still a paradox?
Mueller, C. W., & Kim, S.-W. (2008) · Advances in group processes · doi:10.1016/s0882-6145(08)25006-x · Cited by 96
Temperament in infancy and behavioral and emotional problems at age 5.5: The EDEN mother-child cohort
Abulizi, X., Pryor, L., Michel, G., Melchior, M., van der Waerden, J. E. B., & on behalf of The EDEN Mother–Child Cohort Study Group (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0171971 · Cited by 99
“Gender differences exist in temperamental expression, with boys tending to have higher activity levels, while girls show higher effortful control [28].”
Background
Expanding our lens: Female pathways to antisocial behavior in adolescence and adulthood
Javdani, S., Sadeh, N., & Verona, E. (2011) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.09.002 · Cited by 108
“…children found girls scored higher on effortful control (i.e., were better able to inhibit inappropriate behavioral responses) than boys, whereas boys scored higher on measures of surgency (i.e., were more active and gained more pleasure from high-intensity experiences; Else-Quest et al., 2006).”
Background
Amygdala volume correlates positively with fearfulness in normal healthy girls
van der Plas, E. A. A., Boes, A. D., Wemmie, J. A., Tranel, D., & Nopoulos, P. (2010) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsq009 · Cited by 107
Early temperamental and family predictors of shyness and anxiety.
Volbrecht, M. M., & Goldsmith, H. H. (2010) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0020616 · Cited by 116
Self-citation
Fearful temperament and stress reactivity among preschool‐aged children
Talge, N. M., Donzella, B., & Gunnar, M. R. (2008) · Infant and Child Development · doi:10.1002/icd.585 · Cited by 90
“Thus, this small but reliable bias towards greater temperamental fearfulness in girls (Else-Quest et al., 2006) does not appear to be paralleled by a similar bias towards greater stress reactivity among young girls than boys, at least when stress responses are elicited with the type of mild…”
Background
Associations Between Task Performance and Self-Report Measures of Cognitive Control: Shared Versus Distinct Abilities
Snyder, H. R., Friedman, N. P., & Hankin, B. L. (2021) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191120965694 · Cited by 94
“In addition, although there is little evidence for gender differences in EF task performance (Grissom & Reyes, 2018), a meta-analysis found substantially higher primarily parent-rated EF/EC in girls than boys in childhood and early adolescence (Else-Quest et al., 2006).”
Background
Sex Differences in Early Infancy
Alexander, G. M., & Wilcox, T. (2012) · Child Development Perspectives · doi:10.1111/j.1750-8606.2012.00247.x · Cited by 109
School leadership, sex and gender: welcome to difference
Krüger, M. L. (2008) · International Journal of Leadership in Education · doi:10.1080/13603120701576266 · Cited by 95
“Else-Quest et al. (2006) conducted a meta-analysis of gender differences in temperament, which is interesting in this regard, because temperament is conceived as dependent on constitutional make-up and, therefore, largely hereditary in origin.”
Background
Gender differences in academic achievement: The mediating role of personality
Carvalho, R. G. G. (2016) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.01.011 · Cited by 92
“These gender differences in non-intellectual dimensions can be expressed as early as those in temperament and activity levels, as Else-Quest et al. (2006) indicate; they show that a female advantage in effortful control and a male advantage in surgency can ultimately be reflected in behavior at…”
Background
Temperament and Social Development
Sanson, A. V., Hemphill, S. A., Yağmurlu, B., & McClowry, S. (2010) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781444390933.ch12 · Cited by 93
Principles in Practice
Walker, S. C., Muno, A., & Sullivan-Colglazier, C. (2012) · Crime & Delinquency · doi:10.1177/0011128712449712 · Cited by 132
Preschoolers' Observed Temperament and Psychiatric Disorders Assessed with a Parent Diagnostic Interview
Dougherty, L. R., Bufferd, S. J., Carlson, G. A., Dyson, M. W., Olino, T. M., Durbin, C. E., & Klein, D. N. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2011.546046 · Cited by 98
“In addition, there are well-established gender differences in temperament traits: Girls are better able to regulate and control their impulses than boys, and boys are slightly more exuberant and active and less shy than girls (Else-Quest, Hyde, Goldsmith, & Van Hulle, 2006 ).”
Background
Examination of Sex Differences in a Large Sample of Young Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Typical Development
Reinhardt, V. P., Wetherby, A. M., Schatschneider, C., & Lord, C. (2015) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-014-2223-6 · Cited by 89
A testosterone-related structural brain phenotype predicts aggressive behavior from childhood to adulthood
Nguyen, T., McCracken, J. T., Albaugh, M. D., Botteron, K. N., Hudziak, J. J., & Ducharme, S. (2015) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.09.021 · Cited by 97
Positive Parenting and Early Childhood Cognition: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Prime, H., Andrews, K., Markwell, A., González, A., Janus, M., Tricco, A. C., Bennett, T. A., & Atkinson, L. R. (2023) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-022-00423-2 · Cited by 137
Temperament Variation in Sensitivity to Parenting: Predicting Changes in Depression and Anxiety
Kiff, C. J., Lengua, L. J., & Bush, N. R. (2011) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-011-9539-x · Cited by 97
“Gender differences in mean levels of temperament (girls higher in fear and EC, boys more irritable; Else-Quest et al. 2006) and internalizing disorders have been reported.”
Background
The structure and stability of temperament from infancy to toddlerhood: A one-year prospective study
Casalin, S., Luyten, P., Vliegen, N., & Meurs, P. (2011) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2011.08.004 · Cited by 96
The role of contextual risk, impulsivity, and parental knowledge in the development of adolescent antisocial behavior.
Neumann, A., Barker, E. D., Koot, H. M., & Maughan, B. (2010) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0019860 · Cited by 79
The relationship between non-suicidal self-injury and temperament in male and female adolescents based on child- and parent-report
Baetens, I., Claes, L., Willem, L., Muehlenkamp, J. J., & Bijttebier, P. (2010) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.11.015 · Cited by 83
Intent to harm or injure? Gender and the expression of anger
Campbell, A. C., & Muncer, S. (2007) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.20228 · Cited by 95
Intergenerational association of environmental concern: Evidence of parents' and children's concern
Casaló, L. V., & Escario, J. (2016) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2016.09.001 · Cited by 85
Neuroanatomical Correlates of Temperament in Early Adolescents
Whittle, S., Yücel, M., Fornito, A., BARRETT, A., Wood, S. J., Lubman, D. I., Simmons, J. G., Pantelis, C., & Allen, N. B. (2008) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e31816bffca · Cited by 83
Suicidal Thoughts and Behavior in Children and Adolescents: An Ecological Model of Resilience
Gallagher, M. L., & Miller, A. B. (2018) · Adolescent Research Review · doi:10.1007/s40894-017-0066-z · Cited by 84
Will not want: Self-control rather than motivation explains the female advantage in report card grades
Duckworth, A. L., Shulman, E. P., Mastronarde, A. J., Patrick, S. D., Zhang, J., & Druckman, J. (2015) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2015.02.006 · Cited by 83
Do the effects of early childhood education programs differ by gender? A meta-analysis
Magnuson, K., Kelchen, R., Duncan, G. J., Schindler, H. S., Shager, H. M., & Yoshikawa, H. (2016) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2015.12.021 · Cited by 87
“…(2006) showed that girls outperform boys on measures of effortful control (attention regulation, inhibitory control, and perceptual sensitivity), and boys have slightly higher levels of surgency (sociability, activity, and positive affect) across the early childhood years (Else-Quest et al., 2006).”
Background
Does Preschool Self-Regulation Predict Later Behavior Problems in General or Specific Problem Behaviors?
Lonigan, C. J., Spiegel, J. A., Goodrich, J. M., Morris, B. M., Osborne, C. M., Lerner, M. D., & Phillips, B. M. (2017) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-016-0260-7 · Cited by 108
The Role of Socialization, Effortful Control, and Ego Resiliency in French Adolescents' Social Functioning
Hofer, C., Eisenberg, N., & Reiser, M. (2010) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2010.00650.x · Cited by 78
Prenatal Stress, Fearfulness, and the Epigenome: Exploratory Analysis of Sex Differences in DNA Methylation of the Glucocorticoid Receptor Gene
Ostlund, B. D., Conradt, E. D., Crowell, S. E., Tyrka, A. R., Marsit, C. J., & Lester, B. M. (2016) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00147 · Cited by 91
“With respect to fear, females tend to display more fearfulness in infancy compared to their male peers (Gartstein and Rothbart, 2003; Else-Quest et al., 2006).”
Background
Origins of Effortful Control: Infant and Parent Contributions
Gartstein, M. A., Bridgett, D. J., Young, B. N., Panksepp, J., & Power, T. G. (2012) · Infancy · doi:10.1111/j.1532-7078.2012.00119.x · Cited by 90
“It should also be noted that child gender did not contribute to the prediction of child EC in the context of this study, despite prior reports of gender differences for this domain of temperament (Else-Quest et al., 2006).”
Groups in space: Stereotypes and the spatial agency bias
Maass, A., Suitner, C., Favaretto, X., & Cignacchi, M. (2009) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2009.01.004 · Cited by 84
Emotional expression in school context, social relationships, and academic adjustment in kindergarten.
Hernández, M. M., Eisenberg, N., Valiente, C., VanSchyndel, S. K., Spinrad, T. L., Silva, K. M., Berger, R. H., Diaz, A., Terrell, N., Thompson, M. S., et al. (2016) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000147 · Cited by 76
Warm Parenting and Effortful Control in Toddlerhood: Independent and Interactive Predictors of School-Age Externalizing Behavior
Reuben, J. D., Shaw, D. S., Neiderhiser, J. M., Natsuaki, M. N., Reiss, D., & Leve, L. D. (2015) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-015-0096-6 · Cited by 88
“Additionally, differences between girls and boys in the development of externalizing problems and ECwarrant attention to gender as a moderator of environmental risks to development (Else-Quest et al. 2006).”
Background
Gender Differences in Young Children's Temperament Traits: Comparisons Across Observational and Parent‐Report Methods
Olino, T. M., Durbin, C. E., Klein, D. N., Hayden, E. P., & Dyson, M. W. (2012) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12000 · Cited by 85
“Alternatively, gender differences may vary (i.e., be moderated) by assessment method, a result that was not formally tested in Else-Quest et al. (2006).”
Influential
Adrenocortical responses to strangers in preschoolers: Relations with parenting, temperament, and psychopathology
Hastings, P. D., Ruttle, P. L., Serbin, L. A., Mills, R. S. L., Stack, D. M., & Schwartzman, A. E. (2011) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.20545 · Cited by 76
Inhibitory Control and Harsh Discipline as Predictors of Externalizing Problems in Young Children: A Comparative Study of U.S., Chinese, and Japanese Preschoolers
Olson, S. L., Tardif, T. Z., Miller, A. L., Felt, B. T., Grabell, A. S., Kessler, D. A., Wang, L., Karasawa, M., & Hirabayashi, H. (2011) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-011-9531-5 · Cited by 82
“Moreover, toddler and preschoolage girls have been found to manifest more advanced effortful control abilities than male age-peers (e.g., Else-Quest et al. 2006; Kochanska et al. 2000; Olson et al. 2005).”
The role of personality, family influences, and prosocial risk‐taking behavior on substance use in early adolescence
Wood, A. P., Dawe, S., & Gullo, M. J. (2013) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.07.003 · Cited by 80
Family Routine Moderates the Relation Between Child Impulsivity and Oppositional Defiant Disorder Symptoms
Lanza, H. I., & Drabick, D. A. G. (2010) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-010-9447-5 · Cited by 72
“Many past studies have either excluded girls or have not compared boys vs. girls, though boys tend to display higher levels of impulsivity than girls (Cote et al. 2002; Else-Quest et al. 2006; Hartung et al. 2002).”
Background
Home Characteristics as Predictors of Bacterial and Fungal Microbial Biomarkers in House Dust
Sordillo, J., Alwis, U. K., Hoffman, E., Gold, D., & Milton, D. (2010) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.1002004 · Cited by 76
“194 volume 119 | number 2 | February 2011 • Environmental Health Perspectives room, perhaps because of differential behaviors by sex (Else-Quest et al. 2006).”
Background
Personality development and problem behavior in Russian children and adolescents
Slobodskaya, H. R., & Akhmetova, O. A. (2010) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/0165025409352825 · Cited by 89
“Finally, the mid-level trait of Achievement reflects all capacities provided by temperamental Effortful control but also includes motivation and goal-directed behavior (Caspi & Shiner, 2006; Else-Quest et al., 2006; Halverson et al., 2003).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Assessment of Regulatory Emotional Self-Efficacy Beliefs
Alessandri, G., Vecchione, M., & Caprara, G. V. (2014) · Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment · doi:10.1177/0734282914550382 · Cited by 83
“Alternatively, one could argue that, due to gender-role socialization, most females develop relatively high levels of positive interpersonal abilities, such as empathy or prosocial behavior and a modulated expression of positive emotion (Else-Quest et al., 2006), whereas males tend to be high in the ability to manage…”
BackgroundResult
The role of personal values in children’s costly sharing and non-costly giving
Abramson, L., Daniel, E., & Knafo‐Noam, A. (2017) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2017.03.007 · Cited by 103
Development of temperamental effortful control mediates the relationship between maturation of the prefrontal cortex and psychopathology during adolescence: a 4-year longitudinal study
Vijayakumar, N., Whittle, S., Dennison, M., Yücel, M., Simmons, J., & Allen, N. B. (2014) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2013.12.002 · Cited by 71
The Interplay Between Emotional Intelligence, Trust, and Gender in Human–Robot Interaction
Law, T., Chita-Tegmark, M., & Scheutz, M. J. (2020) · International Journal of Social Robotics · doi:10.1007/s12369-020-00624-1 · Cited by 74
Positive emotions, learning behavior and teacher support in self‐directed learning during adolescence: Do age and gender matter?
Schweder, S., & Raufelder, D. (2019) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2019.04.004 · Cited by 91
Women's aggression
Cross, C., & Campbell, A. C. (2011) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2011.02.012 · Cited by 86
Parenting and Child DRD4 Genotype Interact to Predict Children’s Early Emerging Effortful Control
Smith, H. J., Sheikh, H. I., Dyson, M. W., Olino, T. M., Laptook, R. S., Durbin, C. E., Hayden, E. P., Singh, S. M., & Klein, D. N. (2012) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2012.01818.x · Cited by 73
Maternal parenting as a mediator of the relationship between intimate partner violence and effortful control.
Gustafsson, H., The Family Life Project Key Investigators, Cox, M. J., & Blair, C. (2011) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0026283 · Cited by 81
Personality in middle childhood: A hierarchical structure and longitudinal connections with personality in late adolescence
Tackett, J. L., Krueger, R. F., Iacono, W. G., & McGue, M. K. (2008) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2008.06.005 · Cited by 80
“However, structural models in the temperament literature often utilize a 3- or 4factor framework ( Else-Quest et al., 2006 ) resulting in a lack of consensus on the ‘‘best” structural model for these younger age groups—analogous, to some extent, to the lack of consensus that previously existed in the adult literature.”
Background
A Multivariate Investigation into Academic Procrastination of University Students
He, S. (2017) · Open Journal of Social Sciences · doi:10.4236/jss.2017.510002 · Cited by 75
“[12] had different conclusions when it comes to procrastination and influence of gender on it.”
Background
Codevelopment of preschoolers’ temperament traits and social play networks over an entire school year.
Neal, J. W., Durbin, C. E., Gornik, A. E., & Lo, S. L. (2017) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000135 · Cited by 75
“Our findings for PE and NE were consistent with evidence from parent report measures of these traits (Else-Quest et al., 2006).”
Result
Sexual Risk Behavior in Young Adulthood: Broadening the Scope Beyond Early Sexual Initiation
Epstein, M., Bailey, J. A., Manhart, L. E., Hemphill, S. A., & Hawkins, J. D. (2014) · The Journal of Sex Research · doi:10.1080/00224499.2013.849652 · Cited by 79
The longitudinal relations between self-esteem and affective self-regulatory efficacy
Caprara, G. V., Alessandri, G., Barbaranelli, C., & Vecchione, M. (2013) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2013.08.011 · Cited by 82
A Unified Latent Curve, Latent State-Trait Analysis of the Developmental Trajectories and Correlates of Positive Orientation
Alessandri, G., Caprara, G. V., & Tisak, J. (2012) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1080/00273171.2012.673954 · Cited by 65
“Generally, research findings sustained the females' higher positive emotionality, although there are negligible differences in boys' and girls' negative affect ( Brody & Hall, 2000 ; Else-Quest, Hyde, Goldsmith, & Van Hulle, 2006 ; LaFrance, Hecht, & Paluck, 2003 ).”
Background
The association between temperament and depressive symptoms in adolescence: Brooding and reflection as potential mediators
Mezulis, A. H., Simonson, J., McCauley, E., & Stoep, A. V. (2011) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2010.543642 · Cited by 77
“Also similar to other studies, girls in our sample displayed similar levels of NE as boys (Else-Quest et al., 2006).”
Result
Disgust as a mechanism for decision making under risk: Illuminating sex differences and individual risk-taking correlates of disgust propensity.
Sparks, A. M., Fessler, D. M. T., Chan, K. Q., Ashokkumar, A., & Holbrook, C. (2018) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000389 · Cited by 77
“A full review is beyond our present scope, but, as noted above, fear, anxiety, worry, and pain do indeed seem to be more pronounced among women (Else-Quest et al., 2006; Feingold, 1994; Fillingim et al., 2009; Keogh, 2012; McLean & Anderson, 2009; McLean et al., 2011), as do related processes such as attention to othe…”
Influential
Using an adoption design to separate genetic, prenatal, and temperament influences on toddler executive function.
Leve, L. D., DeGarmo, D. S., Bridgett, D. J., Neiderhiser, J. M., Shaw, D. S., Harold, G. T., Natsuaki, M. N., & Reiss, D. (2012) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0029390 · Cited by 66
“Finally, in a secondary hypothesis consistent with metaanalytic work (e.g., Else-Quest et al., 2006), we expected that girls would have higher EF scores than boys.”
Bidirectional Relations Between Temperament and Parenting Predicting Preschool-Age Children’s Adjustment
Klein, M. R., Lengua, L. J., Thompson, S. F., Moran, L. R., Ruberry, E. J., Kiff, C. J., & Zalewski, M. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2016.1169537 · Cited by 75
Children’s expressions of positive emotion are sustained by smiling, touching, and playing with parents and siblings: A naturalistic observational study of family life.
Bai, S., Repetti, R. L., & Sperling, J. (2015) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0039854 · Cited by 85
The Mediational Role of Parenting on the Longitudinal Relation Between Child Personality and Externalizing Behavior
Prinzie, P., van der Sluis, C. M., de Haan, A. D., & Deković, M. (2010) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2010.00651.x · Cited by 56
Annual Research Review: Developmental pathways linking early behavioral inhibition to later anxiety
Fox, N. A., Zeytinoglu, S., Valadez, E. A., Buzzell, G. A., Morales, S., & Henderson, H. A. (2022) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13702 · Cited by 87
Sex differences in self-regulation in early, middle and late adolescence: A large-scale cross-sectional study
van Tetering, M. A. J., van der Laan, A. M., de Kogel, C. H., de Groot, R. H. M., & Jolles, J. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0227607 · Cited by 91
“This was done in order to exclude heterogeneity due to age-extrinsic factors, notably cultural background and ethnicity (see for an elaboration on the importance: [16], [45], [52]: their papers describe substantial confounding by these factors).”
Background
Incidence Trends of Atopic Dermatitis in Infancy and Early Childhood in a Nationwide Prescription Registry Study in Norway
Mohn, C. H., Blix, H. S., Halvorsen, J. A., Nafstad, P. H. J., Valberg, M., & Lagerløv, P. (2018) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.4145 · Cited by 68
Gender, Socioeconomic Status, Cultural Differences, Education, Family Size and Procrastination: A Sociodemographic Meta-Analysis
Lu, D., He, Y., & Tan, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.719425 · Cited by 66
Sex Effects on Development of Brain Structure and Executive Functions: Greater Variance than Mean Effects
Wierenga, L. M., Bos, M. G. N., van Rossenberg, F., & Crone, E. A. (2019) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_01375 · Cited by 83
Identifying Latent Classes of Behavioral Risk Based on Early Childhood
Vaughn, M. G., DeLisi, M., Beaver, K. M., & WRIGHT, J. P. (2008) · Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice · doi:10.1177/1541204008324911 · Cited by 68
“Conversely, research has indicated that high levels of self-control are associated with greater mental health stability, enhanced relationships, academic performance, and female gender (Duckworth & Seligman, 2005; Else-Quest, Shibley-Hyde, Goldsmith, & Van Hulle, 2006; Tangney, Baumeister, & Boone, 2004).”
Background
Long‐Term Developmental Changes in Children's Lower‐Order Big Five Personality Facets
de Haan, A. D., Pauw, S. S. W. D., van den Akker, A. L., Deković, M., & Prinzie, P. (2016) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12265 · Cited by 90
“Regarding gender differences, girls are expected to score higher than boys on the facets of Conscientiousness (Else-Quest et al., 2006; Soto et al., 2011).”
Unique associations between childhood temperament characteristics and subsequent psychopathology symptom trajectories from childhood to early adolescence
Forbes, M. K., Rapee, R. M., Camberis, A.-L., & McMahon, C. A. (2017) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-016-0236-7 · Cited by 64
“…date have not found systematic gender differences in the relationships among temperament traits and domains of psychopathology, there are known gender differences in the distributions of temperamental traits and internalizing and externalizing psychopathology (Else-Quest et al. 2006; Lahey 2004).”
Background
Pathways to Adolescents’ Flourishing: Linking Self-Control Skills and Positivity Ratio Through Social Support
Orkibi, H., Hamama, L., Gavriel‐Fried, B., & Ronen, T. (2015) · Youth & Society · doi:10.1177/0044118x15581171 · Cited by 78
Genetic and environmental contributions to the development of positive affect in infancy.
Planalp, E. M., Hulle, C. V., Lemery‐Chalfant, K., & Goldsmith, H. H. (2016) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000238 · Cited by 67
Self-citation
Perceived Paternal and Maternal Parenting Attributes among Chinese Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis
Dou, D., Shek, D. T. L., & Kwok, R. K. H. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17238741 · Cited by 68
The Infant Behavior Questionnaire-Revised: Factor Structure in a Culturally and Sociodemographically Diverse Sample in the United States
Enlow, M. B., White, M. T., Hails, K. A., Cabrera, I., & Wright, R. J. (2016) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2016.04.001 · Cited by 61
Risk and resilience in preterm children at age 6
Poehlmann, J., Gerstein, E. D., Burnson, C., Weymouth, L., Bolt, D. M., Maleck, S., & Schwichtenberg, A. J. (2014) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s095457941400087x · Cited by 61
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“Gender differences observed in infancy typically concern a greater level of Surgency-based traits, such as motor activity for boys (Campbell & Eaton, 1999; Else-Quest et al., 2006; Gartstein & Rothbart, 2003; Maziade, Boudreault, Thivierge, Caperaa, & Cote, 1984), as well as higher levels of fear and aspects of Orient…”
BackgroundInfluential

Authors: Else-Quest, N. M., Hyde, J. S., Goldsmith, H. H., & Van Hulle, C. A.
Affiliations: University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
ORCID: Else-Quest, Nicole M.
Hyde, Janet Shibley
Goldsmith, H. Hill
Venue: Psychological Bulletin
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2006-01
Volume: 132
Issue: 1
Pages: 33-72
ISSN: 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
1939-1455
DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.132.1.33
OpenAlex: W1979582482
Cited by: 1,169
References: 266
Citations by year: 2026: 50 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 51 · 2023: 37 · 2022: 61 · 2021: 68 · 2020: 74 · 2019: 73 · 2018: 67 · 2017: 75 · 2016: 74 · 2015: 77 · 2014: 64 · 2013: 81 · 2012: 61
FWCI: 5.25
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
Keywords: gender differences, temperament, effortful control, inhibitory control, perceptual sensitivity, surgency, negative affectivity, children, externalizing disorders, rough-and-tumble play, emotional reactivity
MeSH terms: Female, Humans, Male, Personality, Personality Development, Psychological Theory, Sex Factors, Temperament

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Gender differences in temperament: A meta-analysis.

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