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Gender differences in temperament: A meta-analysis.

Else-Quest, Nicole M., Hyde, Janet Shibley, Goldsmith, H. Hill, Van Hulle, Carol A.·2006·Psychological Bulletin

DOI 10.1037/0033-2909.132.1.33

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Abstract

The authors used meta-analytical techniques to estimate the magnitude of gender differences in mean level and variability of 35 dimensions and 3 factors of temperament in children ages 3 months to 13 years. Effortful control showed a large difference favoring girls and the dimensions within that factor (e.g., inhibitory control: d = -.41, perceptual sensitivity: d = -0.38) showed moderate gender differences favoring girls, consistent with boys' greater incidence of externalizing disorders. Surgency showed a difference favoring boys, as did some of the dimensions within that factor (e.g., activity: d = 0.33, high-intensity pleasure: d = 0.30), consistent with boys' greater involvement in active rough-and-tumble play. Negative affectivity showed negligible gender differences.

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“The ‘ classic ’ temperament literature can be classi ﬁ ed into three major research traditions (Else-Quest et al., 2006; Mervielde & De Pauw, 2012) each of which made signi ﬁ cant theoretical and methodological contributions: Thomas and Chess (1977), Buss and Plomin (1975; 1984), and Rothbart…”
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Piombo, M. A., Grutta, S. L., Epifanio, M. S., Trombini, E., & Andrei, F. (2026) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2026.106483 · Cited by 1
The Portuguese Version of the Self-Regulation Scale: Psychometrics, Measurement Invariance, and Associations with Antisocial Variables Among Youth
Pechorro, P. S., Salguero, T. B., Nunes, C., DeLisi, M., & Cyders, M. A. (2026) · International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology · doi:10.1177/0306624x251410623 · Cited by 2
Neuroendocrine mechanisms of psychosexual stage development
Omary, A. (2026) · Neuropsychoanalysis · doi:10.1080/15294145.2026.2648289 · Cited by 1
“Just as females, on average, score higher on traits like agree-ableness and empathic concern (Else-Quest et al., 2006; Feingold, 1994), males tend to score higher on measures of competitiveness, dominance, and physical aggression (Archer, 2004).”
Greater Female Variability in Human Colour Perception
Chen, Z., Gong, H., Huang, Z., & Liu, Q. (2025) · Light & Engineering · doi:10.33383/2025-016
Beauty and the Bot: Perceptions of Human and AI Fitness Influencers on Instagram
Edwards, C. C., Edwards, A. P., Rijhwani, V., Mostafa, H. K., Ebo, D., & Doku, D. (2025) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2025.2558025 · Cited by 5
“Conversely, women tend to excel in activities that emphasize motor and self-regulatory skills (Else-Quest et al., 2006).”
Temperamental Dimensions in Early Childhood: Gender Differences and Their Relationship to Emotional and Behavioral Disorders in a Longitudinal Study
Navarro-Ariza, T., Infante-Cañete, L., Madrid-Vivar, D., Wallace, A., & Orozco, E. A. (2025) · Children · doi:10.3390/children12070946 · Cited by 1
“These findings are consistent with previous research, such as that of [32,47], which notes that boys generally have more difficulty controlling their impulses than girls, particularly in situations involving frustration or stimulation.”
Influential
Maternal phubbing and authoritative parenting: Latent profiles and associations with child behavioral outcomes
Wang, J., Weng, W., Fu, Y., Liu, M., Xiao, B., Li, J., & Li, Y. (2025) · Family Relations · doi:10.1111/fare.70004 · Cited by 1
The Relationship Between Intelligence and Personality Traits Differentiated by Gender in Spanish Adolescents
Rodríguez, R. Q., Aperribai, L., Delgado, T. A., Rodríguez-Naveiras, E., & Borges, Á. (2025) · Children · doi:10.3390/children12040501 · Cited by 1
A Stitch in Time Saves Nine: Predicting Internet Addiction Levels of Preservice Teachers
Şan, İ., Orhan-Karsak, H. G., Bonk, C. J., & Karadeniz, D. (2025) · Psychiatric Quarterly · doi:10.1007/s11126-025-10120-2 · Cited by 1
“This concept has been further reinforced by research conducted by Hyde [78] and Else-Quest et al. [48].”
Desempeño en escritura de estudiantes de educación básica primaria en zonas rurales de Colombia: un estudio comparativo por género
Chiner, E., Escudero-Cabarcas, J., Ternera, L. A. C., & Donado, M. G. (2025) · Revista enfoques educacionales · doi:10.5354/2735-7279.2025.76141 · Cited by 1
“…en comparación con los niños desde una edad temprana, siendo estas habilidades importantes para la lectura y por consiguiente para la escritura (Else-Quest et al., 2006; Matthews et al., 2009), pues es necesario mantener niveles de concentración óptimos para evitar la comisión de errores…”
Longitudinal predictors for internalizing and externalizing symptomatology at age 4: KUNO-Kids cohort study
Jarvers, I., Kandsperger, S., Ecker, A., Brandstetter, S., Kabesch, M., Köninger, A., Melter, M., Kerzel, S., Kittel, J., Apfelbacher, C., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1449108 · Cited by 2
Female Representative in Audit Committee and Audit Fees: Evidence from Indonesia
Wahyoedi, A. P., Andrestio, S., Yuliati, R., & Sinaga, R. (2024) · Wiga Jurnal Penelitian Ilmu Ekonomi · doi:10.30741/wiga.v14i1.1120 · Cited by 1
“Thus, the presence of females on the audit committee could reduce agency conflict which has an impact on audit costs through monitoring activities as females can regulate better than males (Else-Quest et al., 2006).”
Background
Does thrive by three, a quality-building intervention in childcare centres, strengthen children’s language skills?
Lekhal, R., Drugli, M., Karlsen, L.-M., Lydersen, S., & Buøen, E. S. (2023) · European Early Childhood Education Research Journal · doi:10.1080/1350293x.2023.2260131 · Cited by 1
“In line with this, research shows that even young girls tend to have more advanced self-regulatory capacities than boys (Backer-Grøndahl and Nærde 2017; Else-Quest et al. 2006).”
Result
Approach-avoidance orientations can predict young children’s decision-making
Benozio, A., Cohenian, R., & Hepach, R. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0288799 · Cited by 2
“First, regarding temperament, one meta-analysis which focused on gender differences in temperament from infancy to 13-years-of-age [35], reports large differences favoring girls in aspects related to ‘effortful control’ (e.”
Background
Greater variability in rhesus macaque ( Macaca mulatta ) endocranial volume among males than females
Colby, A. E., DeCasien, A. R., Cooper, E. B., & Higham, J. P. (2022) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2022.0728 · Cited by 2
An examination of the relationship between conduct problems and depressive symptoms comorbidity and temperament among elementary school children
Poirier, M., Lemelin, J., Déry, M., Crescenzi, O., & Temcheff, C. E. (2022) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-022-01421-9 · Cited by 2
“The regulation and reactivity theory of Rothbart [Rothbart, [58 –61 ] constitutes a reference model to understand temperament and its influence on human development [Else-Quest et al., [20 , 65 ].”
Meta-Analysis of Temperament Differences between Children Who Do and Do Not Stutter
Lee, K. (2022) · Audiology and Speech Research · doi:10.21848/asr.220033
“예 를 들어, 학령전기 아동을 대상으로 하는 기질의 정의 및 측정 에는 크게 세 가지 접근법이 있다(Else-Quest et al., 2006).”
RELN rs7341475 Associates with Brain Structure in Japanese Healthy Females
Yamaguchi, R., Matsudaira, I. Y., Takeuchi, H., Imanishi, T., Kimura, R., Tomita, H., Kawashima, R., & Taki, Y. (2022) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.05.007 · Cited by 1
The Reliability of the Thai Version of the Toddlers’ Temperament Questionnaire
Rojmahamongkol, P., & Tangvalelerd, S. (2022) · Siriraj Medical Journal · doi:10.33192/smj.2022.27 · Cited by 1
Effects of the In vivo program on salivary cortisol and internalized symptoms of adolescents: a multiple case pilot study
Bluteau, J., Massé, L., Fréchette-Simard, C., & Pronovost, J. (2021) · Archives of Psychology · doi:10.31296/aop.v5i2.140 · Cited by 1
Doprinos temperamenta i roditeljskog ponašanja razvojnim ishodima djece predškolske dobi
Božiković, T., Ercegovac, I. R., & Jakupčević, K. K. (2020) · Školski vjesnik · doi:10.38003/sv.69.2.11 · Cited by 1
Children’s and parents’ looking preferences to gender-typed objects: Evidence from eye tracking
Spinner, L., Cameron, L., & Ferguson, H. J. (2020) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2020.104892 · Cited by 2
Gender and Brain Stimulation
Sreeraj, V. S., & Venkatasubramanian, G. (2019) · Mental health and illness worldwide · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-0371-4_35-1 · Cited by 1
Preschool Language and First-Grade Externalizing Behaviors: Gender Differences and the Longitudinal Mediation Through Self-Control
Chung, J. (2019) · Korean Journal of Child Studies · doi:10.5723/kjcs.2019.40.3.27 · Cited by 2
Emotional intelligence within the framework of the ability model: A nomological network analysis of a situational judgment test
Abdelfattah, S. (2018) · Journal of Psychology & Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.15406/jpcpy.2018.09.00589 · Cited by 1
Infant Temperament in the FMR1 Premutation and Fragile X Syndrome
Tonnsen, B. L., Wheeler, A., Hamrick, L. R., & Roberts, J. E. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2018.1514613 · Cited by 1
“Future work is also needed to explore whether the lack of sex effects observed in our FXS and FXpm groups is atypical, as only male participants in our TD group exhibited higher surgency relative to female participants, a pattern that is often reported in the literature (Else-Quest et al., 2006).”
Result
Gender Differences in Violence and Aggression
Copping, L. T. (2017) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119057574.whbva005 · Cited by 4
Gender Differences in Emotion Expression—Social Developmental Perspective
李, 想. (2017) · Advances in Psychology · doi:10.12677/ap.2017.73046 · Cited by 4
“…& Judith, 2008)。女孩也被期待表现出更多的共情和同情 (Zahn-Waxler & Robinson, 1995)。相反，男孩子则更多被期待表现较少的悲伤、焦虑，同时允许他们表露出愤怒、蔑视和厌恶。外化的情绪表达对于男性性别角色来说，显得更为果敢，自信，独立，甚至具有攻击性也在传统观点里认为能够意味着保护家庭和避免危险，并且具有抚养家庭的能力(Brody, 1999)。情…”
The Relation Between Temperament and Accumulated Cortisol Levels Among Toddlers Following Childcare Use
Song, J., & Yi, S.-H. (2016) · Korean Journal of Child Studies · doi:10.5723/kjcs.2016.37.3.1 · Cited by 3
Половые различия по когнитивным и личностным характеристикам у сиблингов в двухдетных семьях
Alekseeva, O. S., & Rzhanova, I. E. (2016) · Психологические исследования · doi:10.54359/ps.v9i45.487 · Cited by 2
The differences in procrastination and anxiety according to the gender and cognitive regulatory focus of university students
Kim, B.-K., & Yoo, S. (2015) · Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education · doi:10.13000/jfmse.2015.27.3.853 · Cited by 1
Temperamento de crianças em idade pré-escolar
Schmidt, B., Bossardi, C. N., Gomes, L. B., Crepaldi, M. A., & Vieira, M. L. (2013) · doi:10.12957/epp.2013.7941 · Cited by 1
“Esse resultado é compatível com dados da literatura, uma vez que, embora o temperamento seja relativamente estável ao longo do tempo, o processo de desenvolvimento influencia o modo como ele se apresenta (ELSE-QUEST et al., 2006).”
Background
Beyond staged retreat behind virtual ‘gender paradigm’ barricades: the rise and fall of the misrepresentation of partner‐violence, and its eclipse by an understanding of mate‐guarding
Moxon, S. (2011) · Journal of Aggression Conflict and Peace Research · doi:10.5042/jacpr.2011.0021 · Cited by 4
Temperament
Wachs, T. D., & Bates, J. E. (2010) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781444327564.ch20 · Cited by 3
Men Riskier, More Aggressive
Knoblach, R. A. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-19650-3_1674
Bereiche der Entwicklung – die Facetten des Kindes
Jenni, O. G. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-62448-7_2 · Cited by 3
Impact of Gender on Emotional Intelligence of University Teachers in Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Kanwal, S., Inam, H., & Khan, F. N. (2020) · Research Journal of Social Sciences & Economics Review (RJSSER) · doi:10.36902/rjsser-vol1-iss4-2020(289-300 · Cited by 2
Tender Emotion
Yeung, N. C. Y. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-24612-3_558 · Cited by 1
Selective attention and inhibition in young school-aged children
Gligorović, M., & Nataša, B. (2019) · Specijalna edukacija i rehabilitacija · doi:10.5937/specedreh18-22316 · Cited by 1
Musical Listening Interest, Socio-Demographic and Socio-Psychological Factors as Predictors of Test Anxiety Among Students of a Christian University in Jamaica
Ireland-Cleghorne, W. (2016) · Digital Commons - Andrews University (Andrews University) · doi:10.32597/dissertations/1608
Molecular Genetic Investigations of Personality: From Candidate Genes to Genome-wide Associations
Kazantseva, A., Malykh, S., & Khusnutdinova, E. (2016) · Behavioural Genetics for Education · doi:10.1057/9781137437327_8 · Cited by 2
Research Endeavors in Child Psychiatry in India-I
Malhotra, S., & Kate, N. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-81-322-1674-2_12 · Cited by 3
Self-Regulation and School Achievement in Contexts
Weis, M. (2015) · GenderOpen - Repositorium für die Geschlechterforschung · doi:10.25595/1257 · Cited by 3
“Previous research found a higher behavior regulation in girls than in boys (Cross et al., 2011; Silverman, 2003; Else-Quest et al., 2006) as well as a more frequent use of problem-oriented strategies and a less frequent use of emotion-oriented strategies in girls than in boys (Eschenbeck et al.,…”
Links between temperament and behavioral function
Morgan, T. A. (2012) · doi:10.17077/etd.dnvjixsi
Scaffolding cognitive and metacognitive strategy instruction in regular class lessons
Askell‐Williams, H., Lawson, M. J., & Skrzypiec, G. (2011) · Instructional Science · doi:10.1007/s11251-011-9182-5 · Cited by 136
“A study by Else-Quest et al. (2006) about gender differences in temperament showed differences, favouring girls, in effortful control, including attention, persistence, and inhibitory control.”
Risk Factors for Internalizing and Externalizing Problems in the Preschool Years: Systematic Literature Review Based on the Child Behavior Checklist 1½–5
Carneiro, A., Dias, P., & Soares, I. (2016) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-016-0456-z · Cited by 127
Perceived responsibility for learning, self-efficacy, and sources of self-efficacy in mathematics: a study of international baccalaureate primary years programme students
Lau, C., Kitsantas, A., Miller, A. D., & Rodgers, E. B. D. (2018) · Social Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s11218-018-9431-4 · Cited by 69
A Dual-Pathway Model Linking Self-Control Skills to Aggression in Adolescents: Happiness and Time Perspective as Mediators
Orkibi, H., & Ronen, T. (2018) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-018-9967-1 · Cited by 35
Characteristics of Preschool Gender Enforcers and Peers Who Associate with Them
Xiao, S. X., Cook, R. E., Martin, C., & Nielson, M. G. (2019) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-019-01026-y
“First, boys tend to be temperamentally more active than girls (see Else-Quest et al. 2006, a meta-analysis).”
Background
Metacognition and Academic Procrastination: A Meta-Analytical Examination
Zhou, M., Lam, K. K. L., & Zhang, Y. (2021) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10942-021-00415-1 · Cited by 44
Person-Centered Maternal Emotion Socialization and Child Temperament: Relations to Children’s Emotion Regulation and Anxiety and Depressive Symptoms
Howe, S. L., & Zimmer-Gembeck, M. (2022) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-022-02289-y
Adolescents’ Reluctance to Express Emotions: Relations to Parent Emotion Socialization
McNeil, D. J., & Zeman, J. L. (2020) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-020-01861-8 · Cited by 21
Being Shy at School
Rudasill, K. M., & Kalutskaya, I. N. (2014) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-014-0345-0 · Cited by 9
“From this point of view, it is via societal and cultural gender norms that parents’, teachers’, and caregivers’ perceptions of shyness have different implications for boys and girls (Else-Quest et al. 2006).”
Background
Diferencias de edad y género en comportamiento social, temperamento y regulación emocional en niños argentinos.
Reyna, C., & Brussino, S. (2015) · Acta Colombiana de Psicología · doi:10.14718/acp.2015.18.2.5 · Cited by 17
Self-control mediates the link between gender and academic achievement in sex-stereotyped school subjects in elementary and in higher secondary schools
Achtziger, A., & Bayer, U. C. (2018) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-018-9867-x · Cited by 14
Relations among Temperament, Familial Socioeconomic Status, and Inhibitory Control in Typically Developing Four-Year-Old Children
Hassan, R., Mills, A. S., Day, K. L., Lieshout, R. J. V., & Schmidt, L. A. (2019) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-019-01329-4 · Cited by 9
Adolescent Temperament, but Not Age or Gender, Is Associated with Parental Socialization of Positive Affect
Nyquist, A. C., Fredrick, J. W., & Luebbe, A. M. (2019) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-019-01379-8 · Cited by 3
The effect of grade framing on task engagement, task completion, and anticipated regret
Tifferet, S. (2020) · Instructional Science · doi:10.1007/s11251-020-09516-3 · Cited by 6
Do Profiles of Adolescent Temperament Differ on Family Processes and Adult Internalizing and Externalizing Symptoms?
Rabinowitz, J. A., Drabick, D. A. G., Packard, J. D., & Reynolds, M. (2018) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-018-1276-0 · Cited by 3
“Although previous work has indicated sex differences in the levels of some temperamental features (e.g., activity levels, task orientation; Else-Quest et al. 2006), it could be that when considering multiple temperament dimensions concurrently, sex differences in temperament are attenuated, at least in the current sam…”
BackgroundInfluential
The Korean Adaptation of the Short Form of the Adult Temperament Questionnaire (ATQ)
이, 미., Jeong, K. M., & 김, 종. (2018) · Journal of Life-span Studies · doi:10.30528/jolss.2018.8.2.007
The Mediating Role of Decision-Making in the Relationship Between Psychological Vulnerability and Mental Fatigue in Recreational Tennis Players: A Model Moderated by Gender
Kara, M., Genç, M., Açikbaş, F. C., & ÇETİN, M. Ç. (2026) · Yalova Üniversitesi spor bilimleri dergisi. · doi:10.70007/yalovaspor.1952090
Parental Mathematical Expectations-Involvement Profiles and Young Children’s Number Sense: A Latent Profile Analysis
Zhou, J., Zheng, Y.-W., Yu, Z.-R., & Liu, Y. (2026) · Behavioral Science · doi:10.3390/bs16111965
Development and application of the infant behavior observation scale.
Wei, W.-F., Zhao, J., Shi, Y.-H., Liu, W.-M., Wang, J.-T., Dong, K.-N., Jin, X., Wang, L., Zhu, Z.-L., Lu, Y.-S., et al. (2026) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2026.102258
Shyness as an Anticipatory Form of Appeasement in Urban Black American Children
Wilson, T. M. (2026) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs16101739
Early Developmental Screening and Family-Centred Support for Children at Risk of Developmental Disabilities in Mongolian Preschools: A Pilot Study
Khajid, A., Gankhuu, B., & Batkhuyag, T. (2026) · Child & Family Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1080/07317107.2026.2736483
Gender-specific co-developmental trajectories of emotional maltreatment among children: Relations to traditional bullying
Chen, L., Huebner, E. S., & Tian, L. (2026) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2026.108299
The Arabic version of the Brief Self-Control Scale (BSCS): psychometric validation and correlations with positive and negative mental health indicators among adolescents
Obeïd, S., Malaeb, D. N., Sakr, F., Dabbous, M., Hallit, S. R., & Fekih‐Romdhane, F. (2026) · International Journal of Adolescence and Youth · doi:10.1080/02673843.2026.2683139
Bedtime Inconsistency, Sugary Drink Consumption, and Anxiety Among a Nationally Representative Sample of U.S. Children
Knowlden, A. P., Flora, S. M., & Merianos, A. L. (2026) · Childhood Obesity · doi:10.1177/21532176261480180
“19 Race and ethnicity were operationalized using a three-category variable distinguishing non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, and other or multiracial children, consistent with NSCH analytic guidance.”
Maternal and Paternal Parenting Stress in Infancy: A Longitudinal Actor-Partner Interdependence Approach
Bernier, A., Tarabulsy, G. M., Matte‐Gagné, C., Matte‐Gagné, C., & Bernier, A. (2026) · Parenting · doi:10.1080/15295192.2026.2715387
Parenting Profiles in Chinese Preschool Families: Parental Emotional Intelligence and Children’s Social Competence
Li, S., & Gai, X. (2026) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs16081395
Measurement Invariance of Cyberbullying Test Across Age, Sex and Self-Reported Emotional and Behavioral Problems
Anichitoae, F. M., Dobrean, A., & Florean, I. S. (2026) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605261462160
Relationship between working memory, inhibitory control, and gross motor skills in children aged 8–9 years
Martins, M. D. S., AGUIRRE, F. A. M., Eberle, V. A. C., Smidt, N. C., & Sartori, R. F. (2026) · Applied Neuropsychology Child · doi:10.1080/21622965.2026.2705586
Children’s Self-Efficacy as a Buffer of Temperamental Inhibition and Impulsivity in the Prediction of Internalizing and Externalizing Behaviors
Sanchez, Y., Parry, L. Q., Cao, V. T., Davies, P. T., & Sturge‐Apple, M. L. (2026) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-026-01479-2
“Covariates included mother-reported child sex (1 = female; 2 = male) and annual household income per capita, as both variables have been linked with child outcomes in the past (Else-Quest et al., 2006; Evans & Kim, 2013).”
Exploring the Psychosocial Impact and Developing a Quality of Life Scale for Postpalatoplasty and Noncleft Patients With Functional Articulation Disorders.
Wang, Y.-P., Guo, S.-Y., Lin, Y., Zhao, X., & Chen, R.-J. (2026) · The Journal of craniofacial surgery (Print) · doi:10.1097/scs.0000000000013123
Behavioral Inhibition in Young Children: A Descriptive Study in a Very Large Non-Clinical Population
Komrij, N. L., Kösters, M. P., & Vreeke, L. J. (2026) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/01650254261461445
Interplay between children’s screen exposure and executive function: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Liu, C., Su, J., Wei, Y., Lin, S., Wu, X., Tang, Y., & Kan, P. (2026) · Journal of Children and Media · doi:10.1080/17482798.2026.2697013
Latent profile analysis and influence factors of neurodevelopment in children aged 0–6 years in China
Li, R., Zhang, R., Zheng, X., Wang, H., Guo, Y., Chen, C., Yu, H., 白莉, Li, Q., Luo, J., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1705627
Development and Validation of the Chinese Pictorial Big Five Personality Inventory for Children (CPBFI-C): Evidence of Reliability, Validity, Self–Other Agreement, and Measurement Invariance
Mu, W., Li, F., Zhang, L., Li, X., Li, S., Zhu, N., Cao, H., & Zhou, M. (2026) · Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology · doi:10.1177/18344909261466376
Child language development from early years to middle childhood: Examining its association with sustained attention, maternal supportiveness, and paternal involvement
Yu, J. J., & Chen, Y. (2026) · Cognitive Development · doi:10.1016/j.cogdev.2026.101760
Del ensayo al concierto: efectos de la ansiedad social evaluativa y de la autoestima en el rendimiento musical
Jose Fernando Fernández Company, & Freitas, C. (2026) · Educatio Siglo XXI · doi:10.6018/educatio.698771
Early and Chronic Postnatal Depression, Maternal Sensitivity to Non‐Distress and Infant Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in an Indian Birth Cohort
Bluett‐Duncan, M., Kishore, T., Satyanarayana, V. A., Supraja, T. A., Bozicevic, L., Holla, C., Wright, N., Preece, E., Pickles, A. R., Ps, C., et al. (2026) · Infancy · doi:10.1111/infa.70103
“…more reliant on caregiver scaffolding, while meta‐analytic evidence shows that girls display a significant advantage in effortful control, with stronger abilities to regulate and allocate attention and inhibit impulses than boys (Donald et al. 2019; Murray and Cooper 1997; Else‐Quest et al. 2006).”

Authors: Else-Quest, N. M., Hyde, J. S., Goldsmith, H. H., & Van Hulle, C. A.
Affiliations: University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
ORCID: Else-Quest, Nicole M.
Hyde, Janet Shibley
Goldsmith, H. Hill
Venue: Psychological Bulletin
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2006-01
Volume: 132
Issue: 1
Pages: 33-72
ISSN: 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
1939-1455
DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.132.1.33
OpenAlex: W1979582482
Cited by: 1,169
References: 266
Citations by year: 2026: 50 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 51 · 2023: 37 · 2022: 61 · 2021: 68 · 2020: 74 · 2019: 73 · 2018: 67 · 2017: 75 · 2016: 74 · 2015: 77 · 2014: 64 · 2013: 81 · 2012: 61
FWCI: 5.25
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
Keywords: gender differences, temperament, effortful control, inhibitory control, perceptual sensitivity, surgency, negative affectivity, children, externalizing disorders, rough-and-tumble play, emotional reactivity
MeSH terms: Female, Humans, Male, Personality, Personality Development, Psychological Theory, Sex Factors, Temperament

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Gender differences in temperament: A meta-analysis.

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