The DOI matches its Crossref record; 15 of the 15 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Gender differences in temperament: A meta-analysis.
Abstract
The authors used meta-analytical techniques to estimate the magnitude of gender differences in mean level and variability of 35 dimensions and 3 factors of temperament in children ages 3 months to 13 years. Effortful control showed a large difference favoring girls and the dimensions within that factor (e.g., inhibitory control: d = -.41, perceptual sensitivity: d = -0.38) showed moderate gender differences favoring girls, consistent with boys' greater incidence of externalizing disorders. Surgency showed a difference favoring boys, as did some of the dimensions within that factor (e.g., activity: d = 0.33, high-intensity pleasure: d = 0.30), consistent with boys' greater involvement in active rough-and-tumble play. Negative affectivity showed negligible gender differences.
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In the citing paper
“Given no gender difference in negative affectivity in infancy and childhood (Else-Quest et al., 2006), for temperament to account for the emergence of the gender difference in depression in adolescence requires an interaction between vulnerable temperament and some other factor, such as stress, with stress increasing dramatically in adolescence and increasing more for females than males.”
From Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms (2017) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“Findings suggest a small influence of gender, whereby men procrastinate slightly more than women do, revealing a weak negative correlation between the female gender and procrastination (r = -.08),possibly related to greater selfcontrol among women in general (van Eerde, 2003;Else-Quest, Hyde, Goldsmith, & van Hulle, 2006).”
From Understanding and Treating Procrastination: A Review of a Common Self-Regulatory Failure (2014) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“females scored higher on agreeableness (SMD = 0.56)”
From A Systematic Review and New Analyses of the Gender-Equality Paradox (2025) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“forgiveness (SMD = 0.28)”
From A Systematic Review and New Analyses of the Gender-Equality Paradox (2025) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“neuroticism (SMD = 0.41)”
From A Systematic Review and New Analyses of the Gender-Equality Paradox (2025) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“altruism (SMD = 0.11)”
From A Systematic Review and New Analyses of the Gender-Equality Paradox (2025) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“morningness (SMD = 0.08)”
From A Systematic Review and New Analyses of the Gender-Equality Paradox (2025) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“effortful control (SMD = 0.12)”
From A Systematic Review and New Analyses of the Gender-Equality Paradox (2025) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“extraversion (SMD = 0.15)”
From A Systematic Review and New Analyses of the Gender-Equality Paradox (2025) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“Males, on the other hand, were higher on negative reciprocity (SMD = 0.13)”
From A Systematic Review and New Analyses of the Gender-Equality Paradox (2025) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“positive reciprocity (SMD = 0.06)”
From A Systematic Review and New Analyses of the Gender-Equality Paradox (2025) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“sociotropy (SMD = 0.34”
From A Systematic Review and New Analyses of the Gender-Equality Paradox (2025) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“risk-taking (SMDs = 0.17–SMD = 0.36)”
From A Systematic Review and New Analyses of the Gender-Equality Paradox (2025) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“general impulsivity (SMD = 0.09”
From A Systematic Review and New Analyses of the Gender-Equality Paradox (2025) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“patience (SMD = 0.05)”
From A Systematic Review and New Analyses of the Gender-Equality Paradox (2025) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“Negative affectivity was the only univariate personality dimension that showed no sex differences (Else-Quest et al., 2006).”
From A Systematic Review and New Analyses of the Gender-Equality Paradox (2025) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“trust (SMD = 0.06)”
From A Systematic Review and New Analyses of the Gender-Equality Paradox (2025) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“narcissism (SMD = 0.27)”
From A Systematic Review and New Analyses of the Gender-Equality Paradox (2025) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“The authors concluded that girls have a stronger ability than boys to regulate their attention and inhibit their impulses -skills that certainly serve girls well in the classroom (Blair and Razza, 2007).”
From Gender and Education (2015) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“A recent meta-analysis of temperament in childhood and preadolescence reported a large difference between boys ' and girls ' effortful control (Cohen ' s d ¼ 1.01; Else-Quest et al., 2006).”
From Gender and Education (2015) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“It should be noted, however, that boys and girls do not differ substantially in their ability to resist temptation or susceptibility to distraction (Else-Quest et al., 2006; Silverman, 2003).”
From Gender and Education (2015) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
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Crowell, S. E., & Kaufman, E. A. (2016) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579416000705 · Cited by 28
Heikamp, T., Trommsdorff, G., Druey, M. D., Hübner, R., & von Suchodoletz, A. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00133 · Cited by 27
“However, Else-Quest et al. (2006) concluded from the results of a meta-analytic study that there is an overall greater reliance on questionnaire data in the field of temperament research (e.g., concerning the assessment of inhibitory control and related concepts).”
ResultDragan, W., Kmita, G., & Fronczyk, K. (2011) · doi:10.1177/0165025411422181 · Cited by 23
Saudino, K. J. (2009) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2008.00801.x · Cited by 24
Speech-Language Dissociations, Distractibility, and Childhood Stuttering
Clark, C. E., Conture, E. G., Walden, T. A., & Lambert, W. E. (2015) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/2015_ajslp-14-0198 · Cited by 22
Zhang, L., Liang, H., Bjureberg, J., Xiong, F., & Cai, Z. (2023) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-023-01891-7 · Cited by 26
“This may be because compared to men, women can experience and express a wider range of emotions such as fear and sadness, which might make it easier for them to recognize the emotions of others (Else-Quest et al., 2006).”
Nolvi, S., Tuulari, J. J., Lavonius, T. I., Scheinin, N. M., Lehtola, S. J., Lavonius, M., Merisaari, H., Saunavaara, J. P., Korja, R., Kataja, E., et al. (2020) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsaa081 · Cited by 27
Maruyama, J. M., Pastor‐Valero, M., Santos, I. S., Munhoz, T. N., Barros, F. C., & Matijasevich, A. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.03.072 · Cited by 28
“Although the sex differences in socioemotional and psychopathology development are well established (Else-Quest et al., 2006; Zahn-Waxler et al., 2008), the sex interaction effect for the association between longitudinal maternal depressive symptoms and offspring mental health outcomes is not always reported in previo…”
ResultSong, J., Miller, A. L., Leung, C. Y. Y., Lumeng, J. C., & Rosenblum, K. L. (2018) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-018-1066-8 · Cited by 24
Ontogeny of emotional and behavioral problems in a low-income, Mexican American sample.
Lin, B., Crnic, K. A., Luecken, L. J., & Gonzales, N. A. (2017) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0000391 · Cited by 15
The impact of choice on young children’s prosocial motivation
Rapp, D. J., Engelmann, J. M., Herrmann, E., & Tomasello, M. (2017) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2017.01.004 · Cited by 24
Gender Identity: Nature and Nurture Working Together
Eagly, A. H., & Wood, W. (2017) · Evolutionary Studies in Imaginative Culture · doi:10.26613/esic.1.1.10 · Cited by 24
Profiles of Social-Emotional Readiness for 4-Year-Old Kindergarten
Miller, M. M., & Goldsmith, H. H. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00132 · Cited by 26
“Although the temperament literature suggests that girls are more ready (Keogh, 1982, 1986; Martin, 1989; Else-Quest et al., 2006), characteristics of early school readiness are shared by boys and girls.”
BackgroundSelf-citationAttentional biases in healthy adults: Exploring the impact of temperament and gender
Pintzinger, N. M., Pfabigan, D. M., Tran, U. S., Kryspin‐Exner, I., & Lamm, C. (2016) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2016.02.003 · Cited by 23
Chang, H., & Olson, S. L. (2015) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-015-0063-2 · Cited by 28
“Additionally, our findings are inconsistent with prior studies that have documented girls to manifest more sophisticated effortful control skills than boys (Else-Quest et al. 2006; Kochanska et al. 2000).”
BackgroundResultOrkibi, H., & Ronen, T. (2015) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2015.06.001 · Cited by 22
Poehlmann, J., Burnson, C., & Weymouth, L. (2014) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2014.884610 · Cited by 22
“Girls and children with more optimal general cognitive functioning perform better on effortful control tasks (e.g., Else-Quest et al., 2006; Kochanska & Knaack, 2003) and assessments focusing on internalized representations of relationships (e.g., Bretherton, Ridgeway, et al., 1990; Grych et al.,…”
BackgroundA Twin Study of Sex Differences in Self-Control
Boisvert, D. L., WRIGHT, J. P., Knopik, V. S., & Vaske, J. C. (2011) · Justice Quarterly · doi:10.1080/07418825.2011.610762 · Cited by 19
Zhu, N. W., Weedon, J., & Dow-Edwards, D. L. (2010) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2009.12.004 · Cited by 22
Davis, S. N., & Risman, B. J. (2014) · Social Science Research · doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2014.07.012 · Cited by 21
Wall, C. A., Hogan, A. L., Will, E., McQuillin, S. D., Kelleher, B., & Roberts, J. E. (2019) · Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1186/s11689-019-9284-y · Cited by 23
“Agerelated sex influences on negative affect trajectories were not observed in the TD group, a finding that corroborates prior work demonstrating that males and females in the general population do not differ in parent-reported negative affect [28].”
BackgroundResultProfiles of Psychological Resilience in College Students With Disabilities
Ganguly, R., & Perera, H. N. (2018) · Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment · doi:10.1177/0734282918783604 · Cited by 23
Rabinowitz, J. A., Drabick, D. A. G., Reynolds, M., Clark, D. B., & Olino, T. M. (2016) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2015.12.006 · Cited by 20
Holmberg, E., Kataja, E., Davis, E. P., Pajulo, M., Nolvi, S., Lahtela, H., Nordenswan, E., Karlsson, L., Karlsson, H., & Korja, R. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0279384 · Cited by 20
“Are associations between unpredictability of maternal sensory signals at 8 months of infant age and child effortful control at 5 years of age moderated by child sex? Previous studies reported both sex-specific responses to early adversity and quality of caregiving behaviors, as well as sex differences in child effortf…”
BackgroundInfluentialPromoting Gender Equality by Supporting Men’s Emotional Flexibility
Croft, A., Atkinson, C., & May, A. M. (2021) · Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1177/2372732220984491 · Cited by 23
“This is paralleled in childhood, wherein girls tend to exert more effortful control than boys (Else-Quest et al., 2006).”
BackgroundMaternal and infant characteristics connected to shared pleasure in dyadic interaction
Puura, K., Leppänen, J., Salmelin, R. K., Mäntymaa, M., Luoma, I., Latva, R., Peltola, M. J., Lehtimäki, T. J., & Tamminen, T. (2019) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.21786 · Cited by 25
Morales, S., Miller, N. V., Troller‐Renfree, S. V., White, L. K., Degnan, K. A., Henderson, H. A., & Fox, N. A. (2019) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579419000166 · Cited by 28
Niditch, L. A., & Varela, R. E. (2018) · Child & Youth Care Forum · doi:10.1007/s10566-018-9447-0 · Cited by 29
“However, some research indicates that girls have greater effortful control in preschool than boys (Else-Quest et al. 2006).”
BackgroundScrimin, S., Moscardino, U. M. M., Altoè, G., & Masón, L. (2017) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12329 · Cited by 20
Farkas, C., Vallotton, C. D., Strasser, K., Santelices, M. P., & Himmel, E. (2017) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2017.09.010 · Cited by 22
Streit, C., Carlo, G., Ispa, J. M., & Palermo, F. (2017) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0000306 · Cited by 22
Hulle, C. A. V., Moore, M. N., Lemery‐Chalfant, K., Goldsmith, H. H., & Brooker, R. J. (2017) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579417000311 · Cited by 22
Self-citationThe Early Development Instrument: an evaluation of its five domains using Rasch analysis
Curtin, M., Browne, J. P., Staines, A. S., & Perry, I. J. (2016) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s12887-016-0543-8 · Cited by 20
Martoccio, T. L., Brophy‐Herb, H. E., Maupin, A. N., & Robinson, J. L. (2015) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2015.1111397 · Cited by 31
Children's Use of Slope to Guide Navigation: Sex Differences Relate to Spontaneous Slope Perception
Holmes, C. A., Nardi, D., Newcombe, N. S., & Weisberg, S. M. (2015) · Spatial Cognition and Computation · doi:10.1080/13875868.2015.1015131 · Cited by 27
“Even in the absence of masculine toys, males are generally more active than females (Eaton & Enns, 1986; Else-Quest et al., 2006), and the majority of males’ activity occurs outdoors (Harper & Sanders, 1975; Eaton & Enns, 1986; Cherney & London, 2006).”
BackgroundEffortful control, positive emotional expression, and behavior problems in children born preterm
Burnson, C., Poehlmann, J., & Schwichtenberg, A. J. (2013) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2013.04.003 · Cited by 35
Ziviani, J. M., Feeney, R., Cuskelly, M., Meredith, P. J., & Hunt, K. F. (2012) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2012.01.002 · Cited by 19
Alatupa, S., Pulkki-Råbäck, L., Hintsanen, M., Mullola, S., Lipsanen, J. O., & Keltikangas‐Järvinen, L. (2011) · Psychology · doi:10.4236/psych.2011.26084 · Cited by 22
“…shown to be more gender typed than are parents’ ratings, and it has been suggested that this may result from teachers’ frequent observations of students’ interactions among same gendered students, which in turn, have shown to magnify gender role differences (Else-Quest et al., 2006; Maccoby, 1990).”
BackgroundThe French Adaptation of the Short Form of the Adult Temperament Questionnaire
Laverdière, O., Diguer, L., Gamache, D., & Evans, D. E. (2010) · European Journal of Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1027/1015-5759/a000028 · Cited by 19
Peng, D., Zheng, W., Liu, L., Jiang, W.-B., Li, Z., Lu, Y., & Lu, B. (2023) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ad085a · Cited by 19
“…layer is N (i.e. 62 for the SEED series, 32 for DEAP and 14 for DREAMER), the numbers of output channels of the first and second convolutional layers are fined tuned within { [ 35 , 10 ] , [ 40 , 20 ] } for the SEED series and { [ 14 , 8 ] , [ 10 , 5 ] } for DEAP and DREMAER, respectively.”
Berthelot, N., Garon‐Bissonnette, J., Jomphe, V., Doucet-Beaupré, H., Bureau, A., & Maziade, M. (2022) · Schizophrenia Bulletin Open · doi:10.1093/schizbullopen/sgac017 · Cited by 22
“It is also of relevance that a vast literature has shown sizeable sex differences in childhood vulnerability, young boys being at higher risk, 42,43 which may be reflected in the consistent observations of considerable sex differences in major psychiatric disorders.”
Zheng, X., Chen, J.-W., Guo, Y.-F., Xiong, Q., Hu, Y.-Q., Shi, S., Li, C., & Yu, Q.-L. (2020) · Addictive Behaviors Reports · doi:10.1016/j.abrep.2020.100271 · Cited by 19
Lindsey, E. W., & Berks, P. S. (2019) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2019.01.005 · Cited by 23
Prediction and job-related outcomes of procrastination in the workplace
Pearlman-Avnion, S., & Zibenberg, A. (2018) · Journal of Prevention & Intervention in the Community · doi:10.1080/10852352.2018.1470418 · Cited by 24
Parental and Infant Gender Factors in Parent–Infant Interaction: State-Space Dynamic Analysis
Cerezo, M. Á., García, P. S., Pons-Salvador, G., & Trenado, R. M. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01724 · Cited by 21
“Regarding this parental control, some findings indicated that gender differences, in the use of parental control strategies are less relevant when the children are younger (Lytton and Romney, 1991; Leaper et al., 1998; Alink et al., 2006; Else-Quest et al., 2006).”
BackgroundDEVELOPMENT OF DISRUPTIVE BEHAVIORS IN YOUNG CHILDREN: A PROSPECTIVE POPULATION-BASED COHORT STUDY.
Baillargeon, R. H., Morisset, A., Keenan, K., Normand, C., Séguin, J., Japel, C., & Cao, G. (2012) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.21353 · Cited by 19
Hyperactivity, shyness, and sex: Development and socio‐emotional functioning
Rydell, A., Diamantopoulou, S., Thorell, L. B., & Bohlin, G. (2008) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1348/026151008x346996 · Cited by 18
Fathers and the Activation Relationship
Paquette, D., Gagnon, C., & de Medeiros, J. M. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-51027-5_19 · Cited by 29
Zhou, X., Planalp, E. M., Heinrich, L., Pletcher, C., DiPiero, M. A., Alexander, A. L., Litovsky, R. Y., & Dean, D. (2022) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2021.798358 · Cited by 29
Hafsa, S., Aqeel, M., & Shuja, K. H. (2021) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · doi:10.53107/nnjp.v1i1.5 · Cited by 16
Sechi, C., Vismara, L., Rollè, L., Prino, L. E., & Lucarelli, L. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02066 · Cited by 18
Greater variability in chimpanzee ( Pan troglodytes ) brain structure among males
DeCasien, A. R., Sherwood, C. C., Schapiro, S. J., & Higham, J. P. (2020) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2019.2858 · Cited by 16
Trajectories of Observed Shyness and Psychosocial Adjustment in Children
Poole, K. L., Cunningham, C. E., & Schmidt, L. A. (2020) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-020-00962-1 · Cited by 26
Life course persistent antisocial behavior silver anniversary
Eme, R. F. (2019) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2019.101344 · Cited by 23
Arace, A., Scarzello, D., Zonca, P., & Agostini, P. (2019) · Early Child Development and Care · doi:10.1080/03004430.2019.1655736 · Cited by 18
Profiles of academic, cognitive, and behavioral development from kindergarten to third grade
Elliott, L. E. (2019) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2019.01.010 · Cited by 26
Fuchs, A., Möhler, E., Resch, F., & Kaess, M. (2016) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-016-1525-6 · Cited by 21
Jovev, M., Whittle, S., Yücel, M., Simmons, J. G., Allen, N. B., & Chanen, A. M. (2013) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579413000886 · Cited by 24
The New Science of Sex Difference
Wade, L. D. (2013) · Sociology Compass · doi:10.1111/soc4.12028 · Cited by 20
“…personality, cognitive abilities, sexuality, temperament, and motor skills offer better evidence for similarity than difference, even in the face of cultural and social structural forces that reflect a gender binary (Else-Quest et al. 2006; Hyde 2005; Petersen and Hyde 2010; Wallentin 2009).”
BackgroundCHILDHOOD TEMPERAMENT‐BASED ANTICIPATORY GUIDANCE IN AN HMO SETTING: A LONGITUDINAL STUDY
Cameron, J. R., Rice, D. C., Sparkman, G., & Neville, H. F. (2013) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.21526 · Cited by 19
DEVELOPMENT AND SOCIALIZATION OF PHYSICAL AGGRESSION IN VERY YOUNG BOYS
Dayton, C. J., & Malone, J. C. (2016) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.21622 · Cited by 17
“Despite the noted limitations, taken together with the findings that infant girls are more adept at facial-expression processing (McClure, 2000) and tend to sustain eye contact for longer periods of time, as compared with males, and the fact that infant boys tend to be more physically active, as compared with girls (E…”
BackgroundResult“I’ll do it Later”: Multilevel antecedents of homework procrastination
Yang, F., Xu, J., Núñez, J. C., Wang, C., & Pu, L. (2024) · The Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1080/00220671.2024.2341675 · Cited by 17
“One explanation is that there are gender differences in motivational beliefs (e.g. task value; Klassen et al., 2009) and self-regulatory processes (e.g. effortful con-trol; Else-Quest et al., 2006), both favoring females.”
BackgroundEmotionality and performance: An emotion-regulation approach to music performance anxiety
Kaleńska-Rodzaj, J. (2023) · Musicae Scientiae · doi:10.1177/10298649231173565 · Cited by 20
“A meta-analysis of research on children exploring differences in 35 temperamental traits showed that boys score higher for activity, but differences in negative affectivity attributable to sex are negligible (Else-Quest et al., 2006).”
BackgroundCassiano, R. G. M., Gaspardo, C. M., & Linhares, M. B. M. (2019) · Early Human Development · doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2019.06.006 · Cited by 22
Acar, İ. H., Frohn, S. R., Prokasky, A., Molfese, V. J., & Bates, J. E. (2018) · Infant and Child Development · doi:10.1002/icd.2116 · Cited by 21
Allan, N. P., Joye, S. W., & Lonigan, C. J. (2013) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054713512522 · Cited by 16
Infant Predictors of Toddler Effortful Control: A Multi‐method Developmentally Sensitive Approach
Erickson, N. L., Gartstein, M., & Beauchaine, T. P. (2017) · Infant and Child Development · doi:10.1002/icd.1971 · Cited by 17
Gartstein, M. A., Hookenson, K., Brain, U. M., Devlin, A. M., GRUNAU, R. E., & Oberlander, T. F. (2016) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.21414 · Cited by 18
Barnett, M. A., & Scaramella, L. V. (2015) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579415000759 · Cited by 17
Wilson, S., Schalet, B. D., Hicks, B. M., & Zucker, R. A. (2013) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2013.02.010 · Cited by 17
Development of Self-Regulation in Context
Heikamp, T., Trommsdorff, G., & Fäsche, A. (2013) · De Gruyter eBooks · doi:10.1515/9783110284461.193 · Cited by 27
Two Superordinate Personality Factors in Childhood
Slobodskaya, H. (2011) · doi:10.1002/per.810 · Cited by 17
“In line with this reasoning, a substantial secondary loading of Conscientiousness on b in the current study could be explained by those features of Conscientiousness that encompass motivation and goal-directed behaviour on one end and constraint or inhibition on the other (Caspi & Shiner, 2006; Else-Quest et al., 2006…”
ResultWeiss, S. J., Jonn‐Seed, M. S., & Harris-Muchell, C. (2007) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01745.x · Cited by 21
Soussignan, R., Boivin, M., Girard, A., Pérusse, D., Liu, X., & Tremblay, R. E. (2008) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2008.09.002 · Cited by 16
Prenatal Cannabis Exposure and Executive Function and Aggressive Behavior at Age 5 Years
Keim, S. A., Fried, P. A., Yeates, K. O., Boone, K. M., Vrantsidis, D. M., Dean, A., Murnan, A., Rausch, J. R., & Klebanoff, M. A. (2024) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2024.4352 · Cited by 23
Comparison and characteristics of children successfully treated for daytime urinary incontinence.
Jessen, A., Hagstroem, S., & Borch, L. (2021) · Journal of Pediatric Urology · doi:10.1016/j.jpurol.2021.11.013 · Cited by 16
Adolescents’ goals, self-efficacy, and positive emotions – how important is the learning context?
Schweder, S., Raufelder, D., & Wulff, T. (2020) · International Journal of School & Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/21683603.2020.1791771 · Cited by 23
“Several studies have documented ambiguous genderspecific differences in adolescents’ emotional experiences (Brody et al., 2016; Else-Quest et al., 2006).”
BackgroundMaasalo, K., Lindblom, J., Kiviruusu, O. H., Santalahti, P., & Aronen, E. T. (2020) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579420000176 · Cited by 29
“When differences have been established, females have usually been found to have better or more effective IC than males from early childhood to adulthood (Else-Quest et al., 2006; Gagne & Saudino, 2016; Rubia et al., 2013; Yuan et al., 2008).”
BackgroundErickson, N. L., Hancock, G. R., Oberlander, T. F., Brain, U. M., GRUNAU, R. E., & Gartstein, M. A. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.08.003 · Cited by 24
Nolvi, S., Bridgett, D. J., Korja, R., Kataja, E., Junttila, N., Karlsson, H., & Karlsson, L. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.07.055 · Cited by 16
Buil, J. M., van Lier, P. A. C., Brendgen, M. R., Koot, H. M., & Vitaro, F. (2017) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000132 · Cited by 18
Jeronimus, B. F., Riese, H., Oldehinkel, A. J., & Ormel, J. (2016) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.2086 · Cited by 24
Carrasco, M. Á., Tello, F. P. H., Delgado, B., & González-Peña, P. (2015) · European Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17405629.2015.1083852 · Cited by 19
“These relations will be tested in both boys and girls given the evidence that temperament and behaviour problems operate differently in the different sexes (else-Quest et al., 2006; Lengua, 2008).”
BackgroundInfluentialEmotion Regulation in Sexually Abused Preschoolers: The Contribution of Parental Factors
Langevin, R., Hébert, M., Allard‐Dansereau, C., & Bernard‐Bonnin, A. (2016) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22082 · Cited by 19
Impact of Fathers’ Alcohol Problems on the Development of Effortful Control in Early Adolescence
Adkison, S. E., Grohman, K., Colder, C. R., Leonard, K. E., Orrange-Torchia, T., Peterson, E., & Eiden, R. D. (2013) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs · doi:10.15288/jsad.2013.74.674 · Cited by 14
“In a metaanalysis outlining gender differences in temperament, the authors found that girls were better able to regulate their behavior and inhibit their actions than boys (Else-Quest et al., 2006).”
BackgroundChild Characteristics and Their Reciprocal Effects on Parenting
Sanson, A. V., Letcher, P., & Havighurst, S. S. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-94598-9_15 · Cited by 21
Root, A. E., & Rasmussen, K. E. (2015) · Infant and Child Development · doi:10.1002/icd.1955 · Cited by 17
Brieant, A. E., Cai, T., Ip, K. I., Holt-Gosselin, B., & Gee, D. G. (2025) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-024-01804-0 · Cited by 13
“Higher risk for externalizing symptoms in boys may be attributable to factors such as lower levels of inhibitory control and slower language development [34] relative to girls during childhood [18].”
Family Violence Pathways and Externalizing Behavior in Youth
Bozzay, M. L., Joy, L. N., & Verona, E. (2017) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260517724251 · Cited by 18
Liu, T., Zhang, X., Zhao, K., & Chan, W. L. (2020) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105192 · Cited by 18
Development and Validation of the Parents’ Gendered Emotion Beliefs Scale
Thomassin, K., Seddon, J. A., & Vaughn, R. (2019) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-019-01591-6 · Cited by 16
Applications of Temperament: A Review of Caregiver-Focused Temperament-Driven Interventions
Iverson, S. L., & Gartstein, M. A. (2017) · Early Education and Development · doi:10.1080/10409289.2017.1341805 · Cited by 19
Women's Lives : A Psychological Exploration, Fourth Edition
Etaugh, C., & Bridges, J. S. (2017) · doi:10.4324/9781315449401 · Cited by 15
VanSchyndel, S. K., Eisenberg, N., Valiente, C., & Spinrad, T. L. (2015) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2015.12.001 · Cited by 13
Metadata
- Authors
- Else-Quest, N. M., Hyde, J. S., Goldsmith, H. H., & Van Hulle, C. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 2006-01
- Volume
- 132
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 33-72
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- OpenAlex
- W1979582482
- Cited by
- 1,169
- References
- 266
- Citations by year
- 2026: 50 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 51 · 2023: 37 · 2022: 61 · 2021: 68 · 2020: 74 · 2019: 73 · 2018: 67 · 2017: 75 · 2016: 74 · 2015: 77 · 2014: 64 · 2013: 81 · 2012: 61
- FWCI
- 5.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Keywords
- gender differences, temperament, effortful control, inhibitory control, perceptual sensitivity, surgency, negative affectivity, children, externalizing disorders, rough-and-tumble play, emotional reactivity
- MeSH terms
- Female, Humans, Male, Personality, Personality Development, Psychological Theory, Sex Factors, Temperament
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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