The DOI matches its Crossref record; 15 of the 15 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Gender differences in temperament: A meta-analysis.
Abstract
The authors used meta-analytical techniques to estimate the magnitude of gender differences in mean level and variability of 35 dimensions and 3 factors of temperament in children ages 3 months to 13 years. Effortful control showed a large difference favoring girls and the dimensions within that factor (e.g., inhibitory control: d = -.41, perceptual sensitivity: d = -0.38) showed moderate gender differences favoring girls, consistent with boys' greater incidence of externalizing disorders. Surgency showed a difference favoring boys, as did some of the dimensions within that factor (e.g., activity: d = 0.33, high-intensity pleasure: d = 0.30), consistent with boys' greater involvement in active rough-and-tumble play. Negative affectivity showed negligible gender differences.
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In the citing paper
“Given no gender difference in negative affectivity in infancy and childhood (Else-Quest et al., 2006), for temperament to account for the emergence of the gender difference in depression in adolescence requires an interaction between vulnerable temperament and some other factor, such as stress, with stress increasing dramatically in adolescence and increasing more for females than males.”
From Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms (2017) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“Findings suggest a small influence of gender, whereby men procrastinate slightly more than women do, revealing a weak negative correlation between the female gender and procrastination (r = -.08),possibly related to greater selfcontrol among women in general (van Eerde, 2003;Else-Quest, Hyde, Goldsmith, & van Hulle, 2006).”
From Understanding and Treating Procrastination: A Review of a Common Self-Regulatory Failure (2014) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“females scored higher on agreeableness (SMD = 0.56)”
From A Systematic Review and New Analyses of the Gender-Equality Paradox (2025) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“forgiveness (SMD = 0.28)”
From A Systematic Review and New Analyses of the Gender-Equality Paradox (2025) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“neuroticism (SMD = 0.41)”
From A Systematic Review and New Analyses of the Gender-Equality Paradox (2025) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“altruism (SMD = 0.11)”
From A Systematic Review and New Analyses of the Gender-Equality Paradox (2025) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“morningness (SMD = 0.08)”
From A Systematic Review and New Analyses of the Gender-Equality Paradox (2025) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“effortful control (SMD = 0.12)”
From A Systematic Review and New Analyses of the Gender-Equality Paradox (2025) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“extraversion (SMD = 0.15)”
From A Systematic Review and New Analyses of the Gender-Equality Paradox (2025) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“Males, on the other hand, were higher on negative reciprocity (SMD = 0.13)”
From A Systematic Review and New Analyses of the Gender-Equality Paradox (2025) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“positive reciprocity (SMD = 0.06)”
From A Systematic Review and New Analyses of the Gender-Equality Paradox (2025) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“sociotropy (SMD = 0.34”
From A Systematic Review and New Analyses of the Gender-Equality Paradox (2025) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“risk-taking (SMDs = 0.17–SMD = 0.36)”
From A Systematic Review and New Analyses of the Gender-Equality Paradox (2025) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“general impulsivity (SMD = 0.09”
From A Systematic Review and New Analyses of the Gender-Equality Paradox (2025) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“patience (SMD = 0.05)”
From A Systematic Review and New Analyses of the Gender-Equality Paradox (2025) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“Negative affectivity was the only univariate personality dimension that showed no sex differences (Else-Quest et al., 2006).”
From A Systematic Review and New Analyses of the Gender-Equality Paradox (2025) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“trust (SMD = 0.06)”
From A Systematic Review and New Analyses of the Gender-Equality Paradox (2025) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“narcissism (SMD = 0.27)”
From A Systematic Review and New Analyses of the Gender-Equality Paradox (2025) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“The authors concluded that girls have a stronger ability than boys to regulate their attention and inhibit their impulses -skills that certainly serve girls well in the classroom (Blair and Razza, 2007).”
From Gender and Education (2015) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“A recent meta-analysis of temperament in childhood and preadolescence reported a large difference between boys ' and girls ' effortful control (Cohen ' s d ¼ 1.01; Else-Quest et al., 2006).”
From Gender and Education (2015) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“It should be noted, however, that boys and girls do not differ substantially in their ability to resist temptation or susceptibility to distraction (Else-Quest et al., 2006; Silverman, 2003).”
From Gender and Education (2015) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
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Schermerhorn, A. C., Bates, J. E., Goodnight, J. A., Lansford, J. E., Dodge, K. A., & Pettit, G. S. (2013) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.12076 · Cited by 42
Hughes, K., & Coplan, R. J. (2017) · School Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1037/spq0000201 · Cited by 50
“In comparison, girls’ lower levels of distractibility and higher levels of persistence may make them more resilient to classroom climate (Else-Quest et al., 2006; Mortensen & Barnett, 2015).”
BackgroundResaland, G. K., Moe, V. F., Bartholomew, J. B., Andersen, L. B., McKay, H. A., Anderssen, S. A., & Aadland, E. (2017) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.10.034 · Cited by 45
The Dutch Version of the Emotion Reactivity Scale
Claes, L., Smits, D., & Bijttebier, P. (2013) · European Journal of Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1027/1015-5759/a000171 · Cited by 31
The correlation between mobile phone addiction and procrastination in students: A meta-analysis
Zhou, X., Yang, F., Chen, Y., & Gao, Y. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.11.020 · Cited by 51
The Association of Gender, Ethnicity, Age, and Education With Rorschach Scores
Meyer, G. J., Giromini, L., Viglione, D. J., Reese, J. B., & Mihura, J. L. (2014) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191114544358 · Cited by 45
Choe, D. E., Shaw, D. S., Brennan, L. M., Dishion, T. J., & Wilson, M. N. (2014) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579414000613 · Cited by 45
“Feske et al. (2001) recommend treatments be aligned for mothers with depression and their children to provide families more individualized care.”
Infant's psychophysiological profile and temperament at 3 and 12 months.
Costa, R., & Figueiredo, B. (2011) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2011.01.002 · Cited by 36
Patwardhan, I., Nelson, T. D., McClelland, M. M., & Mason, W. A. (2021) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-020-00757-x · Cited by 42
“Girls and boys were not found to differ on their level of internalizing problems in childhood (Else-Quest et al., 2006), and it was suggested that sex differences, placing females at higher risk for internalizing problems, do not emerge until early adolescence (Zahn-Waxler et al.”
BackgroundScrimin, S., Osler, G., Pozzoli, T., & Moscardino, U. M. M. (2018) · Child Care Health and Development · doi:10.1111/cch.12596 · Cited by 35
Displacement Behaviour Is Associated with Reduced Stress Levels among Men but Not Women
Mohiyeddini, C., Bauer, S., & Semple, S. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056355 · Cited by 45
“Furthermore, there is evidence for sex differences in psychological phenomena that might be related to displacement behaviour, such as the experience and expression of emotions [30], experience of stress [31], generation of stress [32], negative affectivity [33] and temperament [34].”
BackgroundIp, K. I., Jester, J. M., Sameroff, A. J., & Olson, S. L. (2019) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579418001323 · Cited by 47
“Moreover, between infancy through adolescence, girls showed better social sensitivity, empathy, prosociality, and ER than boys (Else-Quest et al., 2006; Zahn-Waxler et al., 2008).”
BackgroundDevelopmental patterns of anger from infancy to middle childhood predict problem behaviors at age 8.
Liu, C., Moore, G. A., Beekman, C. R., Pérez‐Edgar, K. E., Leve, L. D., Shaw, D. S., Ganiban, J. M., Natsuaki, M. N., Reiss, D., & Neiderhiser, J. M. (2018) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0000589 · Cited by 35
Is pre-K classroom quality associated with kindergarten and middle-school academic skills?
Anderson, S., & Phillips, D. A. (2017) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0000312 · Cited by 32
Scrimin, S., Moscardino, U. M. M., Altoè, G., & Masón, L. (2016) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjep.12104 · Cited by 38
Kopystynska, O., Spinrad, T. L., Seay, D. M., & Eisenberg, N. (2016) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0000122 · Cited by 35
CANCER CAREGIVERS' DISCRIMINATION AND ITS IMPACT TO QUALITY OF LIFE
Farah, N. (2014) · doi:10.19044/esj.2014.v10n23p%p · Cited by 34
Marital Satisfaction and Quality of Father–Child Interactions: The Moderating Role of Child Gender
Bernier, A., Jarry‐Boileau, V., & Lacharité, C. (2014) · The Journal of Genetic Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221325.2013.799059 · Cited by 29
Self‐determined motivation and social achievement goals in children’s emotions
Mouratidis, A. A., & Michou, A. (2010) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443410.2010.518595 · Cited by 34
“On the other hand, a meta-analytic review has shown that females are more likely to exert inhibitory control (Else-Quest et al., 2006).”
BackgroundKälin, S., & Roebers, C. M. (2021) · Journal of Cognition and Development · doi:10.1080/15248372.2020.1862120 · Cited by 53
“To sum up, although more pronounced gender differences could have been expected considering previous EC and EF research (Carlson & Moses, 2001; Else-Quest et al., 2006), overall, our results do not support substantial group differences between boys and girls.”
ResultJain, A., Suprabha, B. S., Shenoy, R., & Rao, A. P. (2019) · European Journal Of Oral Sciences · doi:10.1111/eos.12606 · Cited by 35
Gartstein, M. A., & Hancock (2019) · Merrill-palmer Quarterly · doi:10.13110/merrpalmquar1982.65.2.0121 · Cited by 34
The role of temperament in children's affective and behavioral responses in achievement situations
Hirvonen, R., Aunola, K., Alatupa, S., Viljaranta, J., & Nurmi, J. (2013) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2013.02.005 · Cited by 38
“In previous research on temperament, significant gender differences have been reported for boys scoring higher than girls on surgency/extraversion and lower than girls on effortful control or attention regulation (Else-Quest et al., 2006).”
BackgroundBiology or Culture Alone Cannot Account for Human Sex Differences and Similarities
Wood, W., & Eagly, A. H. (2013) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2013.815034 · Cited by 33
Body movements of male and female speakers and their influence on perceptions of personality
Koppensteiner, M., & Grammer, K. (2011) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2011.06.014 · Cited by 30
de Boo, G. M., & Kolk, A. M. M. (2007) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2007.05.012 · Cited by 29
Chen, C., Yang, C., & Nie, Q. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18063091 · Cited by 37
“In line with prior studies, girls were consistently found to display a stronger ability to manage and regulate their attention than boys in a meta-analysis study and among adolescents in China [69,70].”
ResultThere's no place like home: The associations between residential attributes and family functioning
Thornock, C. M., Nelson, L. J., Porter, C. L., & Evans, C. A. (2019) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2019.04.011 · Cited by 41
Gunzenhauser, C., & von Suchodoletz, A. (2015) · Early Education and Development · doi:10.1080/10409289.2015.1012188 · Cited by 24
“Negative affectivity is a child’s disposition to experience negative emotions such as fear, anger, distress, and sadness frequently and intensely and to be slow to recover (Else-Quest et al., 2006; Rothbart, Ahadi, & Evans, 2000).”
BackgroundSwanson, J., Valiente, C., Lemery‐Chalfant, K., Bradley, R. H., & Eggum, N. D. (2014) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.12260 · Cited by 29
Rudolph, K. D., Troop‐Gordon, W., & Llewellyn, N. M. (2013) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579412001149 · Cited by 37
Gray, S. A. O., Carter, A. S., Briggs‐Gowan, M. J., Hill, C., Danis, B., Keenan, K. E., & Wakschlag, L. S. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2012.675570 · Cited by 30
“Cognitive and affective processes that may be in operation include negotiating a conflict between strong affective responses and a social role involving caring for others (Zahn-Waxler et al., 2008) or a developing sense of self that is interdependent (Cross & Madson, 1997; Gabriel & Garnder, 1999).”
BackgroundLassander, M., Hintsanen, M., Suominen, S., Mullola, S., Vahlberg, T. J., & Volanen, S. (2021) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-021-02868-4 · Cited by 37
“We conclude that mindfulness interventions offer positive outcomes for girls in risk of anxiety, depression, and poor HRQoL [14].”
BackgroundIp, K. I., Liu, Y., Moser, J. S., Mannella, K. A., Hruschak, J. L., Bilek, E. L., Muzik, M., Rosenblum, K. L., & Fitzgerald, K. D. (2019) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2019.100702 · Cited by 33
“, higher accuracy, fewer commission errors), consistent with the greater cognitive control capabilities that have been previously demonstrated in preschool-aged girls compared to boys (Else-Quest et al., 2006).”
Sex Differences in Variability in Personality: A Study in Four Samples
Borkenau, P., Hřebı́čková, M., Kuppens, P., Realo, A., & Allïk, J. (2012) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2012.00784.x · Cited by 33
“Given the fi ndings of the meta-analyses by Else-Quest et al. (2006) and Cross et al. (2011) , we expected similar variances for women and men in self-reports.”
MethodSallquist, J., DiDonato, M. D., Hanish, L. D., Martin, C. L., & Fabes, R. A. (2011) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0025238 · Cited by 31
Dragan, W. Ł., & Oniszczenko, W. (2006) · Neuropsychobiology · doi:10.1159/000095741 · Cited by 26
Pintzinger, N. M., Pfabigan, D., Pfau, L., Kryspin-Exner, I., & Lamm, C. (2017) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2016.07.007 · Cited by 30
Huang, Q., Zhang, K., Huang, Y., Bodla, A. A., & Xia, Z. (2023) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s399406 · Cited by 35
Parenting differentially influences the development of boys' and girls' inhibitory control
Amicarelli, A. R., Kotelnikova, Y., Smith, H. J., Kryski, K. R., & Hayden, E. P. (2018) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjdp.12220 · Cited by 31
Early social behaviors and the trajectory of peer victimization across the school years.
Sugimura, N., Berry, D. J., Troop‐Gordon, W., & Rudolph, K. D. (2017) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0000346 · Cited by 35
“Anxious solitude may put boys at particular risk for victimization earlier in the school years because such behavior is more common in girls (Else-Quest et al., 2006) and is thus perceived as violating social expectations in boys.”
Beeghly, M., Partridge, T., Tronick, E., Muzik, M., Mashhadi, M. R., Boeve, J. L., & Irwin, J. L. (2017) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.21617 · Cited by 29
Secure attachment promotes the development of effortful control in boys
Viddal, K. R., Berg‐Nielsen, T. S., Wan, M. W., Green, J., Hygen, B. W., & Wichstrøm, L. (2015) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2014.999098 · Cited by 32
“…the boys’ mean EC score at six years old resembled the girls’ score at four years old, a gender difference consistent with other findings (ElseQuest, 2012; Else-Quest et al., 2006), which some researchers have suggested to be due to the earlier social brain maturation of girls (Mutlu et al., 2013).”
BackgroundResultDoes gender matter? A review of work‐related gender commonalities
Gilbert, G. R., Burnett, M. F., Phau, I., & Haar, J. (2010) · Gender in Management An International Journal · doi:10.1108/17542411011092336 · Cited by 27
Mothers' and Children's Positive Emotion: Relations and Trajectories across Four Years
Sallquist, J., Eisenberg, N., Spinrad, T. L., Gaertner, B. M., Eggum, N. D., & Zhou, N. (2009) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9507.2009.00565.x · Cited by 31
“These relations were expected because the assessments of PE were in a social context and included only expressivity and not other positive behaviors (see Brody, 1993; Else-Quest et al., 2006).”
BackgroundBuss, K. A., Brooker, R. J., & Leuty, M. E. (2008) · Infancy · doi:10.1080/15250000701779360 · Cited by 25
Risk Assessment of Recidivism of Violent and Sexual Female Offenders
Poels, V. (2007) · Psychiatry Psychology and Law · doi:10.1375/pplt.14.2.227 · Cited by 21
Edmonds, C. J., Crosbie, L., Fatima, F., Hussain, M., Jacob, N., & Gardner, M. R. (2016) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2016.11.011 · Cited by 33
Temperament and Academic Achievement in Children: A Meta-Analysis
Nasvytienė, D., & Lazdauskas, T. (2021) · European Journal of Investigation in Health Psychology and Education · doi:10.3390/ejihpe11030053 · Cited by 43
Liew, J., Zhou, Z. E., Pérez, M., Yoon, M., & Kim, M. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12113353 · Cited by 35
“First, the only sex difference that emerged was that girls scored higher than boys on effortful control, which is consistent with the literature on child temperament [54].”
ResultGartstein, M. A., Hancock, G. R., Potapova, N. V., Calkins, S. D., & Bell, M. A. (2019) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.12891 · Cited by 38
“frontal activity to stimulate changes on the right could in part be responsible for the frequent early childhood finding of greater self-regulation abilities in girls (Else-Quest et al., 2006; Gagne et al., 2013; Matthews, Ponitz, & Morrison, 2009).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialViljaranta, J., Aunola, K., Mullola, S., Virkkala, J., Hirvonen, R., Pakarinen, E., & Nurmi, J. (2015) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.12379 · Cited by 26
Longitudinal examination of infant baseline and reactivity cortisol from ages 7 to 16 months
Martinez‐Torteya, C., Muzik, M., McGinnis, E. W., Rosenblum, K. L., Bocknek, E. L., Beeghly, M., DeCator, D. D., & Abelson, J. L. (2015) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.21296 · Cited by 26
Sex Differences in Brain and Behavioral Development
Beltz, A. M., Blakemore, J. E., & Berenbaum, S. A. (2013) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-397267-5.00064-9 · Cited by 21
Associations between Temperament and Social Responsiveness in Young Children
Salley, B. J., Miller, A. D., & Bell, M. A. (2012) · Infant and Child Development · doi:10.1002/icd.1785 · Cited by 30
Boisvert, D. L., Vaske, J. C., Taylor, J., & WRIGHT, J. P. (2011) · Criminal Justice Review · doi:10.1177/0734016811423579 · Cited by 30
A Summary of the Developmental Trajectory of Executive Functions from Birth to Adulthood
Korzeniowski, C., Ison, M. S., & de Anglat, H. D. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-61721-9_33 · Cited by 48
Masculinity and school adjustment in middle school.
Rogers, A. A., Updegraff, K. A., Santos, C. E., & Martin, C. L. (2016) · Psychology of Men & Masculinity · doi:10.1037/men0000041 · Cited by 28
SILVERMAN, I. W. (2021) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/01650254211020385 · Cited by 36
Selection for special education services: the role of gender and socio-economic status
Kvande, M. N., Belsky, J., & Wichstrøm, L. (2018) · European Journal of Special Needs Education · doi:10.1080/08856257.2017.1373493 · Cited by 27
“Same-age boys and girls differ in temperament (Else-Quest et al. 2006); notable in this regard is that boys display more surgency and less effortful control than girls (Else-Quest et al.”
BackgroundInfluentialParenting, anger, and effortful control as predictors of child externalizing behavior
Smith, C. L., & Day, K. L. (2017) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/0165025417692898 · Cited by 24
“…idea that effortful control may be an adaptive feature for girls’ display of externalizing behavior because girls are typically found to be higher in effortful control than are boys (Else-Quest et al., 2006; Kochanska, Murray, & Harlan, 2000; Olson et al., 2005; Putnam, Garstein, & Rothbart, 2006).”
BackgroundCrockett, L. J., Wasserman, A. M., Rudasill, K. M., Hoffman, L., & Kalutskaya, I. N. (2017) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.12910 · Cited by 25
From compliance to self‐regulation: Development during early childhood
Feng, X., Hooper, E. G., & Jia, R. (2017) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/sode.12245 · Cited by 34
Trentacosta, C. J., Harper, F. W. K., Albrecht, T. L., Taub, J. W., Phipps, S., & Penner, L. A. (2016) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/dbp.0000000000000327 · Cited by 27
Neurobehavioral Consequences of Prenatal Exposure to Smoking at 6 to 8 Months of Age
Willoughby, M. T., Greenberg, M. T., Blair, C., Stifter, C. A., & The Family Life Investigative Group (2007) · Infancy · doi:10.1111/j.1532-7078.2007.tb00244.x · Cited by 26
Sex Differences in Child and Adolecent Psychopathology: An Introduction to the Special Section
Kistner, J. A. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374410902976387 · Cited by 26
“…of conduct problems (e.g., Frick & Morris, 2004) and findings of sex differences in dimensions of temperament (e.g., higher surgency and lower effortful control among boys relative to girls) may help to explain the preponderance of conduct problems in boys (for review, see Else-Quest et al., 2006).”
Li, S., Chen, X., Liu, L., & Sun, C. (2024) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-024-01755-0 · Cited by 28
“Moreover, in the broader societal context, females, more passive in interpersonal interactions, are less likely to initiate conversations, making them more prone to feelings of shyness and timidity in public social settings [48].”
BackgroundThe Iowa Gambling Task: Men and Women Perform Differently. A Meta-analysis
Zanini, L., Picano, C., & Spitoni, G. F. (2024) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-024-09637-3 · Cited by 34
“…have been explored in numerous areas, such as visuospatial abilities (Voyer et al., 1995), verbal abilities (Hyde & Linn, 1988), working memory (Voyer et al., 2017, 2021), personality traits (Grijalva et al., 2015), temperament (Else-Quest et al., 2006), and self-esteem (Kling et al., 1999).”
Lai, A. Y. K., Sit, S. M.-M., Wu, S. Y.-D., Wang, M. P., Wong, B. Y.-M., Ho, S.-Y., & Lam, T.-H. (2021) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.797814 · Cited by 29
Allen, J. L., Shou, Y., Wang, M., & Bird, E. (2020) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-020-01018-0 · Cited by 28
Nair, N., Taylor, Z., Evich, C. D., & Jones, B. L. (2020) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105003 · Cited by 24
Talking Tots and the Terrible Twos: Early Language and Disruptive Behavior in Toddlers
Roberts, M. Y., Curtis, P., Estabrook, R., Norton, E. S., Davis, M. M., Burns, J. L., Briggs‐Gowan, M. J., Petitclerc, A., & Wakschlag, L. S. (2018) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/dbp.0000000000000615 · Cited by 31
Franklin, P., Tsujimoto, K. C., Lewis, M. E., Tekok-Kılıç, A., & Frijters, J. C. (2018) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2018.03.019 · Cited by 31
Yu, L., Recker, M. M., Chen, S., Zhao, N., & Qiu-yan, Y. (2018) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2017.0503 · Cited by 28
Clark, D. A., Listro, C. J., Lo, S. L., Durbin, C. E., Donnellan, M. B., & Neppl, T. K. (2016) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000299 · Cited by 69
“Previous studies suggest that girls score higher than boys on Effortful Control, while boys score higher than girls on Surgency (Else-Quest et al., 2006).”
BackgroundParent Concern and Enrollment in Intervention Services for Young Children With Developmental Delays
Marshall, J. T., Kirby, R. S., & Gorski, P. A. (2015) · Exceptional Children · doi:10.1177/0014402915585563 · Cited by 29
Gender Differences in Emotion Expression in Low-Income Adolescents Under Stress
Panjwani, N., Chaplin, T. M., Sinha, R., & Mayes, L. C. (2015) · Journal of Nonverbal Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10919-015-0224-6 · Cited by 29
Prácticas de crianza, temperamento y comportamiento prosocial de estudiantes de educación básica
Aguirre-Dávila, E. (2015) · Revista Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales Niñez y Juventud · doi:10.11600/1692715x.13113100314 · Cited by 12
Sex Differences in the Stability of Self-Regulation Across Childhood
Coyne, M. A., Vaske, J. C., Boisvert, D. L., & WRIGHT, J. P. (2015) · Journal of Developmental and Life-Course Criminology · doi:10.1007/s40865-015-0001-6 · Cited by 25
“A higher level of self-regulation in females has been a consistent finding regardless of reporting source and developmental period [19, 27, 30, 39].”
BackgroundThe relationship between temperament, gender, and behavioural problems in preschool children
Yoleri, S. (2014) · South African Journal of Education · doi:10.15700/201412071206 · Cited by 26
Depression in Children and Adolescents
Garber, J., & Rao, U. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-9608-3_25 · Cited by 35
Buzzell, G. A., Morales, S., Bowers, M. E., Troller‐Renfree, S. V., Chronis-Tuscano, A. M., Pine, D. S., Henderson, H. A., & Fox, N. A. (2020) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.13040 · Cited by 36
Rutter, T. M., & Arnett, A. B. (2020) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054720943282 · Cited by 19
Bird, E., Chhoa, C. Y., Midouhas, E., & Allen, J. L. (2019) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-019-00545-2 · Cited by 29
Vertsberger, D., & Knafo‐Noam, A. (2018) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0000622 · Cited by 16
Sabey, A. K., Rauer, A., Haselschwerdt, M. L., & Volling, B. L. (2017) · Family Process · doi:10.1111/famp.12327 · Cited by 29
Santos, C. E., Menjívar, C., VanDaalen, R. A., Kornienko, O., Updegraff, K. A., & Cruz, S. N. (2017) · Ethnic and Racial Studies · doi:10.1080/01419870.2017.1311021 · Cited by 27
How We Think and Learn: Theoretical Perspectives and Practical Implications
Ormrod, J. (2017) · doi:10.1017/9781316691458 · Cited by 25
Hernández, M. M., Eisenberg, N., Valiente, C., Diaz, A., VanSchyndel, S. K., Berger, R. H., Terrell, N., Silva, K. M., Spinrad, T. L., & Southworth, J. (2015) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/0165025415608519 · Cited by 31
“, 2014) and positive emotion trends among boys and girls (Else-Quest et al., 2006), negative displays of emotion might be viewed as especially problematic for girls, whereas displaying positive emotions may be expected and valued for both sexes.”
BackgroundTemperament as a Moderator of the Effects of Parental Depressive Symptoms on Child Behavior Problems
Jessee, A., Mangelsdorf, S. C., Shigeto, A., & Wong, M. S. (2011) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9507.2011.00639.x · Cited by 33
Commentary: Bashful Boys and Coy Girls: A Review of Gender Differences in Childhood Shyness
Gazelle, H., Peter, D., & Karkavandi, M. A. (2014) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-014-0361-0 · Cited by 23
“In fact, the meta-analysis covered in the review article came to a conclusion which differs from the review article itself – that temperamental shyness is somewhat more prevalent among girls than boys (Else-Quest et al., 2006).”
ResultChaplin, T. M., Klein, M. R., Cole, P. M., & Turpyn, C. C. (2017) · Infant and Child Development · doi:10.1002/icd.2028 · Cited by 31
Signature size signals sociable dominance and narcissism
Mailhos, Á., Buunk, A. P., & Cabana, Á. (2016) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2016.09.004 · Cited by 29
Differences in infant temperament between Chile and the US
Farkas, C., & Vallotton, C. D. (2016) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2016.07.005 · Cited by 30
Freed, R. D., Tompson, M. C., Wang, C. H., Otto, M. W., Hirshfeld‐Becker, D. R., Nierenberg, A. A., & Henin, A. (2014) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/fam0000048 · Cited by 26
Metadata
- Authors
- Else-Quest, N. M., Hyde, J. S., Goldsmith, H. H., & Van Hulle, C. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 2006-01
- Volume
- 132
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 33-72
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- OpenAlex
- W1979582482
- Cited by
- 1,169
- References
- 266
- Citations by year
- 2026: 50 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 51 · 2023: 37 · 2022: 61 · 2021: 68 · 2020: 74 · 2019: 73 · 2018: 67 · 2017: 75 · 2016: 74 · 2015: 77 · 2014: 64 · 2013: 81 · 2012: 61
- FWCI
- 5.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Keywords
- gender differences, temperament, effortful control, inhibitory control, perceptual sensitivity, surgency, negative affectivity, children, externalizing disorders, rough-and-tumble play, emotional reactivity
- MeSH terms
- Female, Humans, Male, Personality, Personality Development, Psychological Theory, Sex Factors, Temperament
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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