The DOI matches its Crossref record; 15 of the 15 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Gender differences in temperament: A meta-analysis.
Abstract
The authors used meta-analytical techniques to estimate the magnitude of gender differences in mean level and variability of 35 dimensions and 3 factors of temperament in children ages 3 months to 13 years. Effortful control showed a large difference favoring girls and the dimensions within that factor (e.g., inhibitory control: d = -.41, perceptual sensitivity: d = -0.38) showed moderate gender differences favoring girls, consistent with boys' greater incidence of externalizing disorders. Surgency showed a difference favoring boys, as did some of the dimensions within that factor (e.g., activity: d = 0.33, high-intensity pleasure: d = 0.30), consistent with boys' greater involvement in active rough-and-tumble play. Negative affectivity showed negligible gender differences.
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In the citing paper
“Given no gender difference in negative affectivity in infancy and childhood (Else-Quest et al., 2006), for temperament to account for the emergence of the gender difference in depression in adolescence requires an interaction between vulnerable temperament and some other factor, such as stress, with stress increasing dramatically in adolescence and increasing more for females than males.”
From Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms (2017) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“Findings suggest a small influence of gender, whereby men procrastinate slightly more than women do, revealing a weak negative correlation between the female gender and procrastination (r = -.08),possibly related to greater selfcontrol among women in general (van Eerde, 2003;Else-Quest, Hyde, Goldsmith, & van Hulle, 2006).”
From Understanding and Treating Procrastination: A Review of a Common Self-Regulatory Failure (2014) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“females scored higher on agreeableness (SMD = 0.56)”
From A Systematic Review and New Analyses of the Gender-Equality Paradox (2025) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“forgiveness (SMD = 0.28)”
From A Systematic Review and New Analyses of the Gender-Equality Paradox (2025) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“neuroticism (SMD = 0.41)”
From A Systematic Review and New Analyses of the Gender-Equality Paradox (2025) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“altruism (SMD = 0.11)”
From A Systematic Review and New Analyses of the Gender-Equality Paradox (2025) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“morningness (SMD = 0.08)”
From A Systematic Review and New Analyses of the Gender-Equality Paradox (2025) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“effortful control (SMD = 0.12)”
From A Systematic Review and New Analyses of the Gender-Equality Paradox (2025) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“extraversion (SMD = 0.15)”
From A Systematic Review and New Analyses of the Gender-Equality Paradox (2025) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“Males, on the other hand, were higher on negative reciprocity (SMD = 0.13)”
From A Systematic Review and New Analyses of the Gender-Equality Paradox (2025) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“positive reciprocity (SMD = 0.06)”
From A Systematic Review and New Analyses of the Gender-Equality Paradox (2025) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“sociotropy (SMD = 0.34”
From A Systematic Review and New Analyses of the Gender-Equality Paradox (2025) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“risk-taking (SMDs = 0.17–SMD = 0.36)”
From A Systematic Review and New Analyses of the Gender-Equality Paradox (2025) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“general impulsivity (SMD = 0.09”
From A Systematic Review and New Analyses of the Gender-Equality Paradox (2025) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“patience (SMD = 0.05)”
From A Systematic Review and New Analyses of the Gender-Equality Paradox (2025) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“Negative affectivity was the only univariate personality dimension that showed no sex differences (Else-Quest et al., 2006).”
From A Systematic Review and New Analyses of the Gender-Equality Paradox (2025) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“trust (SMD = 0.06)”
From A Systematic Review and New Analyses of the Gender-Equality Paradox (2025) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“narcissism (SMD = 0.27)”
From A Systematic Review and New Analyses of the Gender-Equality Paradox (2025) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“The authors concluded that girls have a stronger ability than boys to regulate their attention and inhibit their impulses -skills that certainly serve girls well in the classroom (Blair and Razza, 2007).”
From Gender and Education (2015) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“A recent meta-analysis of temperament in childhood and preadolescence reported a large difference between boys ' and girls ' effortful control (Cohen ' s d ¼ 1.01; Else-Quest et al., 2006).”
From Gender and Education (2015) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“It should be noted, however, that boys and girls do not differ substantially in their ability to resist temptation or susceptibility to distraction (Else-Quest et al., 2006; Silverman, 2003).”
From Gender and Education (2015) · cites this paper as Else-Quest et al., 2006
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Qiao, Y., Wang, Q., Yan, Z., Wang, Y., Yan, W., & Su, Y. (2025) · Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology · doi:10.1177/18344909251345926 · Cited by 9
“This might enable them to more easily identify the emotions of others (Else-Quest et al., 2006).”
Youssef, M. H., & Sayour, N. (2025) · Gender Issues · doi:10.1007/s12147-025-09350-2 · Cited by 9
“Research consistently shows that women score higher in conscientiousness than men, with this trait often associated with vigilance, punctuality, and other qualities linked to femininity (Vrontis & Thrassou, 2013 ; Else-Quest et al., 2006; Rahafar et al., 2017).”
Moore, J., Tam, L. Y. C., & Allen, J. L. (2024) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-024-00493-4 · Cited by 12
“These traits tend to be higher in boys (Else-Quest et al., 2006; Essau et al., 2006), thus findings indicating that positive affect linked to antisocial acts was more prevalent in boys may be due to a complex interplay between individual differences including child age, gender, temperament, and…”
BackgroundMiyamoto, A. (2023) · Scientific Studies of Reading · doi:10.1080/10888438.2023.2260032 · Cited by 11
“…to exhibit higher levels of conscientiousness (Verbree et al., 2022) and are typically more proficient at self-regulating their behaviors due to societal norms and the pressure to manage their emotional responses in social situations (Cross et al., 2011; Else-Quest et al., 2006; Silverman, 2003).”
BackgroundSelf-Regulation and Cognitive Emotion Regulation among Adolescents
Khawar, R., Attia, S., Zulfqar, A., & Hussain, S. (2023) · Pakistan Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences · doi:10.52131/pjhss.2023.1102.0500 · Cited by 14
Sex differences in infant vocalization and the origin of language
Oller, D. K., Gilkerson, J., Richards, J. A., Hannon, S., Griebel, U., Bowman, D. D., Brown, J. A., Yoo, H., & Warren, S. F. (2023) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2023.106884 · Cited by 6
“One of those speculations was that boys might have been more voluble because male physical activity levels are higher than those of females in childhood.(40,47) In light of this fact, we might view vocal activity level as being just another type of physical activity level.”
BackgroundHindi, I., Mordi, H., Tener, D., & Katz, C. (2022) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2022.106488 · Cited by 9
One-Year Prospective Association of BMI with Later Cognitive Development in Preschoolers
Hansen, C. K., Smith, L. M., Lynch, B. A., Miccoli, A., Romanowicz, M., & Toussaint, L. L. (2022) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci12030320 · Cited by 8
“One explanation that has been offered is that females at a young age are better able to regulate their attention, a key to learning [37].”
BackgroundReflections on Neurofeminism and Intersectionality Using Insights From Psychology
Duchesne, A., & Kaiser, A. (2021) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2021.684412 · Cited by 17
Wehner, C., & Schils, T. (2021) · Applied Economics · doi:10.1080/00036846.2021.1922592 · Cited by 9
Nold, J., Jong, D. D., Moran, J. D., Robinson, D., & Aderhold, F. W. (2021) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440211010154 · Cited by 12
“Hanish and Fabes (2014) suggest that cross-gender interaction leads to less stereotypical genderbased behaviors.”
BackgroundChild care arrangements and gender: A national portrait of preschool-aged children
Gordon, R. A., Sheridan, K., Bates, J., de Souza, S., & Pradzinski, A. (2020) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2020.02.003 · Cited by 8
Assessing regulatory emotional self-efficacy within overseas Chinese university students
Wu, Y. (2020) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-020-00987-8 · Cited by 11
Boeve, J. L., Beeghly, M., Stacks, A. M., Manning, J. H., & Thomason, M. E. (2019) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2019.101351 · Cited by 13
Barger, B. D., Moody, E. J., Ledbetter, C. M., D’Abreu, L. C., Hepburn, S., & Rosenberg, S. A. (2019) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-018-03866-1 · Cited by 8
“The gender differences of the typical children generally reflected differences reported in the temperament/personality literature (Else-Quest et al. 2006): POP group boys were higher than girls on Maladaptive and Social Inattention and lower on Environmental Sensitivity, Quiet Persistence, Social Approach, Crying, and…”
ResultMathesius, J., Lussier, P., & Corrado, R. R. (2016) · International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology · doi:10.1177/0306624x16672931 · Cited by 9
Fagnani, C., Medda, E., Alessandri, G., Delfino, D., D’Ippolito, C., Eisenberg, N., & Stazi, M. A. (2017) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2017.03.003 · Cited by 16
The epidemiology of observed temperament: Factor structure and demographic group differences
Willoughby, M. T., Stifter, C. A., & Gottfredson, N. C. (2015) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2015.02.001 · Cited by 10
“Importantly, virtually all of the studies that were included in the Else-Quest et al (2006) meta-analysis utilized parent report data, which were susceptible to potential stereotypes or biases about typical gendered behavior.”
BackgroundAto, E., Galián, M. D., & Fernández-Vilar, M. Á. (2014) · Anales de Psicología · doi:10.6018/analesps.30.3.193171 · Cited by 19
Relação entre criatividade e traços temperamentais em estudantes do ensino fundamental
Nakano, T. D. C., & de Castro, L. R. (2013) · Psico-USF · doi:10.1590/s1413-82712013000200009 · Cited by 19
Emotional Development and Anxiety
Kiel, E. J., & Kalomiris, A. E. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-17332-6_25 · Cited by 14
Likhanov, M. V., Alenina, E. A., Bloniewski, T., Xinlin, Z., & Kovas, Y. V. (2026) · PsyCh Journal · doi:10.1002/pchj.70088 · Cited by 11
“This is line with a large body of research, including reviews and meta-analyses (Else-Quest et al. 2006; Esbjørn et al. 2013; Ferguson et al. 2015; Gibeau et al. 2023; Likhanov et al. 2021; Madjar et al. 2018; Păsărelu et al. 2017; Pestle et al. 2008; Zahn-Waxler et al. 2008).”
Álvarez-Voces, M., Villar, P., Almón-Pazos, K., & Romero, E. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-25420-7 · Cited by 9
“Previous research has often yielded inconsistent results or found no significant gender differences in this variable 19 .”
InfluentialThe Relationship Between Social-Emotional Skills and Academic Performance: A Gender Analysis
Urruticoechea, A., Mels, C., de Pro, A. A., & Guasp, B. S. (2025) · Journal of Latinos and Education · doi:10.1080/15348431.2025.2515965 · Cited by 5
Whisman, M. A., & Balzert, A. (2024) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-024-00499-y · Cited by 9
“…satisfaction variability may contribute, in part, to the higher levels of depressive symptoms and the greater prevalence of depressive disorders for women relative to men, even in the absence of large gender differences in mean levels of relationship satisfaction (Else-Quest et al., 2006).”
Li, Q., Chen, T., Zhang, S., Gu, C., & Zhou, Z. (2024) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2024.108188 · Cited by 5
Bullard, B. M., Brown, C. L., Scheffer, J. A., Toledo, A. B., & LEVENSON, R. W. (2024) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders · doi:10.1159/000538398 · Cited by 6
“However, other studies have found no gender differences in emotion regulation strategies [8, 25].”
BackgroundDifferential associations of maternal behavior to preschool boys' and girls' executive function
Vrantsidis, D. M., Wakschlag, L. S., Espy, K. A., & Wiebe, S. A. (2022) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2022.101468 · Cited by 8
Parenting Stress across Time-Limited Parent-Child Interaction Therapy
Patel, Z. S., Maylott, S. E., Rothenberg, W. A., Jent, J. F., & Garcia, D. (2022) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-022-02397-9 · Cited by 6
“Compared to girls, boys tend to have greater difficulty regulating their attention and controlling their behavioral impulses (Else-Quest et al., 2006), and exhibit higher levels of externalizing behaviors (Williford et al.”
BackgroundUsing machine learning to understand age and gender classification based on infant temperament
Gartstein, M. A., Seamon, E., Mattera, J. A., Enlow, M. B., Wright, R. J., Pérez‐Edgar, K. E., Buss, K. A., LoBue, V., Bell, M. A., Goodman, S. H., et al. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0266026 · Cited by 8
“Importantly, gender classification by age groups results suggest this is most effective for the oldest age group, in line with the literature that indicates gender differences in temperament attributes become more pronounced with age [54].”
BackgroundResultKaestner, R. J., & Malamud, O. (2022) · Industrial and Labor Relations Review · doi:10.1177/00197939221086929 · Cited by 7
Rodrigues, E. R., Hassan, R., & Schmidt, L. A. (2021) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-021-01189-4 · Cited by 11
The association of infant temperament and maternal sensitivity in preterm and full‐term infants
Vaccaro, S., Tofighi, D., Moss, N. C., Rieger, R. E., Lowe, J. R., Phillips, J., & Erickson, S. J. (2021) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.21915 · Cited by 8
Chen, M., Xu, Q., & Cui, M. (2021) · School Psychology International · doi:10.1177/0143034321993502 · Cited by 10
“For example, the meta-analysis of Else-quest et al. (2006) pointed out that boys had a lower level of inhibitory control than girls, whereas inhibitory control was closely related to children’s attention level and behaviors.”
MethodZimmermann, L., Frank, H. E., Subiaul, F., & Barr, R. (2020) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.22016 · Cited by 10
Temperamental Development among Preterm Born Children. An RCT Follow-Up Study
Landsem, I. P., Handegård, B. H., & Ulvund, S. E. (2020) · Children · doi:10.3390/children7040036 · Cited by 7
“The number of temperamental constructs and the terms used vary, depending on definitions and measures [17].”
BackgroundGrammar, Gender and Demonstratives in Lateralized Imagery for Sentences
Wallentin, M., Rocca, R., & Stroustrup, S. (2019) · Journal of Psycholinguistic Research · doi:10.1007/s10936-019-09634-1 · Cited by 6
Sociodemographic variations in the linkage between emotion regulation and peer victimization
Garner, P. W., & Waajid, B. (2018) · Journal of School Violence · doi:10.1080/15388220.2017.1418670 · Cited by 6
Liu, Y.-L., & Chang, H.-T. (2018) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/0165025417749754 · Cited by 10
“On the other hand, compared to girls, boys are more impulsive, aggressive, and display more risky behavior (Else-Quest et al., 2006; Reynolds & Crea, 2015).”
BackgroundMartinez‐Torteya, C., Figge, C. J., Gilchrist, M., Muzik, M., King, A. P. J., & Sorenson, M. (2018) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579418000329 · Cited by 11
“…outcomes, but were included as covariates in hypothesis testing due to previous reports that sex impacts infant cortisol reactivity and temperament (Else-Quest et al., 2006; Martinez-Torteya, et al., 2016) and to tease apart the effects of IPV that are specific to in utero exposure versus exposure…”
BackgroundUniversidad de San Martín de Porres, P., Jó, P. S. B., Parco, D. A., & Universidad de San Martín de Porres, P. (2017) · Liberabit Revista Peruana de Psicología · doi:10.24265/liberabit.2017.v23n1.05 · Cited by 8
Goshvarpour, A., Abbasi, A., & Goshvarpour, A. (2016) · Biomedical Engineering Applications Basis and Communications · doi:10.4015/s1016237216500241 · Cited by 7
The Five Factor Personality Model in Children With ASD During Middle Childhood
Barger, B. D., Campbell, J. M., & Simmons, C. A. (2015) · Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1177/1088357615583472 · Cited by 7
“Finally, taking into account the importance of gender differences in personality (Else-Quest et al., 2006) and ASD research (Baron-Cohen, 2002), gender differences and interactions are considered.”
BackgroundAdulthood temperament and educational attainment: A population-based cohort study
Mullola, S., Hintsanen, M., Elovainio, M. J., Pulkki-Råbäck, L., Lipsanen, J. O., Josefsson, K., Lehtimäki, T. J., Raitakari, O. T., & Keltikangas‐Järvinen, L. (2015) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2015.07.002 · Cited by 8
Tempérament, attachement et troubles du comportement chez les jeunes enfants : une revue
Urbain-Gauthier, N., & Wendland, J. (2014) · doi:10.3917/dev.143.0205 · Cited by 7
Gender and relational differences in sensitivity to internal and external cues at 12 months
Watson, J. S., Futó, J., Fonagy, P., & Gergely, G. (2011) · Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic · doi:10.1521/bumc.2011.75.1.64 · Cited by 5
Wang, F. L., Chassin, L., Bates, J. E., Dick, D., Lansford, J. E., Pettit, G. S., & Dodge, K. A. (2018) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s095457941700058x · Cited by 6
“This might be especially true for those at high risk for these behaviors, such as males with low parental education (e.g., Bradley & Corwyn, 2002; Else-Quest et al., 2006).”
BackgroundZach, M., Gordon‐Hacker, A., Israeli‐Ran, L., Meidan, A., Seidmann, M., Hijleh, A., Birnbaum, R. Y., Gueron‐Sela, N., & Uzefovsky, F. (2024) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.14176 · Cited by 5
Potipiroon, W. (2024) · European Management Review · doi:10.1111/emre.12636 · Cited by 6
Muris, P., Bakker, I., Peulen, M., van Mulekom, S., & Meesters, C. M. G. (2023) · Frontiers in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/frcha.2023.1173272 · Cited by 9
Maternal Functioning and Child's Externalizing Problems: Temperament and Sex-Based Driven Effects
Garon‐Carrier, G., Pascuzzo, K., Gaudreau, W., Lemelin, J., & Déry, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.874733 · Cited by 7
“Considering that girls are less likely than boys to present temperamental risk for externalizing problems (Else-Quest et al., 2006), variations in the propensity to elicit specific parenting behaviors are expected.”
BackgroundKmita, G., Kiepura, E., & Niedźwiecka, A. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.812893 · Cited by 6
Lipska, A., Rogoza, R., Dębska, E., Ponikiewska, K., Putnam, S., & Cieciuch, J. (2021) · Current Issues in Personality Psychology · doi:10.5114/cipp.2021.108826 · Cited by 6
“Previous studies have noted significant gender differences (Else-Quest et al., 2006), with girls demonstrating higher levels of Effortful Control and boys higher levels of Surgency.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialDib, J., Nehme, I., Haddad, C., Azar, J., Hallit, S., & Obeid, S. (2021) · BMC Research Notes · doi:10.1186/s13104-021-05854-8 · Cited by 6
“As for temperamental differences in healthy individuals, there are considerable differences between males and females [19]; while few studies have looked at temperamental differences between patients with schizophrenia and control groups, a multitude has not used the TEMPS-A questionnaire [20, 21] nor have assessed fu…”
BackgroundJohnson, C. A., Garnett, E. O., Chow, H. M., Spray, G. J., Zhu, D. C., & Chang, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2021.753010 · Cited by 5
An Exploration of the Authoritative School Climate Construct Using Multilevel Latent Class Analysis
Mayworm, A. M., Sharkey, J. D., & Nylund-Gibson, K. K. (2021) · Contemporary School Psychology · doi:10.1007/s40688-021-00386-1 · Cited by 6
“…girls actually receive less support and structure than boys; girls are more likely to demonstrate internalizing problems and inhibitory control (Else-Quest et al. 2006) and are less likely to engage in disruptive behavior (Skiba et al. 2002); because of this, they may be less “visible” within…”
BackgroundPreschool Anger, Activity Level, Inhibitory Control, and Behavior Problems: A Family Study Approach
Nwadinobi, O. K. J. R., & Gagne, J. R. (2021) · Merrill-Palmer quarterly · doi:10.13110/merrpalmquar1982.66.4.0339 · Cited by 6
“Generally, activity level, surgency, and externalizing tend to favor boys, whereas negative affect and effortful and inhibitory control favor girls (Else-Quest et al., 2006; Gagne et al., 2013).”
BackgroundLozano, E. A., Conesa, M. D. G., & Fernández-Vilar, M. Á. (2020) · Anales de Psicología · doi:10.6018/analesps.414241 · Cited by 6
“So, although many studies haven´t found gender differences in the prediction of children´s externalizing problems from temperamental characteristics (Else-Quest et al., 2006; Leve et al., 2005; Rubin, Burgess, Kennedy, & Stewart, 2003; Olson et al., 2005), Karreman et al. (2009) found that…”
BackgroundEnvolvimento Paterno e Temperamento Infantil: Revisão Sistemática de Literatura
Schmitz, M. E. D. S., de Deus, M. D., Gouvêa, A. P., da Silva, S. B., & Vieira, M. L. (2020) · Interação em Psicologia · doi:10.5380/psi.v24i1.56257 · Cited by 6
Davis, M. M., Modi, H. H., & Rudolph, K. D. (2020) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119171492.wecad179 · Cited by 5
Rvachew, S., Thompson, D., & Dey, R. (2019) · International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1080/17549507.2019.1692905 · Cited by 8
“An advantage to girls for inhibitory control has been confirmed in other studies however including large scale meta-analyses (e.g. Else-Quest, Hyde, Goldsmith, & Van Hulle, 2006).”
ResultSchmidt, B., Bolze, S. D. A., Vieira, M. L., & Crepaldi, M. A. (2018) · Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa · doi:10.1590/0102.3772e3436 · Cited by 6
-, K. A. (2017) · Researchers World – Journal of Arts Science & Commerce · doi:10.18843/rwjasc/v8i3(1)/01 · Cited by 11
Troubles des conduites chez les filles à l’école primaire
Déry, M., Toupin, J., Verlaan, P., & Lemelin, J. (2013) · Recherches & éducations · doi:10.4000/rechercheseducations.1704 · Cited by 3
Bissell-Havran, J. M., Loken, E., & McHale, S. M. (2011) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-011-9727-6 · Cited by 8
“…et al. 2006) and documents that, during childhood and adolescence, girls show higher levels of effortful control, are less likely to have behavioral problems, earn higher grades, and have higher rates of high school graduation than boys (Downey and Yuan 2005; Else-Quest et al. 2006; Jacobs 1996).”
BackgroundBiological Determinism and the Never-Ending Quest for Gender Differences
Else-Quest, N. M. (2007) · doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.2007.00375_1.x · Cited by 6
Self-citationKong, K. L., Eiden, R. D., Anzman‐Frasca, S., Stier, C. L., Paluch, R. A., Méndez, J. E. B., Slominski, E., Gengatharan, G., & Epstein, L. H. (2017) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2017.08.012 · Cited by 7
Comprehensive Assessment of Emotional Disturbance: A Cross-Validation Approach
Fisher, E., Doyon, K. E., Saldana, E., & Allen, M. (2007) · doi:10.1007/bf03340931 · Cited by 6
Fiévé, J., Likhanov, M. V., Colé, P., & Régner, I. (2025) · Journal of Intelligence · doi:10.3390/jintelligence13090108 · Cited by 6
“Else-Quest et al. (2006) found that girls display higher levels of effortful control and perceptual sensitivity, making them more attuned to external expectations and potentially more prone to internalizing performance-related demands.”
Gartstein, M. A., & Gonzalez, M. A. R. (2025) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2025.102101 · Cited by 8
Portengen, C. M., Harrewijn, A., van Baar, A. L., & Endendijk, J. J. (2024) · Parenting · doi:10.1080/15295192.2024.2426679 · Cited by 5
“Although infants do not yet show gender differences in their emotional reactivity (Else-Quest et al., 2006), preschool girls and boys show distinct patterns of emotion expression, with boys expressing more anger and girls being more likely to express fear and sadness (Chaplin & Aldao, 2013).”
Hofstee, M., Endendijk, J. J., Huijding, J., van der Velde, B., Vidal, J., & Deković, M. (2024) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2024.101445 · Cited by 7
The roles of parent temperament and parenting styles in adolescent temperament development
Meuronen, J., O’Leary, M., Nolvi, S., Tunkkari, M., & Kiuru, N. H. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-024-05963-0 · Cited by 4
“Also, as females tend to have slightly higher affiliativeness, higher negative affectivity and higher effortful control and males to have higher sur - gency (Else-Quest et al., 2006; Pulkkinen et al., 2012), the effect of adolescent biological sex was controlled for.”
The Goal to Perform in Readers’ Theater Motivates Boys Who Struggle With Reading
Hautala, J., Karhunen, R., Junttila, E., Ronimus, M., & Young, C. (2024) · Journal of Research in Childhood Education · doi:10.1080/02568543.2023.2301092 · Cited by 8
“…the chance to demonstrate their reading skills to other students also may have been particularly important to boys, who may have lower self-regulation skills than girls (Else-Quest et al., 2006; Silverman, 2003) and who may be more likely than girls to adopt performance goals (Yu & McLellan, 2019).”
BackgroundAlessandri, G., Filosa, L., Eisenberg, N., & Ottaviani, C. (2023) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000001191 · Cited by 6
“This result has usually been interpreted in light of gender role socialization in Western societies, where female individuals are believed to be high in the ability of modulating the expression of positive emotion, whereas, consistent with themasculine role, male individuals are believed to be high in the ability to m…”
BackgroundPrognostic factors in non-organic hearing loss in children
Pflug, C., Kiehn, S., Koseki, J.-C., Pinnschmidt, H., Müller, F., Nienstedt, J., Flügel, T., & Niessen, A. (2021) · International Journal of Audiology · doi:10.1080/14992027.2021.1922942 · Cited by 5
“Besides, actual gender differences, such as in temperament (Else-Quest et al. 2006), may play a role.”
BackgroundNoncognitive skills and gender gap in test scores
Song, Y. (2021) · Applied Economics · doi:10.1080/00036846.2021.1883189 · Cited by 6
“com Institute for Economic and Social Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China (1)See Else-Quest et al. (2006), Szatmari, Offord, and Boyle (1989), and Silverman (2003) (2)Claessens, Duncan, and Engel (2009) found that a range of socio-emotional skills in kindergarten affect children’s standardized test sco…”
BackgroundInfluentialFaísca, L., Ferreira, L. I., Fernandes, C., Gagne, J. R., & Martins, A. T. (2021) · Children · doi:10.3390/children8020162 · Cited by 10
“18), confirming a recent metaanalysis of gender differences in temperament [72] that reported a small, but significant effect favoring girls in shyness and fear (d = 0.”
BackgroundSpann, C. A., Yu, A., Galla, B. M., Duckworth, A. L., & D’Mello, S. K. (2020) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2020.101870 · Cited by 8
Salesperson authenticity and gender-based perceptions: an international study
S̆tros, M., Heinze, T. C., Ríha, D., Möslein-Tröppner, B., Říhová, E., & Lim, L. (2020) · Journal of Eastern European and Central Asian Research (JEECAR) · doi:10.15549/jeecar.v7i1.398 · Cited by 5
“…from innate, biological differences (Buss, 1995; Michalski & Shackelford, 2010; Pool, 1994); a conclusion drawn from research which showcases significant gender differences in early childhood before social acculturation has wielded a measurable effect (Else-Quest et al., 2006; McClure, 2000).”
BackgroundDevelopment of the Japanese Version of Highly Sensitive Child Scale for Adolescence (HSCS-A)
Kibe, C., & Hirano, M. (2019) · The Japanese Journal of Personality · doi:10.2132/personality.28.2.1 · Cited by 8
Petrenko, A., Kanya, M. J., Rosinski, L. D., McKay, E. R., & Bridgett, D. J. (2019) · Infant and Child Development · doi:10.1002/icd.2157 · Cited by 6
Aatsinki, A., Lahti, L., Munukka, E., Keskitalo, A., Karlsson, H., & Karlsson, L. (2019) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2019.07.006 · Cited by 4
Gabel, L. N., Daoust, A. R., Salisbury, M. R., Grahn, J. A., Durbin, C. E., & Hayden, E. P. (2019) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000726 · Cited by 10
Watts, A. K. S., Friedman, N. P., Corley, R. P., Hewitt, J. K., Hink, L. K., Robinson, J. L., & Rhee, S. H. (2018) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13173 · Cited by 5
Hengartner, M. P. (2017) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2017.12.001 · Cited by 6
Personality Traits and the Gender Gap in Ideology
Morton, R. B., Tyran, J., & Wengström, E. (2016) · Studies in political economy · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-40118-8_7 · Cited by 7
“These evolutionary 10See Else-Quest et al. (2006), Feingold (1994), McCrae and Costa (1984), and Wilgenbusch and Merrell (1999).”
BackgroundAlmeida, G., Luz, C., Martins, R., & Cordovil, R. (2016) · doi:10.1155/2016/3795956 · Cited by 5
Latzman, R. D., Shishido, Y., Latzman, N. E., & Clark, L. A. (2016) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-016-0623-x · Cited by 5
“, [74]) suggest that female youth evidence higher NT and lower PT than male youth, which may at least partially help to explain higher prevalence of anxious and depressive”
Application of the Seven-Factor-Model of Personality to an Italian Preschool Sample
Melegari, M. G., Innocenzi, M., Marano, A., Rosa, L. D., Donfrancesco, R., Rózsa, S., & Cloninger, C. (2014) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.4306/pi.2014.11.4.419 · Cited by 5
Classroom sex composition and first-grade school outcomes: The role of classroom behavior
Pahlke, E. E., Cooper, C. E., & Fabes, R. A. (2013) · Social Science Research · doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2013.07.009 · Cited by 11
The Relation of Digit Ratio (2D:4D) and Absolute Finger Length to Pavlovian Temperament Dimensions
Voracek, M. (2008) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.103.3.783-792 · Cited by 5
Infant Temperament: Association with Maternal Depression Symptoms in Pregnancy and Postpartum
Garcia, N. A. G., Padovani, F. H. P., & Perosa, G. B. (2022) · Paidéia (Ribeirão Preto) · doi:10.1590/1982-4327e3227 · Cited by 4
“Girls are believed to have more fearful and sad reactions and less angry reactions than boys, and based on these stereotypes, parents tend to encourage or reinforce their children to display socially accepted behaviors and reactions (Cosentino-Rocha & Linhares, 2013; Else-Quest et al., 2006).”
BackgroundGender and nonverbal behavior.
LaFrance, M., & Vial, A. C. (2016) · doi:10.1037/14669-006 · Cited by 5
Belfi, B., Levels, M., & van der Velden, R. V. D. (2015) · doi:10.26481/umarep.2015005 · Cited by 5
“Uit vragenlijstonderzoek bleek dat meisjes hoger scoren op impulscontrole en aandacht (Else-Quest et al. 2006).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Else-Quest, N. M., Hyde, J. S., Goldsmith, H. H., & Van Hulle, C. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 2006-01
- Volume
- 132
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 33-72
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- OpenAlex
- W1979582482
- Cited by
- 1,169
- References
- 266
- Citations by year
- 2026: 50 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 51 · 2023: 37 · 2022: 61 · 2021: 68 · 2020: 74 · 2019: 73 · 2018: 67 · 2017: 75 · 2016: 74 · 2015: 77 · 2014: 64 · 2013: 81 · 2012: 61
- FWCI
- 5.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Keywords
- gender differences, temperament, effortful control, inhibitory control, perceptual sensitivity, surgency, negative affectivity, children, externalizing disorders, rough-and-tumble play, emotional reactivity
- MeSH terms
- Female, Humans, Male, Personality, Personality Development, Psychological Theory, Sex Factors, Temperament
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