The DOI matches its Crossref record; 246 of the 249 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Is there a universal need for positive self-regard?
Abstract
It is assumed that people seek positive self-regard; that is, they are motivated to possess, enhance, and maintain positive self-views. The cross-cultural generalizability of such motivations was addressed by examining Japanese culture. Anthropological, sociological, and psychological analyses revealed that many elements of Japanese culture are incongruent with such motivations. Moreover, the empirical literature provides scant evidence for a need for positive self-regard among Japanese and indicates that a self-critical focus is more characteristic of Japanese. It is argued that the need for self-regard must be culturally variant because the constructions of self and regard themselves differ across cultures. The need for positive self-regard, as it is currently conceptualized, is not a universal, but rather is rooted in significant aspects of North American culture. Conventional interpretations of positive self-regard are too narrow to encompass the Japanese experience.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“These differences likely reflect Americans’ tendency to perceive the self in a more positive light than East Asians do (Heine, Lehman, Markus, & Kitayama, 1999), and that participants likely used their cultural group as a reference (Heine, Lehman, Peng, & Greenholtz, 2002).”
From Culture and Healthy Eating: The Role of Independence and Interdependence in the United States and Japan (2016) · cites this paper as Heine, Lehman, Markus, & Kitayama, 1999
In the citing paper
“norm-fulfillment may not affect self-esteem in Asia (Heine, Lehman, Markus, & Kitayama, 1999; but see Kobayashi & Brown, 2003;Kurman, 2003;Sedikides et al., 2005).”
From Cultural norm fulfillment, interpersonal belonging, or getting ahead? A large-scale cross-cultural test of three perspectives on the function of self-esteem. (2015) · cites this paper as Heine, Lehman, Markus, & Kitayama, 1999
In the citing paper
“It is universally adaptive to be viewed as good and worthy of high regard in one's culture”
From Implications of an Emerging Integration of Universal and Culturally Specific Psychologies (2006) · cites this paper as Heine et al., 1999
In the citing paper
“Members of collectivist cultures may thus be less motivated to protect self-integrity because their culture places less emphasis on esteeming the self (Heine et al., 1999).”
From The psychology of self-defense: Self-affirmation theory (2006) · cites this paper as Heine et al., 1999
In the citing paper
“In individualist cultures (such as the US), the self is a more bounded, autonomous entity, whereas in collectivist cultures (such as in East Asia), the self is more interconnected and tied to important relationships.”
From The psychology of self-defense: Self-affirmation theory (2006) · cites this paper as Heine et al., 1999
Citations
Cites
Society and the Adolescent Self-Image
Rosenberg, M. (1965) · doi:10.1515/9781400876136 · Cited by 30,126
James, W. (1891) · Personality Culture Society · doi:10.1037/11059-000 · Cited by 25,876
The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation.
Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037//0033-2909.117.3.497 · Cited by 23,245
Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation.
Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.98.2.224 · Cited by 21,995
Self-citationSelf-efficacy mechanism in human agency
Bandura, A. (1982) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.37.2.122 · Cited by 15,975
Culture's Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related Values.
Sorge, A. M., & Hofstede, G. (1983) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2393017 · Cited by 15,195
The Social Identity Theory of Intergroup Behavior
Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (2004) · Political Psychology · doi:10.4324/9780203505984-16 · Cited by 13,467
The Handbook of Social Psychology
Gravatt, A. E., Lindzey, G. E., & Aronson, F. (1969) · The Family Coordinator · doi:10.2307/582242 · Cited by 12,518
Axford, N. (2017) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315258324-16 · Cited by 11,329
Psychology of intergroup relations
Austin, W. G., & Worchel, S. (1986) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 10,626
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 901–1,000 of 2,135
Akhtar, S. (2018) · The American Journal of Psychoanalysis · doi:10.1057/s11231-017-9120-7 · Cited by 24
“Heine et al. (1999) went so far as to suggest the need for self-enhancement is not universal; it manifests only in some cultures and is most marked in the United States.”
BackgroundAmerican and Japanese beliefs about self‐esteem
Brown, R. A. (2008) · Asian Journal Of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-839x.2008.00270.x · Cited by 24
MacGregor, J. C. D., & Holmes, J. G. (2011) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550611400098 · Cited by 24
Broeder, P., & Stokmans, M. J. W. (2013) · International Review of Education · doi:10.1007/s11159-013-9354-4 · Cited by 24
“…to conform than do members of individualistic cultures (Bond and Smith 1996; Tamis-LeMonda et al. 2008), and that members of collectivistic cultures are less likely to seek differentiation from others than members of individualistic cultures (Yu 2007; Heine et al. 1999; Kim and Markus 1999).”
BackgroundNagata, S., Gregg, M. F., Miki, Y., et al. (2011) · Nurse Education Today · doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2011.05.019 · Cited by 24
Running away from unwanted feelings: Culture matters
Su, J. C., Wei, M., & Tsai, H.-T. (2014) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2014.881322 · Cited by 24
Kormi‐Nouri, R., MacDonald, S., Farahani, M.-N., Trost, K., & Shokri, O. (2015) · International Journal of Higher Education · doi:10.5430/ijhe.v4n2p92 · Cited by 24
Tsai, W., Chiang, J. J., & Lau, A. S. (2015) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550615598380 · Cited by 27
Cross-Cultural Validation of the Career Calling Scale for Korean Emerging Adults
Kim, H. J., Praskova, A., & Lee, K.-H. (2016) · Journal of Career Assessment · doi:10.1177/1069072716639852 · Cited by 24
Thomaes, S. C. E., & Bushman, B. J. (2010) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/12346-011 · Cited by 25
Nowicka, M. M., Wójcik, M. J., Kotlewska, I., Bola, M., & Nowicka, A. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0200604 · Cited by 24
Cognitive responses to favor requests from different social targets in a Confucian society
Han, K., Li, M.-C., & Hwang, K. (2005) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407505050952 · Cited by 24
Üskül, A. K., Oyserman, D., Schwarz, N., Lee, S. W. S., & Xu, A. J. (2013) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2013.31.2.222 · Cited by 23
Aşçı, F. H., Demirhan, G., & DİNÇ, S. C. (2007) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.104.3.892-900 · Cited by 29
Comprehensive Guidance Programs in an International Context.
Watkins, C. (2001) · Professional School Counseling · Cited by 24
Zeigler‐Hill, V., Jordan, C., & Cameron, J. J. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/obo/9780199828340-0124 · Cited by 39
Miyamoto, Y., & Eggen, A. T. (2013) · Handbooks of sociology and social research · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-6772-0_20 · Cited by 23
Attention and emotion shape self-voice prioritization in speech processing
Pinheiro, A. P., Sarzedas, J., Roberto, M. S., & Kotz, S. A. (2022) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2022.10.006 · Cited by 23
Investor sentiment and stock market returns: a story of night and day
Wang, W. (2024) · European Journal of Finance · doi:10.1080/1351847x.2024.2306942 · Cited by 22
“Investors in IDV cultures tend to exhibit overconfidence and thus to commit cognitive biases in trading (Chui, Titman, and Wei 2010; Heine et al. 1999; Li et al.2013 ), while those in CLT cultures are more likely to exhibit herding and thus to trade in concert and induce overreaction (Beckmann,…”
Rejection of Christianity and Self-Esteem
Williams, E., Francis, L. J., & Robbins, M. (2010) · Warwick Research Archive Portal (University of Warwick) · Cited by 23
Sensitivity to criticism and theory of mind: A cross cultural study on Japanese and Italian children
Mizokawa, A., & Lecce, S. (2016) · European Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17405629.2016.1180970 · Cited by 23
The automatic nature of motivated belief updating
Kappes, A., & Sharot, T. (2018) · Behavioural Public Policy · doi:10.1017/bpp.2017.11 · Cited by 23
“A learned rejection of bad news would help explain why people in cultures that reward a self-critical focus lack positively skewed self-beliefs (Heine et al., 1999).”
BackgroundClobert, M., Sims, T. L., Yoo, J., Miyamoto, Y., Markus, H. R., Karasawa, M., & Levine, C. S. (2019) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000531 · Cited by 24
“Why was no significant cultural variation observed in the effect of positive affective feelings on mental health? It may be that psychological well-being and self-esteem are more strongly linked to HAP feelings because they focus on American ideals of independence, self enhancement, and the expression of positive attr…”
BackgroundSelf-citationJones, L. K., & Hite, R. L. (2020) · International Journal of Science Education · doi:10.1080/09500693.2020.1829158 · Cited by 24
Rounding up for a cause: The joint effect of donation type and crowding on donation likelihood
Hwang, Y., Choi, S., & Mattila, A. S. (2020) · International Journal of Hospitality Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102779 · Cited by 25
Neoh, M., Carollo, A., Bonassi, A., Mulatti, C., Lee, A., & Esposito, G. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0257888 · Cited by 23
Lalot, F., Ahvenharju, S., & Minkkinen, M. (2021) · Psychological Test Adaptation and Development · doi:10.1027/2698-1866/a000014 · Cited by 21
Wang, H., & Lou, X. (2022) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/00220221221109547 · Cited by 26
“However, these former investigations ignored the role of culture in understanding their correlations, which holds importance because the self can be viewed as a cultural product (Heine et al., 1999), and many self-processes coordinate with the larger cultural context where individuals participate in (Kitayama et al.”
BackgroundInfluentialThe impact of individualistic and collectivistic orientation on the judgment of self‐presentation
Chen, F., & Jing, Y. (2012) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.1872 · Cited by 23
La régulation des émotions au cours du vieillissement normal
Vieillard, S., & Harm, J. (2013) · L’Année psychologique · doi:10.4074/s000350331301405x · Cited by 27
Bi-dimensional acculturation and cultural response set in CES-D among Korean immigrants
Kim, E., Seo, K., & Cain, K. (2010) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.3109/01612840.2010.483566 · Cited by 30
“Being happy is a basic value for most Americans, supported by the U.S. Declaration of Independence, which proclaims the pursuit of happiness as a fundamental right of its citizens (Heine et al., 1999).”
BackgroundHow does dysfunctional customer behavior affect employee turnover
Gong, T., & Wang, C. (2019) · Journal of Service Theory and Practice · doi:10.1108/jstp-04-2018-0081 · Cited by 23
When Does Self-Criticism Lead to Depression in Collectivistic Context
Aruta, J. J. B., Antazo, B., Briones-Diato, A., Crisostomo, K. A., Canlas, N., & Peñaranda, G. (2020) · International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling · doi:10.1007/s10447-020-09418-6
Gaertner, L., Sedikides, C., Cai, H., & Brown, J. D. (2010) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x10000105 · Cited by 23
Changes in the relationship between self‐reference and emotional valence as a function of dysphoria
Watson, L. A., Dritschel, B., Jentzsch, I., & Obonsawin, M. C. (2008) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1348/000712607x248689 · Cited by 23
“This self-positivity bias is one of the most common and robust findings within social psychology ( Heine, Lehman, Markus, & Kitayama, 1999 ) and illustrates the close relationship between self-reference and emotional valence.”
BackgroundSelf-Improving Motivations and Collectivism
Heine, S. J., & Raineri, A. (2008) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022108326193 · Cited by 23
Self-citationMoore, D. A. (2005) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.775086 · Cited by 23
Buroum：An Analysis of Benign Envy in Korea
차운아 (2009) · 한국심리학회지 사회및성격 · doi:10.21193/kjspp.2009.23.2.010 · Cited by 22
Peterson, M. F., & Stewart, S. A. (2020) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022120925921 · Cited by 23
“Self-enhancement and efficacy motives can be fulfilled in collectivist societies by attributes that promote an in-group’s status (Heine et al., 1999; Snibbe et al., 2003).”
BackgroundFong, J. (2020) · Higher Education Evaluation and Development · doi:10.1108/heed-01-2020-0002 · Cited by 22
On the determinants of household debt maturity choice
Breuer, W., Hens, T., Salzmann, A. J., et al. (2014) · Applied Economics · doi:10.1080/00036846.2014.972547 · Cited by 22
“First, people in individualistic societies desire to assert their individuality and appreciate one’s difference from others through expressing unique inner attributes (Heine et al., 1999).”
BackgroundMore Rational or More Emotional Than Others? Lay Beliefs About Decision‐Making Strategies
VanBergen, N., Lurie, N. H., & Chen, Z. (2021) · Journal of Consumer Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcpy.1244 · Cited by 26
“In addition to different beliefs about what is superior and thus self-enhancing, there are cultural differences in the extent to which people may be willing to perceive others as similar to the self (Heine & Lehman, 1995; Heine et al., 1999), which may also moderate our effect.”
BackgroundMotivating prosocial behavior by leveraging positive self‐regard through values affirmation
Schneider, C. R., & Weber, E. U. (2021) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/jasp.12841 · Cited by 23
The interactive effect of power and self-construal on consumers’ preferences for brand-logo size
Wong, J., Lalwani, A. K., & Wang, J. J. (2022) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.05.050 · Cited by 23
Exploring online consumer review-management response dynamics: A heuristic-systematic perspective
Hung, H.-Y., Hu, Y., Lee, N. J., & Tsai, H.-T. (2023) · Decision Support Systems · doi:10.1016/j.dss.2023.114087 · Cited by 24
French, D. C., Lee, O., & Pidada, S. U. (2006) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511499739.017 · Cited by 23
The prospects of lesson study in the US
Gero, G. (2015) · International Journal for Lesson and Learning Studies · doi:10.1108/ijlls-02-2014-0007 · Cited by 22
“In total, three key features of lesson study that can be linked to Japan’s culture are: interdependence; an emphasis on continuous effort; and the practice of critical reflection (Heine et al., 1999; Shimahara, 1998; Stevenson and Stigler, 1992).”
BackgroundSouiden, N., & M'saad, B. (2011) · Psychology & Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.20430 · Cited by 27
Effects of Self-Criticism and Its Relationship with Depression across Cultures
Yamaguchi, A., & Kim, M.-S. (2013) · International Journal of Psychological Studies · doi:10.5539/ijps.v5n1p1 · Cited by 22
“Heine et al. (1999) recognized that self-criticism plays a key role for East Asians in their endeavor to better themselves and maintain good face.”
BackgroundInfluentialFarooq, O., & Amin, A. (2016) · Research in International Business and Finance · doi:10.1016/j.ribaf.2016.07.011 · Cited by 22
“Markus and Kitayama (1991) and Heine et al. (1999) note that individualistic cultures are characterized by overconfidence and self-attribution bias.”
BackgroundAmerican undergraduate students' value development during the Great Recession
Park, H., Twenge, J. M., & Greenfield, P. M. (2016) · International Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1002/ijop.12410 · Cited by 23
Cremer, D. D. (2004) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-004-1037-7 · Cited by 22
“Indeed, research (see Heine, Lehman, Markus, & Kitayama, 1999 for a review) has demonstrated that several self-serving biases do not occur in more collectivistic cultures, relative to more individualistic cultures (e.g., Western societies).”
BackgroundRitchie, T. D., Sedikides, C., & Skowronski, J. J. (2016) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2016.1233984 · Cited by 23
“Results from several studies are consistent with this view (e.g., Falk, Heine, Takemura, Zhang, & Hsu, 2015; Heine & Hamamura, 2007; Heine et al., 1999).”
ResultElliott, J. G., Hufton, N. R., Illushin, L., et al. (2001) · Cambridge Journal of Education · doi:10.1080/03057640125202 · Cited by 22
“While studies suggest that within American society individuals tend to seek to maintain and enhance a positive perception (Greenberg & Pyszczynski, 1985; Blaine & Crocker, 1993), such dispositions appear to be less evident in other cultures (Heine et al., 1999).”
BackgroundMannell, R. C. (2005) · Journal of Leisure Research · doi:10.1080/00222216.2005.11950042 · Cited by 22
Vallabhaneni, D. (2012) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119197973.ch10 · Cited by 22
Perceptions of Prosociality and Solidarity in Self and Others
Fetchenhauer, D., & Dunning, D. A. (2006) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/0-387-28032-4_4 · Cited by 43
“Indirect support for this assumption comes from studies by Heine, Lehman, Markus, and Kitayama (1999) , who showed that Japanese people do reveal a lower need for self-enhancement than Americans.”
ResultChallenging the Assumption of a Western Phenomenon: Academic Entitlement in Saudi Arabia
Blincoe, S., & Garris, C. P. (2016) · The Journal of Experimental Education · doi:10.1080/00220973.2016.1199009 · Cited by 20
Culture and Patterns of Reciprocity: The Role of Exchange Type, Regulatory Focus, and Emotions
Deng, Y., Wang, C. S., Aime, F., Wang, L., Sivanathan, N., & Kim, Y. C. (2020) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167220913694 · Cited by 29
“, 1997; Markus & Kitayama, 1991) which emphasize the fulfillment of one’s obligation toward others, the maintenance of harmony, and a vigilant outlook to maintain existing connections (Falk et al., 2009; Heine et al., 1999).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-Compassion: Theory and Measurement
Neff, K. D. (2023) · Mindfulness in behavioral health · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-22348-8_1 · Cited by 27
Pandey, R., Tiwari, G. K., Pandey, R., Mandal, S. P., Mudgal, S., Parihar, P., Rai, P. K., Tiwari, A. S., & Shukla, M. (2023) · Psychological Thought · doi:10.37708/psyct.v16i2.571 · Cited by 28
Culture, cognition and behavior in the pursuit of self-esteem
Strandell, J. (2015) · Poetics · doi:10.1016/j.poetic.2015.08.007 · Cited by 23
Taniguchi, E., & Lee, H. E. (2012) · Journal of Intercultural Communication Research · doi:10.1080/17475759.2012.728769 · Cited by 21
“North Americans are socialized to think about themselves positively (Markus, Mullally, & Kitayama, 1997), whereas Japanese are characterized by selfcriticism (Heine et al., 1999).”
BackgroundHitokoto, H., Glazer, J. E., & Kitayama, S. (2015) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.12554 · Cited by 21
“Indeed, some existing studies suggest that acculturation of Asian immigrants to North American mainstream cultures can take at least a few generations (Heine et al., 1999).”
Self-citationChang, E. C., Yang, H., & Yu, T. (2016) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2016.1198925 · Cited by 22
“Consistent with the notion that the self represents a fundamental source of motivation across cultural groups (Heine et al., 1999; Hepper et al., 2013), we found the self to be a unique positive predictor of life satisfaction in both Chinese and Americans.”
BackgroundKishimoto, N., Mukai, N., Honda, Y., et al. (2017) · European Journal Of Dental Education · doi:10.1111/eje.12301 · Cited by 21
Pride: The fundamental emotion of success, power, and status.
Tracy, J. L., Weidman, A. C., Cheng, J. T., & Martens, J. P. (2014) · BCU Open Access Repository (Birmingham City University) · Cited by 23
Dunning, D. A., Heath, C., & Suls, J. M. (2018) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691616688975 · Cited by 22
Connected to Birds but Not Bees: Valence Moderates Implicit Associations with Nature
Verges, M., & Duffy, S. (2009) · Environment and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0013916508330210 · Cited by 21
Zoabi, K., & Savaya, R. (2011) · The British Journal of Social Work · doi:10.1093/bjsw/bcr071 · Cited by 21
Are consumers' financial needs and values common across cultures? Evidence from six countries
Guo, L., Stone, D. N., Bryant, S. M., Wier, B., Nikitkov, A. N., Ren, C., Riccio, É. L., Shen, M., Trabelsi, S., & Zhang, L. (2013) · International Journal of Consumer Studies · doi:10.1111/ijcs.12047 · Cited by 23
Human Behavior in Military Contexts
Gratch, J. S., Blascovich, J. J., Chemers, M. M., Hunt, E. B., Ilgen, D. R., Larsen, R. L., Mayer, R. E., O'Neil, J. H., McLaughlin, A. J., Patel, V. L., et al. (2008) · Cited by 20
A Multicomponential Model of Shame
Martens, W. H. J. (2005) · Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour · doi:10.1111/j.1468-5914.2005.00283.x · Cited by 21
The Importance of Values in Family-Owned FirmsPreprint
Ceja, L., Agulles, R., & Tàpies, J. (2010) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1701642 · Cited by 23
Building influence as an outsider: A theoretical approach to cross-cultural impression management
Ward, A. K., & Ravlin, E. C. (2017) · Human Resource Management Review · doi:10.1016/j.hrmr.2016.12.013 · Cited by 21
The Role of Culture in Understanding and Evaluating Emotional Intelligence
Huynh, A. C., Oakes, H., & Grossmann, I. (2018) · Plenum series on human exceptionality · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-90633-1_5 · Cited by 24
The Role of Enterprise Risk Management in Sustainable Decision-Making: A Cross-Cultural Comparison
Liu, X. (2019) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su11102939 · Cited by 20
Morrison, K. R., & Aveyard, M. E. (2019) · Public Understanding of Science · doi:10.1177/0963662519869815 · Cited by 17
Umegaki, Y., Nakagawa, A., Watkins, E. R., & Mullan, E. (2021) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2021.01.003 · Cited by 20
Analyst Recommendations and Anomalies Across the Globe
Azevedo, V., & Müller, S. (2020) · Journal of Banking & Finance · doi:10.1016/j.jbankfin.2024.107296 · Cited by 26
The self‐enhancing function of Chinese modesty: From a perspective of social script
Han, K. (2011) · Asian Journal Of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-839x.2011.01354.x · Cited by 19
Individual differences in perceived esteem across cultures
Hermann, A. D., Lucas, G., & Friedrich, J. R. (2008) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298860701319044 · Cited by 20
“…relevant to important life outcomes in the two groups that is consistent with longstanding theory supported by a large body of empirical work (i.e., Heine et al., 1999; Markus & Kitayama, 1991; Triandis, 1989) and is suggestive of acculturation effects rather than a relatively recent change in…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialWalker, G. J. (2010) · Journal of Leisure Research · doi:10.1080/00222216.2010.11950194 · Cited by 21
“…significant others occur more frequently during leisure (Kelly & Godbey, 1992), and Asian people view personal competence as a potential threat to social harmony (Heine et al., 1999), when a high level of competence does occur in this context an inhibitive rather than facilitative effect results.”
BackgroundInfluentialHow Culture Shapes the Reading of Fairy Tales: A Cross-Cultural Approach
Zhang, Y., & Lauer, G. (2015) · Comparative Literature Studies · doi:10.5325/complitstudies.52.4.0663 · Cited by 20
Shimizu, M., Niiya, Y., & Shigemasu, E. (2015) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298868.2015.1084371 · Cited by 20
Making sense of positive self‐evaluations in China: The role of sociocultural change
Zhang, R., Noels, K. A., Guan, Y., & Weng, L. (2016) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2214 · Cited by 23
“In contrast, self-enhancement as typically operationalized in Western psychological research is less sanctioned in East Asian cultures that traditionally value face and interpersonal harmony (Heine et al., 1999).”
BackgroundInfluentialCulture and Psychometric Studies of Creativity
Karwowski, M. (2016) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/978-1-137-46344-9_8 · Cited by 25
Hansen, M. B., & Mendzheritskaya, J. (2017) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022117697845 · Cited by 20
“…tend more often to blame the other person while reflecting on a negative event (Grossmann & Kross, 2010), as well as to enhance a positive outlook (Heine et al., 1999; Savina, 2013) compared with students in Russia and may, therefore, experience self-related negative emotions such as self-pity…”
BackgroundCarrasco, F. R. C., Santos, F. J., & Guzmán, C. (2019) · Innovation The European Journal of Social Science Research · doi:10.1080/13511610.2019.1626701 · Cited by 20
“In this context, certain authors (Markus and Kitayama 1991; Heine et al. 1999) conclude that collectivist societies could be identified with societies characterized by self-transcendence values (universalism and benevolence), and individualistic societies with societies where self-enhancement values (power and achieve…”
BackgroundTortora, C., D’Urso, G., Nimbi, F. M., Pace, U., Marchetti, D., & Fontanesi, L. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02864 · Cited by 21
“Notably, culture is considered to be largely learned, not innate (Heine et al., 1999).”
BackgroundSzentágotai, A., & David, D. O. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-6806-6_8 · Cited by 23
Takemura, K. N., & Yuki, M. (2007) · International Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00207590500411534 · Cited by 19
“One enduring issue faced by social scientists is whether or not individuals are more prone to behave in a hostile and competitive manner when banded together in a group than when they are not a member of a group (LeBon, 1895/1960 ; McDougall, 1920 ).”
BackgroundEmotional responses to honour situations in Turkey and the northern USA
Üskül, A. K., Cross, S. E., Alözkan, C., et al. (2013) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2013.870133 · Cited by 20
Du, H., & Jonas, E. (2014) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.12175 · Cited by 19
Cohen, J. R., Young, J. F., Hankin, B. L., Yao, S., Zhu, X. Z., & Abela, J. R. Z. (2013) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2013.32.6.596 · Cited by 23
“In light of these findings , future research may want to investigate if past postulations that self-critical processes may not be as harmful in Southeast Asia are specific to Japanese culture or unique forms of self-criticism (Heine et al., 1999).”
Contextualizing Social Power Research within Organizational Behavior
Schaerer, M., Lee, A. J., Galinsky, A. D., & Thau, S. (2017) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315626543-9 · Cited by 23
Scared to death or scared to love? Terror management theory and close relationships seeking
Śmieja, M., Kałaska, M., & Adamczyk, M. (2006) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.301 · Cited by 20
Möhr, C., Hübener, F., & Laska, M. (2002) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/s0165-1781(02)00132-4 · Cited by 20
Scalas, L. F., Marsh, H. W., Vispoel, W. P., Morin, A. J. S., & Wen, Z. (2016) · Psychology of Music · doi:10.1177/0305735616672317 · Cited by 21
Yu, Q., King, A. P. J., Yoon, C., Liberzon, I., Schaefer, S. M., Davidson, R. J., & Kitayama, S. (2021) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2021.108050 · Cited by 18
“These patterns align with the findings that interdependent SC is linked to suppressed personal goal pursuit (Heine, Lehman, Markus, & Kitayama, 1999; Kitayama & Park, 2014) and increased perspective-taking (Atkins, Uskul, & Cooper, 2016; Wu & Keysar, 2007).”
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Heine, S. J., Lehman, D. R., Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- University of British Columbia (CA)
- Kyoto University (JP)
- Venue
- Psychological Review
- Published
- 1999-10
- Volume
- 106
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 766-794
- ISSN
- 0033-295X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1471
- OpenAlex
- W2076124583
- Cited by
- 2,247
- References
- 249
- Citations by year
- 2026: 69 · 2025: 107 · 2024: 71 · 2023: 68 · 2022: 70 · 2021: 97 · 2020: 112 · 2019: 95 · 2018: 95 · 2017: 101 · 2016: 113 · 2015: 111 · 2014: 122 · 2013: 105 · 2012: 113
- FWCI
- 51.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Review (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Cultural Differences and Values
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Keywords
- self-esteem, self-criticism, cross-cultural generalizability, Japanese culture, self-construal, North American culture, self-view
- MeSH terms
- Cultural Characteristics, Humans, Japan, Motivation, North America, Self Concept
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
