Human Metacognition Across Domains: Insights from Individual Differences and Neuroimaging
Open accessAbstract
Metacognition is the capacity to evaluate and control one’s own cognitive processes. Metacognition operates over a range of cognitive domains, such as perception and memory, but the neurocognitive architecture supporting this ability remains controversial. Is metacognition enabled by a common, domain-general resource that is recruited to evaluate performance on a variety of tasks? Or is metacognition reliant on domain-specific modules? This article reviews recent literature on the domain-generality of human metacognition, drawing on evidence from individual differences and neuroimaging. A meta-analysis of behavioral studies found that perceptual metacognitive ability was correlated across different sensory modalities, but found no correlation between metacognition of perception and memory. However, evidence for domain-generality from behavioral data may suffer from a lack of power to identify correlations across model parameters indexing metacognitive efficiency. Neuroimaging data provide a complementary perspective on the domain-generality of metacognition, revealing co-existence of neural signatures that are common and distinct across tasks. We suggest that such an architecture may be appropriate for “tagging” generic feelings of confidence with domain-specific information, in turn forming the basis for priors about self-ability and modulation of higher-order behavioral control.
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The generative nature of GenAI means that many user workflows will or have shifted from users generating content to evaluating it.
“The generative nature of GenAI-its 'originality' [157]-means that many user workflows will or have shifted from users generating content to evaluating it [149,154], as already documented in programming [156] and manufacturing design [70].”
From The Metacognitive Demands and Opportunities of Generative AI (2024) · cites this paper as [149]
The Abstract and 'How does confidence guide behavior?' section discuss evaluating one’s own cognitive performance, not evaluating GenAI-generated content. Searches for GenAI, content creation, and workflow changes found no passage addressing a shift from generating content to evaluating it. Page numbers were unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThis imposes a distinct metacognitive demand on users that must make these decisions.
“We argue that this imposes a distinct metacognitive demand on users that must make these decisions, akin to [149], who make a similar argument for digital storage and memory.”
From The Metacognitive Demands and Opportunities of Generative AI (2024) · cites this paper as [149]
The Abstract defines metacognition as monitoring and controlling cognitive processes, including memory and decisions, but does not discuss digital storage. Searches for digital storage and decisions about what to store found no passage making the similar argument attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAs we offload more of our cognition to today's GenAI systems, the demand for our metacognition increases.
“Analogously, as we offload more of our cognition to today's GenAI systems, the demand for our metacognition increases [149].”
From The Metacognitive Demands and Opportunities of Generative AI (2024) · cites this paper as [149]
The Abstract defines metacognition as evaluating and controlling one’s own cognitive processes, and “How does confidence guide behavior?” discusses its role in learning and cognitive control. Neither passage addresses whether offloading cognition to GenAI increases the demand for metacognition. Searches for cognitive offloading, external tools, and increased metacognitive demand found no passage making that connection. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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Preserved metacognitive ability despite unilateral or bilateral anterior prefrontal resection
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A task-independent neural representation of subjective certainty in visual perception
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Metacognitive Deficiency in a Perceptual but Not a Memory Task in Methadone Maintenance Patients
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Transcranial magnetic stimulation to visual cortex induces suboptimal introspection
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Human VMPFC encodes early signatures of confidence in perceptual decisionsPreprint
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Cross domain self-monitoring in anosognosia for memory loss in Alzheimer's disease
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Facets of Self in Schizophrenia
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Finding domain-general metacognitive mechanisms requires using appropriate tasksPreprint
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Distinct encoding of decision confidence in human medial prefrontal cortex
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Research works printed but not linked: 2
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The Metacognitive Demands and Opportunities of Generative AI
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“…(universally applicable across different areas of knowledge, skills, or problem-solving) or domain-specific (pertain to a particular area of expertise to which they are finely tuned, such as math) is a matter of active debate, although there is evidence for both views [11, 44, 68, 118, 151].”
BackgroundThe C factor: cognitive dysfunction as a transdiagnostic dimension in psychopathology
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Metacognition and Confidence: A Review and Synthesis
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Self-citationKnowing Ourselves Together: The Cultural Origins of Metacognition
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Self-citationMetacognition: ideas and insights from neuro- and educational sciences
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Forming global estimates of self-performance from local confidence
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Self-citationDisentangling the origins of confidence in speeded perceptual judgments through multimodal imaging
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Distinct neural contributions to metacognition for detecting, but not discriminating visual stimuli
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Self-citationDynamic influences on static measures of metacognition
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Metacognition in functional cognitive disorder
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Self-citationFunctional brain activation patterns of creative metacognitive monitoring
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Self-citationIdentifying cultural differences in metacognition.
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Self-citationReappraising reappraisal: an expanded view
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Postdecision Evidence Integration and Depressive Symptoms
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Self-citationMeasuring metacognition of direct and indirect parameters of voluntary movement.
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Self-citationMetacognition and confidence: A review and synthesisPreprint
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Neuropsychological Research in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Current Status and Future Directions
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Self-citationA Metacognitive Perspective of Visual Working Memory With Rich Complex Objects
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Metacognitive Performance on Memory and Visuospatial Tasks in Functional Cognitive Disorder
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Self-awareness for financial decision-making abilities in healthy adults
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Self-citationEffects of ketamine on brain function during metacognition of episodic memory
Lehmann, M., Neumann, C., Wasserthal, S., Schultz, J., Delis, A., Trautner, P., Hurlemann, R., & Ettinger, U. (2021) · Neuroscience of Consciousness · doi:10.1093/nc/niaa028 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Presenting the Meta-Performance Test, a Metacognitive Battery based on Performance
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The influence of sad mood induction on task performance and metacognition
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Contributions of age and clinical depression to metacognitive performance
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Anxiety Disorders: The Relationship between Insight and Metacognition
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Motivational signals disrupt metacognitive signals in the human ventromedial prefrontal cortex
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Hydrocortisone decreases metacognitive efficiency independent of perceived stress
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Neurocognition and Metacognition in Anxiety Disorders
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Advice-taking as a bridge between decision neuroscience and mental capacity
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Does age affect metacognition? A cross-domain investigation using a hierarchical Bayesian framework
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Self-citationImpaired Metacognition of Voluntary Movement in Functional Movement Disorder
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Metacognitive monitoring in schizotypy: Systematic literature review and new empirical data
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Metacognitive biases in anxiety-depression and compulsivity extend across perception and memory
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Metacognitive sensitivity and symptoms of mental disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis
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Domain-specific updating of metacognitive self-beliefs
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Disentangling the origins of confidence in speeded perceptual judgments through multimodal imagingPreprint
Pereira, M., Faivre, N., Iturrate, I., Wirthlin, M., Serafini, L., Martin, S. L., Desvachez, A., Blanke, O., Ville, D. V. D., & Millán, J. D. R. (2018) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/496877 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
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Influence of emotional stimuli on metacognition: A study in arithmetic
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- Authors
- Rouault, M., McWilliams, A., Allen, M. G., & Fleming, S. M.
- Affiliations
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging (GB)
- Max Planck Society (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Fleming, Stephen M.
- Venue
- Personality Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2018
- Volume
- 1
- Pages
- e17
- ISSN
- 2513-9886 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6217996
- OpenAlex
- W2899651677
- Cited by
- 176
- References
- 113
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 3
- FWCI
- 7.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-nd
- Locations
- Personality Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- HAL (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (203147/Z/16/Z, 203147, 206648, 203147/Z/16/)
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (ACF-2015-17-019)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
- Keywords
- metacognition, domain generality, individual differences, confidence, self-assessment, sensory modalities, metacognitive efficiency
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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