Beyond good and evil: The time-course of neural activity elicited by specific picture content.
Abstract
The present study examined electrocortical evidence for a negativity bias, focusing on the impact of specific picture content on a range of event-related potentials (ERPs). To this end, ERPs were recorded while 67 participants viewed a variety of pictures from the International Affective Picture System. Examination of broad categories (i.e., pleasant, neutral, unpleasant) found no evidence for a negativity bias in two early components, the N1 and the Early Posterior Negativity (EPN), but revealed that unpleasant images did elicit a larger late positive potential (LPP) than pleasant pictures. However, images of erotica and mutilation elicited comparable LPP responses, as did affiliative and threatening images. Exciting (i.e., sports) images and disgusting images elicited smaller LPPs than other emotional images, similar to neutral images containing people-which were associated with the largest LPPs among neutral pictures. When these three anomalous categories (exciting, disgusting, and scenes with people) were excluded, unpleasant images no longer elicited a larger LPP than pleasant images. Thus, including exciting images in pleasant ERP averages disproportionately reduces the LPP. The present findings are discussed in light of the motivational significance of specific picture subtypes.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The LPP has been shown sensitive to biologically relevant information, such as the presentation of threatening information.
“which has been shown sensitive to biologically relevant information, such as the presentation of threatening information33–36”
From Event-related potentials of automatic imitation are modulated by ethnicity during stimulus processing, but not during motor execution (2018) · cites this paper as [36]
Early (<1000 ms) and late (>1000 ms) portions of the LPP may reflect partially distinct attentional processes, obligatory attentional allocation and deliberate elaboration, respectively.
“Its early (<1,000 ms) and late (>1,000 ms) portions may reflect partially distinct attentional processes, that is, obligatory attentional allocation (Weinberg, & Hajcak, 2010) and deliberate elaboration (Foti, & Hajcak, 2008), respectively.”
From Uncertainty increases neural indices of attention in obsessive-compulsive disorder (2017) · cites this paper as Weinberg, & Hajcak, 2010
Hypervigilance for unpredictable pictures was observed during earlier, predominantly obligatory processing.
“Hypervigilance for unpredictable pictures was associated with anxiety and observed during earlier, predominantly obligatory processing (Carretie et al., 2004;Weinberg, & Hajcak, 2010), suggesting limited control.”
From Uncertainty increases neural indices of attention in obsessive-compulsive disorder (2017) · cites this paper as Weinberg, & Hajcak, 2010
Cites
Baumeister, R. F., Bratslavsky, E., Finkenauer, C., & Vohs, K. D. (2001) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/1089-2680.5.4.323 · Cited by 7,678 · see citing works
Kahneman, D. J., & Tversky, A. (2013) · World Scientific handbook in financial economic series · doi:10.1142/9789814417358_0016 · Cited by 5,372 · see citing works
(2005) · CTIT technical reports series · Cited by 5,307 · see citing works
A new method for off-line removal of ocular artifact
Gratton, G., Coles, M. G. H., & Donchin, E. (1983) · Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/0013-4694(83)90135-9 · Cited by 5,055 · see citing works
Bayesian t tests for accepting and rejecting the null hypothesis
Rouder, J. N., Speckman, P. L., Sun, D., Morey, R. D., & Iverson, G. (2009) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/pbr.16.2.225 · Cited by 3,688 · see citing works
Emotion drives attention: Detecting the snake in the grass.
Öhman, A., Flykt, A., & Esteves, F. (2001) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.130.3.466 · Cited by 2,542 · see citing works
Emotion drives attention: Detecting the snake in the grass.
Öhman, A., Flykt, A., & Esteves, F. G. (2001) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037//0096-3445.130.3.466 · Cited by 2,527 · see citing works
Asymmetrical effects of positive and negative events – the mobilization minimization hypothesis.
Taylor, S. E. (1991) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037//0033-2909.110.1.67 · Cited by 2,387 · see citing works
Emotion and motivation I: Defensive and appetitive reactions in picture processing.
Bradley, M. M., Codispoti, M., Cuthbert, B. N., & Lang, P. J. (2001) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.1.3.276 · Cited by 2,224 · see citing works
How brains beware: neural mechanisms of emotional attention
Vuilleumier, P. (2005) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2005.10.011 · Cited by 2,162 · see citing works
Emotion, cognition, and behavior
Dolan, R. J. (2002) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1076358 · Cited by 1,979 · see citing works
Cuthbert, B. N., Schupp, H. T., Bradley, M. M., Birbaumer, N., & Lang, P. J. (2000) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0301-0511(99)00044-7 · Cited by 1,900 · see citing works
A Bio‐Informational Theory of Emotional Imagery
Lang, P. J. (1979) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1979.tb01511.x · Cited by 1,750 · see citing works
Affective picture processing: An integrative review of ERP findings
Olofsson, J. K., Nordin, S., Sequeira, H., & Polich, J. (2008) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2007.11.006 · Cited by 1,595 · see citing works
Automatic vigilance: The attention-grabbing power of negative social information.
Pratto, F., & John, O. P. (1991) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.61.3.380 · Cited by 1,592 · see citing works
Negativity and extremity biases in impression formation: A review of explanations.
Skowronski, J. J., & Carlston, D. E. (1989) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.105.1.131 · Cited by 1,550 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Indeed, people appear to use negative information more readily than positive when it comes to impression formation (e.g., Anderson , 1965; Fiske, 1980; Peeters & Czapinksi, 1990; Skowronski & Carlston, 1989).”
BackgroundAttention and weight in person perception: The impact of negative and extreme behavior.
Fiske, S. T. (1980) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.38.6.889 · Cited by 1,535 · see citing works
Motivated attention : affect, activation, and action
Lang, P. J., Bradley, M. M., & Cuthbert, B. N. (1997) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,486 · see citing works
The face in the crowd revisited: A threat advantage with schematic stimuli.
Öhman, A., Lundqvist, D., & Esteves, F. (2001) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.80.3.381 · Cited by 1,366 · see citing works
Affective picture processing: The late positive potential is modulated by motivational relevance
Schupp, H. T., Cuthbert, B. N., Bradley, M. M., Cacioppo, J. T., Ito, T., & Lang, P. J. (2000) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/1469-8986.3720257 · Cited by 1,361 · see citing works
Ito, T. A., Larsen, J. T., Smith, N. K., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.75.4.887 · Cited by 1,340 · see citing works
Lesions of the human amygdala impair enhanced perception of emotionally salient events
Anderson, A. K., & Phelps, E. A. (2001) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35077083 · Cited by 1,335 · see citing works
Anxiety and the Anxiety Disorders
Tuma, A. H., & Maser, J. D. (1990) · International Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/00004850-199001000-00015 · Cited by 1,296 · see citing works
The affect system has parallel and integrative processing components: Form follows function.
Cacioppo, J. T., Gardner, W. L., & Berntson, G. G. (1999) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.76.5.839 · Cited by 1,217 · see citing works
Peeters, G., & Czapiński, J. (1990) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/14792779108401856 · Cited by 1,141 · see citing works
Aging and emotional memory: the forgettable nature of negative images for older adults
Charles, S. T., Mather, M., & Carstensen, L. L. (2003) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.132.2.310 · Cited by 1,132 · see citing works
Emotion and attention: event-related brain potential studies
Schupp, H. T., Flaisch, T., Stockburger, J., & Junghöfer, M. (2006) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(06)56002-9 · Cited by 1,032 · see citing works
Allport, A. (1989) · Cited by 1,016 · see citing works
Finding the face in the crowd: An anger superiority effect.
Hansen, C., & Hansen, R. D. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.917 · Cited by 1,014 · see citing works
Cognitive and neural mechanisms of emotional memory
Hamann, S. (2001) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(00)01707-1 · Cited by 1,010 · see citing works
Finding the face in the crowd: An anger superiority effect.
Hansen, C. H., & Hansen, R. D. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.54.6.917 · Cited by 997 · see citing works
Natural selective attention: Orienting and emotion
Bradley, M. M. (2009) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2008.00702.x · Cited by 976 · see citing works
Emotion and motivation II: Sex differences in picture processing.
Bradley, M. M., Codispoti, M., Sabatinelli, D., & Lang, P. J. (2001) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.1.3.300 · Cited by 943 · see citing works
Emotion, cognitive structure, and action tendency
Frijda, N. H. (1987) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699938708408043 · Cited by 824 · see citing works
Lang, P. J., Simons, R. F., Balaban, M. T., & Simons, R. (2013) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203726457 · Cited by 794 · see citing works
The selective processing of briefly presented affective pictures: An ERP analysis
Schupp, H. T., Junghöfer, M., Weike, A. I., & Hamm, A. O. (2004) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2004.00174.x · Cited by 679 · see citing works
Large-scale neural correlates of affective picture processing
Keil, A., Bradley, M. M., Hauk, O., Rockstroh, B. S., Elbert, T. R., & Lang, P. J. (2002) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/1469-8986.3950641 · Cited by 678 · see citing works
Emotional Facilitation of Sensory Processing in the Visual Cortex
Schupp, H. T., Junghöfer, M., Weike, A. I., & Hamm, A. O. (2003) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-9280.01411 · Cited by 626 · see citing works
Reappraisal modulates the electrocortical response to unpleasant pictures
Hajcak, G., & Nieuwenhuis, S. (2006) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/cabn.6.4.291 · Cited by 613 · see citing works
Self-citationMay I have your attention, please: Electrocortical responses to positive and negative stimuli
Smith, N. K., Cacioppo, J. T., Larsen, J. T., & Chartrand, T. L. (2003) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(02)00147-1 · Cited by 605 · see citing works
Averaging versus adding as a stimulus-combination rule in impression formation.
Anderson, N. H. (1965) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0022280 · Cited by 594 · see citing works
Differentiating neural responses to emotional pictures: evidence from temporal-spatial PCA.
Foti, D., Hajcak, G., & Dien, J. (2009) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2009.00796.x · Cited by 562 · see citing works
Self-citationMotivated and controlled attention to emotion: Time-course of the late positive potential
Hajcak, G., Dunning, J. P., & Foti, D. (2009) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2008.11.028 · Cited by 541 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Cognitive Psychophysiology of Emotion
Lang, P. J. (2019) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203728215-10 · Cited by 516 · see citing works
Brain processes in emotional perception: Motivated attention
Schupp, H. T., Cuthbert, B. N., Bradley, M. M., Hillman, C. H., Hamm, A. O., & Lang, P. J. (2004) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930341000239 · Cited by 508 · see citing works
Time course of attentional bias for threat information in non-clinical anxiety.
Mogg, K., Bradley, B. P., De Bono, J., & Painter, M. (1997) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(96)00109-x · Cited by 464 · see citing works
Attention and emotion: an ERP analysis of facilitated emotional stimulus processing
Schupp, H. T., Junghöfer, M., Weike, A. I., & Hamm, A. O. (2003) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-200306110-00002 · Cited by 460 · see citing works
Foti, D., & Hajcak, G. (2008) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2008.20066 · Cited by 458 · see citing works
Self-citationThe persistence of attention to emotion: Brain potentials during and after picture presentation.
Hajcak, G., & Olvet, D. M. (2008) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.8.2.250 · Cited by 443 · see citing works
Self-citationModulation of spatial attention by fear-conditioned stimuli: an event-related fMRI study
Armony, J. L. (2002) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(01)00178-6 · Cited by 411 · see citing works
Temporal course of emotional negativity bias: an ERP study.
Huang, Y.-X., & Luo, Y.-J. (2006) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2005.12.074 · Cited by 400 · see citing works
The importance of proving the null
Gallistel, C. R. (2009) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/a0015251 · Cited by 392 · see citing works
Attention and information Processing in infants and Adults
Campbell, B. A., Hayne, H., Richardson, R., & Campbell, B. A. (2014) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315807355 · Cited by 374 · see citing works
ESTEVES, F., PARRA, C., DIMBERG, U., & ÖHMAN, A. (1994) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1994.tb02446.x · Cited by 301 · see citing works
Ito, T. A., Cacioppo, J. T., & Lang, P. J. (1998) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167298248006 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
Codispoti, M., Ferrari, V., & Bradley, M. M. (2007) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2007.19.4.577 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
Electrophysiological Evidence of Implicit and Explicit Categorization Processes
Ito, T. A., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2000) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1006/jesp.2000.1430 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Baumeister, R. F., & Vohs, K. D. (2007) · Encyclopedia of Social Psychology · doi:10.4135/9781412956253.n55 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Affective reactions to briefly presented pictures
Codispoti, M., Bradley, M. M., & Lang, P. J. (2001) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/1469-8986.3830474 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
The naked truth: Positive, arousing distractors impair rapid target perception
Most, S. B., Smith, S. D., Cooter, A., Levy, B. N., & Zald, D. H. (2007) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930600959340 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Tell me about it: Neural activity elicited by emotional pictures and preceding descriptions.
MacNamara, A., Foti, D., & Hajcak, G. (2009) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0016251 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Self-citationToward a Functional Categorization of Slow Waves
Ruchkin, D. S., Johnson, R., Mahaffey, D. L., & Sutton, S. (1988) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1988.tb01253.x · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Heart rate response is longer after negative emotions than after positive emotions
Brosschot, J. F., & Thayer, J. F. (2003) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/s0167-8760(03)00146-6 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Variations on a human universal: Individual differences in positivity offset and negativity bias
Ito, T., & Cacioppo, J. (2005) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930441000120 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Hajcak, G., Molnar, C., George, M. S., Bolger, K. W., Koola, J., & Nahas, Z. H. (2006) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2006.00487.x · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Self-citationAffective visual event-related potentials: Arousal, repetition, and time-on-task
Olofsson, J., & Polich, J. M. (2007) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2006.12.006 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Event-related P3a and P3b in response to unpredictable emotional stimuli
Delplanque, S., Silvert, L., Hot, P., & Sequeira, H. (2004) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2004.04.006 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Dunning, J. P., & Hajcak, G. (2008) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2008.00723.x · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Self-citationArousal and valence effects on event-related P3a and P3b during emotional categorization
Delplanque, S., Silvert, L., Hot, P., Rigoulot, S., & Sequeira, H. (2005) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2005.06.006 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Cacioppo, J. T., Crites, S. L., Gardner, W. L., & Berntson, G. G. (1994) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.67.1.115 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Mecklinger, A., & Pfeifer, E. (1996) · Cognitive Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0926-6410(96)00034-1 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Memory for Emotional Words Following Unilateral Temporal Lobectomy
Phelps, E. A., LaBar, K. S., & Spencer, D. D. (1997) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1006/brcg.1997.0929 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Working memory and preparation elicit different patterns of slow wave event‐related brain potentials
Ruchkin, D. S., Canoune, H. L., Johnson, R., & Ritter, W. (1995) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1995.tb01223.x · Cited by 171 · see citing works
2. The role of the human amygdala in emotional modulation of long-term declarative memory
Buchanan, T. W., & Adolphs, R. (2002) · Advances in consciousness research · doi:10.1075/aicr.44.02buc · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Affective ERP processing in a visual oddball task: Arousal, valence, and gender
Rozenkrants, B., & Polich, J. M. (2008) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2008.07.213 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Briggs, K. E., & Martin, F. H. (2009) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2009.01.009 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Inattentional Blindness: Perception without Attention
Mack, A., & Rock, I. (1998) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195126938.003.0003 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Stimulus novelty and emotion perception: the near absence of habituation in the visual cortex
Schupp, H. T., Stockburger, J., Codispoti, M., Junghöfer, M., Weike, A. I., & Hamm, A. O. (2006) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/01.wnr.0000203355.88061.c6 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Kisley, M. A., Wood, S., & Burrows, C. L. (2007) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01988.x · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Evidence for Attentional Gradient in the Serial Position Memory Curve from Event-related Potentials
Azizian, A., & Polich, J. (2007) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2007.19.12.2071 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
(2002) · Advances in consciousness research · doi:10.1075/aicr.44 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Hajcak, G., Dunning, J. P., & Foti, D. (2007) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/0735-7044.121.6.1156 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Self-citationPerception and Its Development: A Tribute to Eleanor J. Gibson
Herzberger, S. D., & Pick, A. D. (1980) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1422379 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Explicit attention interferes with selective emotion processing in human extrastriate cortex
Schupp, H. T., Stockburger, J., Bublatzky, F., Junghöfer, M., Weike, A. I., & Hamm, A. O. (2007) · BMC Neuroscience · doi:10.1186/1471-2202-8-16 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Wood, S. A., & Kisley, M. A. (2006) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.21.4.815 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Intact enhancement of declarative memory for emotional material in amnesia.
Hamann, S. B., Cahill, L., McGaugh, J. L., & Squire, L. R. (1997) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.4.3.301 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Cerebral patterns of attentional habituation to emotional visual stimuli.
Carretié, L., Hinojosa, J. A., & Mercado, F. (2003) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/1469-8986.00041 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Modulation of spinal reflexes by aversive and sexually appetitive stimuli
Both, S., Everaerd, W. T. A. M., & Laan, E. T. M. (2003) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/1469-8986.00019 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Modulation of spinal reflexes: Arousal, pleasure, action
BONNET, M., Bradley, M. M., Lang, P. J., & Requin, J. (1995) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1995.tb01219.x · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Orienting and attention: Preferred preattentive processing of potentially phobic stimuli.
Öhman, A. (1992) · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Rapid discrimination of visual scene content in the human brain
Anokhin, A. P., Golosheykin, S., Sirevaag, E. J., Kristjansson, S. D., Rohrbaugh, J., & Heath, A. C. (2006) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2006.03.108 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Music-induced mood modulates the strength of emotional negativity bias: An ERP study
Chen, J., Yuan, J., Huang, H., Chen, C., & Li, H. (2008) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2008.08.061 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Blood pressure changes highlight gender differences in emotional reactivity to arousing pictures
Sarlo, M., Palomba, D., Buodo, G., Minghetti, R., & Stegagno, L. (2005) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2005.01.005 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Franken, I. H. A., Muris, P., Nijs, I. M. T., & Strien, J. W. V. (2008) · Netherlands journal of psychology · doi:10.1007/bf03076419 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Sheppes, G., Scheibe, S., Suri, G., & Gross, J. J. (2011) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797611418350 · Cited by 1,435 · see citing works
Marchewka, A., Żurawski, Ł., Jednoróg, K., & Grabowska, A. (2013) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-013-0379-1 · Cited by 790 · see citing works
Emotion regulation choice: a conceptual framework and supporting evidence.
Sheppes, G., Scheibe, S., Suri, G., Radu, P. T., Blechert, J., & Gross, J. (2014) · Journal of experimental psychology. General · doi:10.1037/a0030831 · Cited by 628 · see citing works
Differences in negativity bias underlie variations in political ideology
Hibbing, J. R., Smith, K. B., & Alford, J. R. (2014) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x13001192 · Cited by 604 · see citing works
Emotional foundations of cognitive control
Inzlicht, M., Bartholow, B. D., & Hirsh, J. B. (2015) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2015.01.004 · Cited by 542 · see citing works
Hajcak, G., & Foti, D. (2020) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.13570 · Cited by 445 · see citing works
Self-citationExogenous (automatic) attention to emotional stimuli: a review
Carretié, L. (2014) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-014-0270-2 · Cited by 412 · see citing works
The Emperor Has No Clothes: A Review of the ‘Pornography Addiction’ Model
Ley, D., Prause, N., & Finn, P. (2014) · Current Sexual Health Reports · doi:10.1007/s11930-014-0016-8 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
Dispositional mindfulness and the attenuation of neural responses to emotional stimuli
Brown, K. W., Goodman, R. J., & Inzlicht, M. (2013) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nss004 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
The Late Positive Potential Predicts Subsequent Interference with Target Processing
Weinberg, A., & Hajcak, G. (2011) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2011.21630 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Self-citationNorris, C. J. (2019) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470919.2019.1696225 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Grassini, S., Revonsuo, A., Castellotti, S., Petrizzo, I., Benedetti, V., & Koivisto, M. (2019) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2019.01.007 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Broyd, S. J., Richards, H. J., Helps, S. K., Chronaki, G., Bamford, S., & Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S. (2012) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2012.05.015 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Spatiotemporal neural dynamics of moral judgment: A high-density ERP study
Yoder, K. J., & Jean Decety, A. (2014) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.05.022 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
It's All About You: An ERP Study of Emotion and Self-Relevance in Discourse
Fields, E. C., & Kuperberg, G. R. (2012) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.05.003 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Functional significance of the emotion-related late positive potential
Brown, S. B. R. E., van Steenbergen, H., Band, G. P. H., de Rover, M., & Nieuwenhuis, S. (2012) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00033 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
BASTIAANSEN, M. C. M., Straatman, S., Driessen, E., Mitas, O., Stekelenburg, J. J., & Wang, L. (2016) · Journal of Destination Marketing & Management · doi:10.1016/j.jdmm.2016.09.003 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Hajcak, G., MacNamara, A., Foti, D., Ferri, J. M., & Keil, A. (2011) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2011.11.012 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Self-citationTime course of emotion-related responding during distraction and reappraisal
Schönfelder, S., Kanske, P., Heissler, J., & Wessa, M. (2013) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nst116 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Reduced neural response to reward and pleasant pictures independently relate to depression
Klawohn, J., Burani, K., Bruchnak, A., Santopetro, N. J., & Hajcak, G. (2020) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291719003659 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Self-citationGarland, E. L., Froeliger, B., & Howard, M. O. (2015) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-014-9607-0 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Prause, N., Steele, V. R., Staley, C., Sabatinelli, D., & Hajcak, G. (2015) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2015.06.005 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Self-citationTiming effects of antecedent- and response-focused emotion regulation strategies
Paul, S., Simón, D., Kniesche, R., Kathmann, N., & Endraß, T. (2013) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2013.05.019 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
MacNamara, A., Ferri, J., & Hajcak, G. (2011) · Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-011-0036-z · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Self-citationStrauss, G. P., Kappenman, E. S., Culbreth, A. J., Catalano, L. T., Lee, B. G., & Gold, J. M. (2013) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbs186 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Emotional targets: Evaluative categorization as a function of context and content
Weinberg, A., Hilgard, J., Bartholow, B. D., & Hajcak, G. (2012) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2012.01.023 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Self-citationKujawa, A., Hajcak, G., Torpey, D., Kim, J., & Klein, D. N. (2012) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02461.x · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Self-citationElectrocortical evidence for vigilance‐avoidance in Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Weinberg, A., & Hajcak, G. (2010) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2010.01149.x · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Self-citationElectrocortical responses to NIMSTIM facial expressions of emotion
Smith, E. E., Weinberg, A., Moran, T. P., & Hajcak, G. (2012) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2012.12.004 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Self-citationBradley, M. M., Sapigao, R. G., & Lang, P. J. (2017) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.12890 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Parvaz, M. A., MacNamara, A., Goldstein, R. Z., & Hajcak, G. (2012) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-012-0107-9 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Self-citationVersace, F., Lam, C. Y., Engelmann, J. M., Robinson, J. D., Minnix, J. A., Brown, V., & Cinciripini, P. M. (2011) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1369-1600.2011.00372.x · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Disgust- and not fear-evoking images hold our attention
van Hooff, J. C., Devue, C., Vieweg, P., & Theeuwes, J. (2013) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2013.02.001 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Electrocortical reactivity to emotional images and faces in middle childhood to early adolescence
Kujawa, A., Klein, D. N., & Hajcak, G. (2012) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2012.03.005 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Self-citationGarland, E. L., Atchley, R., Hanley, A. W., Zubieta, J.-K., & Froeliger, B. (2019) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aax1569 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Mind Perception: Real but Not Artificial Faces Sustain Neural Activity beyond the N170/VPP
Wheatley, T. P., Weinberg, A., Looser, C. E., Moran, T. P., & Hajcak, G. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0017960 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Self-citationNeural processing of emotional-intensity predicts emotion regulation choice.
Shafir, R., Thiruchselvam, R., Suri, G., Gross, J., & Sheppes, G. (2016) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsw114 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Two-year stability of the late positive potential across middle childhood and adolescence
Kujawa, A., Klein, D. N., & Hajcak, G. (2013) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2013.07.002 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Self-citationAimee, M., Herbert, C., & Walla, P. (2015) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.09.065 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Heart evoked potential triggers brain responses to natural affective scenes: A preliminary study
Couto, B., Adolfi, F., Velasquez, M., Mesow, M., Feinstein, J., Canales-Johnson, A., Mikulan, E., Martínez-Pernía, D., Bekinschtein, T., Sigman, M., et al. (2015) · Autonomic Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.autneu.2015.06.006 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Clayson, P. E., Baldwin, S. A., & Larson, M. J. (2021) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.13762 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
The influence of color on emotional perception of natural scenes
Codispoti, M., Cesarei, A. D., & Ferrari, V. (2011) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2011.01284.x · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Uncertainty is associated with increased selective attention and sustained stimulus processing
Dieterich, R., Endrass, T., & Kathmann, N. (2016) · Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-016-0405-8 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Feng, C., Li, W., Tian, T., Luo, Y., Gu, R., Zhou, C., & Luo, Y. (2014) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470919.2014.896827 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Gable, P. A., & Poole, B. D. (2012) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nss130 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Emotional bias varies with stimulus type, arousal and task setting: Meta-analytic evidences
Yuan, J., Tian, Y., Huang, X., Fan, H., & Wei, X. (2019) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.09.035 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Price, T. F., Dieckman, L. W., & Harmon‐Jones, E. (2012) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2012.04.001 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Minnix, J. A., Versace, F., Robinson, J. D., Lam, C. Y., Engelmann, J. M., Cui, Y., Brown, V. L., & Cinciripini, P. M. (2013) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2013.04.019 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
MacNamara, A., & Proudfit, G. H. (2014) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0036997 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Temporal Dynamics of Emotional Processing in the Brain
Waugh, C. E., Shing, E. Z., & Avery, B. M. (2015) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073915590615 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Paul, S., Simon, D., Endrass, T., & Kathmann, N. (2016) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291715001610 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Faces in context: Modulation of expression processing by situational information
Diéguez-Risco, T., Aguado, L., Albert, J., & Hinojosa, J. A. (2013) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470919.2013.834842 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Asymmetrical hemisphere activation enhances global–local processing
Gable, P. A., Poole, B. D., & Cook, M. S. (2013) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2013.09.012 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Versace, F., Engelmann, J. M., Deweese, M. M., Robinson, J. D., Green, C. E., Lam, C. Y., Minnix, J. A., Karam‐Hage, M., Wetter, D. W., Schembre, S. M., et al. (2017) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntx002 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Anxiety disrupts the evaluative component of performance monitoring: An ERP study
Aarts, K., & Pourtois, G. (2012) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.02.012 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Bailey, K., West, R. L., & Anderson, C. A. (2011) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-011-0029-y · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Miccoli, L., Delgado, R., Guerra, P. M., Versace, F., Rodríguez‐Ruiz, S., & Fernández‐Santaella, M. C. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0158991 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Global Image Properties Predict Ratings of Affective Pictures
Redies, C., Grebenkina, M., Mohseni, M., Kaduhm, A., & Dobel, C. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00953 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Alpha‐band oscillations and emotion: A review of studies on picture perception
Codispoti, M., Cesarei, A. D., & Ferrari, V. (2023) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.14438 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Else, J. E., Ellis, J. G., & Orme, E. (2015) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2015.00525 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Effect of Affective Personality Information on Face Processing: Evidence from ERPs
Luo, Q. L., Wang, H. L., Dzhelyova, M. P., Huang, P., & Mo, L. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00810 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Gable, P. A., & Harmon‐Jones, E. (2012) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2012.02.006 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Bekhtereva, V., Craddock, M. P., & Müller, M. M. (2015) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.03.052 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Senderecka, M. (2015) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2015.11.003 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
The effect of arousal on regulation of negative emotions using cognitive reappraisal: An ERP study
Langeslag, S. J. E., & Surti, K. (2017) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2017.05.012 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Versace, F., Frank, D. W., Stevens, E. M., Deweese, M. M., Guindani, M., & Schembre, S. M. (2018) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.13309 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Differential effects of emotional cues on components of prospective memory: an ERP study
Cona, G., Kliegel, M., & Bisiacchi, P. S. (2015) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2015.00010 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Event‐related potential components as measures of aversive conditioning in humans
Bacigalupo, F., & Luck, S. J. (2017) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.13015 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Weinberg, A., Venables, N. C., Proudfit, G. H., & Patrick, C. J. (2014) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsu059 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Self-citationWiens, S., & Syrjänen, E. (2013) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2013.05.001 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Kujawa, A., Weinberg, A., Hajcak, G., & Klein, D. N. (2012) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.21058 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Self-citationNovelty and emotion: Pupillary and cortical responses during viewing of natural scenes
Ferrari, V., Cesarei, A. D., Mastria, S., Lugli, L., Baroni, G., Nicoletti, R., & Codispoti, M. (2015) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2015.11.008 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Bamford, S., Broyd, S. J., Benikos, N., Ward, R. D., Wiersema, J. R., & Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S. (2015) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2015.01.009 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Effects of natural sound on human stress recovery based on EEG techniques
Liu, C., Jing, X., Shi, J., Li, J., Zhang, Y., & Gao, W. (2024) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2024.102365 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
MacNamara, A., Schmidt, J., Zelinsky, G. J., & Hajcak, G. (2012) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2012.08.005 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citationDanger and disease: Electrocortical responses to threat- and disgust-eliciting images
Wheaton, M. G., Holman, A., Rabinak, C. A., MacNamara, A., Hajcak, G., & Phan, K. L. (2013) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2013.08.001 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Self-citationKopf, J., Dresler, T., Reicherts, P., Herrmann, M. J., & Reif, A. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0075598 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Sandre, A., Bagot, R. C., & Weinberg, A. (2019) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2019.04.001 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citationHilgard, J., Weinberg, A., Hajcak, G., & Bartholow, B. D. (2014) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0036791 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citationDonaldson, K. R., Oumeziane, B. A., Hélie, S., & Foti, D. (2016) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.03.034 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Emotion processing in female youth: Testing the stability of the late positive potential
Bondy, E., Stewart, J. G., Hajcak, G., Weinberg, A., Tarlow, N., Mittal, V. A., & Auerbach, R. P. (2017) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.12977 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citationBölte, J., Hösker, T. M., Hirschfeld, G. H. F., & Thielsch, M. T. (2017) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.3440 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Cui, F., Zhu, X., Duan, F., & Luo, Y. (2015) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470919.2015.1078258 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Schönwald, L., & Müller, M. M. (2013) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.22267 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Burley, D. T., Gray, N. S., & Snowden, R. J. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0167436 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Résibois, M., Verduyn, P., Delaveau, P., Rotgé, J., Kuppens, P., Mechelen, I. V., & Fossati, P. (2017) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsx051 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Decoding the temporal dynamics of affective scene processing
Bo, K., Cui, L., Yin, S., Hu, Z., Hong, X., Kim, S., Keil, A., & Ding, M. (2022) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119532 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
I see people: The presence of human faces impacts the processing of complex emotional stimuli
Ferri, J. M., Weinberg, A., & Hajcak, G. (2012) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470919.2012.680492 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationRepetition and ERPs during emotional scene processing: A selective review
Ferrari, V., Codispoti, M., & Bradley, M. M. (2016) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2016.07.496 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Weinberg, A., May, A. M., Klonsky, E. D., Kotov, R., & Hajcak, G. (2017) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702617718193 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationZhu, C., He, W., Qi, Z., Wang, L., Song, D.-Q., Zhan, L., Yi, S., Luo, Y., & Luo, W. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00954 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Cook, S., Fallon, N. B., Wright, H., Thomas, A. K., Giesbrecht, T., Field, M., & Stančák, A. (2015) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2015.00661 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Li, P., Wang, W., Fan, C., Zhu, C.-B., Li, S.-X., Zhang, Z., Qi, Z., & Luo, W. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-12983-3 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Emotional and feature‐based modulation of the early posterior negativity
Farkas, A. H., Oliver, K. I., & Sabatinelli, D. (2019) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.13484 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Electrophysiology of blunted emotional bias in psychopathic personality
Carolan, P. L., Jaspers‐Fayer, F., Asmaro, D., Douglas, K. S., & Mario Liotti, A. (2013) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.12145 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Winter, D. (2016) · Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation · doi:10.1186/s40479-016-0047-z · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Schettino, A., Keil, A., Porcu, E., & Müller, M. M. (2016) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.03.020 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Brislin, S. J., & Patrick, C. J. (2019) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702619856342 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Estimating statistical power for event‐related potential studies using the late positive potential
Gibney, K. D., Kypriotakis, G., Cinciripini, P. M., Robinson, J. D., Minnix, J. A., & Versace, F. (2019) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.13482 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Narrative imagery: Emotional modulation in the default mode network
Sambuco, N., Bradley, M. M., & Lang, P. J. (2021) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.108087 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
- Authors
- Weinberg, A., & Hajcak, G.
- Affiliations
- Stony Brook University (US)
- Venue
- Emotion
- Published
- 2010-12
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 767-782
- ISSN
- 1528-3542 (ISSN-L)
- 1931-1516
- OpenAlex
- W2103047209
- Cited by
- 425
- References
- 92
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 45 · 2016: 33 · 2015: 30 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 26 · 2012: 27
- FWCI
- 13.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Emotion (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- negativity bias, event-related potentials, late positive potential, emotional valence, unpleasantness, erotic images, mutilation, disgust, International Affective Picture System, N1, early posterior negativity
- MeSH terms
- Brain, Electroencephalography, Emotions, Evoked Potentials, Female, Humans, Male, Visual Perception
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
