The DOI matches its Crossref record; 57 of the 58 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Gender stereotypes have changed: A cross-temporal meta-analysis of U.S. public opinion polls from 1946 to 2018.
Abstract
This meta-analysis integrated 16 nationally representative U.S. public opinion polls on gender stereotypes (N = 30,093 adults), extending from 1946 to 2018, a span of seven decades that brought considerable change in gender relations, especially in women's roles. In polls inquiring about communion (e.g., affectionate, emotional), agency (e.g., ambitious, courageous), and competence (e.g., intelligent, creative), respondents indicated whether each trait is more true of women or men, or equally true of both. Women's relative advantage in communion increased over time, but men's relative advantage in agency showed no change. Belief in competence equality increased over time, along with belief in female superiority among those who indicated a sex difference in competence. Contemporary gender stereotypes thus convey substantial female advantage in communion and a smaller male advantage in agency but also gender equality in competence along with some female advantage. Interpretation emphasizes the origins of gender stereotypes in the social roles of women and men. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“These differences may be attributed to societal processes and organizational norms that assign women to tasks more highly associated with communion (i.e., teaching and service) and men to tasks more highly associated with agency (i.e., research) (e.g., Eagly et al., 2020).”
From Faculty Time Expenditure Across Research, Teaching, and Service: Do Gender Differences Persist? (2023) · cites this paper as Eagly et al., 2020
Citations
Cites
Conducting Meta-Analyses in R with the metafor Package
Viechtbauer, W. (2010) · Journal of Statistical Software · doi:10.18637/jss.v036.i03 · Cited by 20,464
Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J. P. T., & Rothstein, H. R. (2021) · doi:10.1002/9781119558378 · Cited by 9,799
Fiske, S. T., Cuddy, A. J. C., Glick, P., & Xu, J. (2002) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.82.6.878 · Cited by 7,364
From acts to dispositions the attribution process in person perception
Jones, E. E., & Davis, K. E. (1965) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60107-0 · Cited by 3,424
Gawronski, B., & Bodenhausen, G. V. (2006) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.132.5.692 · Cited by 2,756
Cuddy, A. J. C., Fiske, S. T., & Glick, P. (2008) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(07)00002-0 · Cited by 2,682
Eagly, A. H., & Wood, W. (2012) · Handbook of Theories of Social Psychology · doi:10.4135/9781446249222.n49 · Cited by 1,853
Self-citationAre leader stereotypes masculine? A meta-analysis of three research paradigms
Koenig, A. M., Eagly, A. H., Mitchell, A. A., & Ristikari, T. (2011) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0023557 · Cited by 1,748
Self-citationThe Growing Importance of Social Skills in the Labor Market*
Deming, D. J. (2017) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1093/qje/qjx022 · Cited by 1,727
Likableness ratings of 555 personality-trait words.
Anderson, N. H. (1968) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0025907 · Cited by 1,668
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–300 of 1,000
Duan, W., McNeese, N. J., & Li, L. (2025) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3701197 · Cited by 22
“Meanwhile, technology companies are working to enhance customization of these GenAI tools, allowing for tailored applications in domains or tasks [57, 71] that may be stereotypically associated with either femininity or masculinity [24].”
Strategies Aimed at Reducing Gender Differences in Negotiation Are Perceived by Women as Ineffective
Mazei, J., Mertes, M., & Hüffmeier, J. (2020) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-020-01130-4 · Cited by 17
The Sleep-Deprived Masculinity Stereotype
Warren, N. B., & Campbell, T. H. (2020) · Journal of the Association for Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/711758 · Cited by 17
Wagner, A., Trimble, L., Curtin, J., Auer, M., & Woodman, V. K. G. (2021) · Politics & Gender · doi:10.1017/s1743923x21000131 · Cited by 30
“Not surprisingly, journalists believe an effective government leader must know how to do his or her job, and recent research indicates that this trait is increasingly associated more with women than with men (Eagly et al. 2020).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialFaculty Time Expenditure Across Research, Teaching, and Service: Do Gender Differences Persist?
Allen, T. D., Miller, M. H., French, K. A., Kim, E., & Centeno, G. (2023) · Occupational Health Science · doi:10.1007/s41542-023-00156-w · Cited by 28
“These differences may be attributed to societal processes and organizational norms that assign women to tasks more highly associated with communion (i.e., teaching and service) and men to tasks more highly associated with agency (i.e., research) (e.g., Eagly et al., 2020).”
BackgroundChen, I., Wang, X., Sun, Z., Tang, P., & Chen, P. (2024) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-024-01594-z · Cited by 25
“Finally, for children in single-parent families, in addition to the influence of the main caregivers, external social factors—e.g., other relatives, teachers, classmates, and information on the Internet—may also be involved [52].”
BackgroundPatient Experience Surveys Reveal Gender-Biased Descriptions of Their Care Providers
Haynes, D., Pampari, A., Topham, C. A., Schwarzenberger, K., Heath, M. S., Zou, J., & Greiling, T. M. (2021) · Journal of Medical Systems · doi:10.1007/s10916-021-01766-z · Cited by 16
Nieto, S. A., Martín, P., Personat, G. S., & Arahuete, L. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03650-6 · Cited by 16
“In the same vein, men retain their agency advantage (Eagly et al., 2019).”
BackgroundDingler, S. C., & Kroeber, C. (2022) · Political Research Quarterly · doi:10.1177/10659129221141871 · Cited by 18
“A recent study from the United States demonstrates that contemporary gender stereotypes put emphasis on women ’ s communion and competence but not on their agency (Eagly et al. 2020).”
BackgroundLeón, C. M., & Aizpurúa, E. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20032439 · Cited by 16
“[52], highlighting that it is only in the competence sphere where gender equality has come to dominate individuals’ thinking about women and men.”
BackgroundThink star, think men? Implicit star performer theories
Villamor, I., & Aguinis, H. (2024) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.2784 · Cited by 18
“This theoretical contrast underlines the evolving nature of gender bias (Eagly et al., 2020) and suggests that exceptional performance might lessen the impact of gender bias on ISPTs.”
Mitigating Gender Stereotypes Toward AI Agents Through an eXplainable AI (XAI) Approach
Duan, W., McNeese, N. J., Freeman, G., & Li, L. (2024) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3686969 · Cited by 22
“According to a recent meta-analysis of US public opinion polls [28], these traits formed three categories: communion traits (e.g., compassionate, affectionate, sensitive) were strongly associated with female stereotypes; agency traits (e.g., aggressive, dominant, ambitious) prevailed in male…”
Zehnter, M. K., & Kirchler, E. M. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00700 · Cited by 16
Hubner, S., Rudic, B., & Baum, M. (2021) · The International Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.1080/09585192.2021.1893785 · Cited by 16
“…between the characteristics of women and the requirements of entrepreneurial behaviors (Eddleston et al., 2016; Foss et al., 2019; Lim & Suh, 2019; Malmström et al., 2017; Yang et al., 2020) and leadership behaviors (Eagly et al., 2020; Koenig et al., 2011; Sposato & Rumens, 2018).”
BackgroundThe influence of gender stereotyping and issue advocacy on consumer sentiment
Lucka, N. S., Caldieraro, F., & Zanini, M. T. (2021) · Marketing Intelligence & Planning · doi:10.1108/mip-11-2020-0469 · Cited by 16
Hu, L., Kearney, M. W., & Frisby, C. M. (2021) · Journal of Gender Studies · doi:10.1080/09589236.2021.1995340 · Cited by 16
Grigoryev, D. (2022) · Cross-Cultural Research · doi:10.1177/10693971221080618 · Cited by 12
“When women in the US started in large numbers to enter professions such as lawyer, physician, and professor, then their perceived competence increased, and as a result, men and women stereotypes regarding competence are now more similar (see Eagly et al., 2020).”
BackgroundIdeological Bias in the Psychology of Sex and Gender
Giudice, M. D. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-29148-7_28 · Cited by 18
A Scoping Review of Gender Stereotypes in Artificial Intelligence
Duan, W., Li, L., Freeman, G., & McNeese, N. J. (2025) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3706598.3713093 · Cited by 19
Vink, M., Derks, B., Ellemers, N., & van der Lippe, T. (2022) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-022-01339-5 · Cited by 17
Mancuso, R., Rossi‐Lamastra, C., & Franzoni, C. (2023) · Research Policy · doi:10.1016/j.respol.2023.104758 · Cited by 15
Liu, M., Yang, S., Bu, Y., & Zhang, N. (2023) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-023-02392-5 · Cited by 17
Webb, R., Ford, E. M., Shakespeare, J., Easter, A., Alderdice, F. A., Holly, J., Coates, R., Hogg, S., Cheyne, H., McMullen, S., et al. (2024) · Health and Social Care Delivery Research · doi:10.3310/kqfe0107 · Cited by 20
Remote Work Penalties: Work Location and Career Rewards
Möller, S., Yavorsky, J. E., Ruppanner, L., & Dippong, J. (2024) · Social Currents · doi:10.1177/23294965241240784 · Cited by 15
“Given broad cultural stereotypes that associate agentic, task-oriented behavior to men (Eagly et al., 2020), employers may be more likely to assume that fathers are working from home to minimize distractions from colleagues and/or to reduce commute times so they can devote more time to their paid…”
Nyúl, B., Ksenofontov, I., Fleischmann, A., & Kahalon, R. (2024) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104680 · Cited by 15
“Previous research has examined competence/intelligence in terms of descriptive, prescriptive, and proscriptive norms for men and women, showing that although earlier competence was described as a male trait, this difference vanished over time (Eagly et al., 2020).”
Zhang, Y., & Morrison, K. R. (2021) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-021-01257-y · Cited by 15
Backlash for high self‐promotion at hiring depends on candidates' gender and age
Krings, F., Manoharan, S., & Mendes de Oliveira, A. (2023) · International Journal of Selection and Assessment · doi:10.1111/ijsa.12410 · Cited by 15
Motivational factors to participate in conferences and gender differences
López‐Bonilla, J. M., Monroy-Rodríguez, S., López‐Bonilla, L. M., & Granados-Perea, C. (2022) · Tourism and Hospitality Research · doi:10.1177/14673584221075735 · Cited by 14
“Gender stereotypes have changed (Eagly et al., 2020), but strong stereotyping still persists (Haines et al., 2016).”
BackgroundVillanueva‐Moya, L., & Expósito, F. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03142-7 · Cited by 14
When anthropomorphized brands push their gender boundaries
Yang, L. W., & Aggarwal, P. (2024) · Journal of Consumer Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcpy.1420 · Cited by 15
Tang, K., Zhou, W., Zhang, J., Liu, A., Deng, G., Li, S., Qi, P., Zhang, W., Zhang, T., & Yu, N. (2024) · ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS) · doi:10.1145/3658644.3670284 · Cited by 26
“The approach in compiling these descriptors ensures the GenderPair benchmark aligns with real-world gender bias dynamics.”
Markstedt, E., Wängnerud, L., Solevid, M., & Djerf‐Pierre, M. (2020) · European Journal of Politics and Gender · doi:10.1332/251510820x15978605298709 · Cited by 14
Dirty looks: Politicians’ appearance and unethical behaviour
Rockey, J. C., Smith, H. M. J., & Flowe, H. D. (2021) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2021.101561 · Cited by 13
Quality of Life among University Students in a Single Malaysian Institute
Al-Naggar, R. A., Osman, M. T., Musa, R., & Pahang, K. (2013) · Cited by 14
Kahalon, R., Becker, J. C., & Shnabel, N. (2021) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/jasp.12732 · Cited by 13
Barling, J. I., Weatherhead, J. G., Pupco, S., Turner, N., & Montgomery, A. W. (2022) · Leadership & Organization Development Journal · doi:10.1108/lodj-05-2021-0219 · Cited by 14
Vinagre-González, A. M., Puente-López, E., Cárceles, M. M. A., García, M. E. A., Loinaz, I., Universidad Internacional de La Rioja, S., Universidad de Almería, S., Universidad Internacional de La Rioja, S., Universidad Complutense de Madrid, S., & Universidad de Barcelona y Universidad del País Vasco, S. (2023) · Revista Iberoamericana de Psicología y Salud · doi:10.23923/j.rips.2023.02.068 · Cited by 13
Ullrich, R., Houtte, M. V., & Becker, M. (2023) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-023-01897-1 · Cited by 17
“Thus, gen-dered contexts arise as a result of the choice behavior, which in turn can reinforce traditional gender roles (cf. Eagly et al., 2020).”
BackgroundKovaleva, Y., Kasurinen, J., Kindsiko, E., & Happonen, A. (2023) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2023.3346767 · Cited by 18
“Despite the steps already taken toward gender equality in many countries, the low persistence of women in the technology sector remains an issue to be solved [1].”
BackgroundEverything changes but nothing changes: gender stereotypes in the Italian population
Silva, R. C., Vezzoli, M., Menesello, V., Meattini, M., Sartori, R., & Minelli, A. (2024) · Archives of Women's Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-024-01437-1 · Cited by 13
“…and agency are used in gender stereotype studies, with communality related to affec-tionate traits, orienting people toward others, being more prevalent in females, and agency related to goal-achieve-ment, including assertiveness and competitiveness, prevailing in males (Sczesny et al. 2018).”
BackgroundThe Gendered Nature of Emotional Ambivalence Towards Coworkers and Its Relational Consequences
Chang, X., & Raver, J. L. (2019) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-019-09667-2 · Cited by 13
Why won’t she break rules to promote service? Effects of gender, gender identification, and honesty
Shum, C. W. S., Ghosh, A., & Garlington, J. (2020) · International Journal of Hospitality Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102607 · Cited by 14
Workplace Ostracism Among Gender, Age, and LGBTQ Minorities, and People with Disabilities
Peng, Y., & Salter, N. P. (2021) · Palgrave explorations in workplace stigma · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-54379-2_8 · Cited by 17
Monitoring and correcting: why women read and men comment online
Peacock, C., & Duyn, E. V. (2021) · Information Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/1369118x.2021.1993957 · Cited by 13
“An analysis of US opinion polls spanning 70 years indicates that women continue to be considered higher in communion (e.g., compassionate) and men higher in agency (e.g., assertiveness; Eagly et al., 2020).”
BackgroundPalmer, L., Matsick, J. L., Stevens, S. M., & Kuehrmann, E. (2021) · Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy · doi:10.1111/asap.12290 · Cited by 15
The structured interview's resistance to gender discrimination under cognitive load
Kith, S., Cassidy, S. A., & Powell, D. M. (2022) · International Journal of Selection and Assessment · doi:10.1111/ijsa.12361 · Cited by 17
Undesirable Biases in NLP: Addressing Challenges of Measurement
van der Wal, O., Bachmann, D., Leidinger, A., van Maanen, L., Zuidema, W. H., & Schulz, K. (2024) · Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research · doi:10.1613/jair.1.15195 · Cited by 28
“Gender stereotypes can refer to a broad category of phenomena where certain genders are associated with social norms, roles, or attributes and traits (e.g., women are seen as more passive; Eagly et al., 2020).”
BackgroundWilson, N. L., Dance, T., Pei, W., Sanders, R. S., & Ulrich, A. C. (2021) · The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering · doi:10.1002/cjce.24212 · Cited by 13
Gender‐focused training improves leadership of female medical students: A randomised trial
Hochstrasser, S., Amacher, S. A., Tschan, F., Semmer, N. K., Becker, C., Metzger, K., Hunziker, S., & Marsch, S. C. U. (2021) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/medu.14658 · Cited by 13
“Although gender stereotypes have changed in recent years, a large gender gap remains with regard to the agentic behaviour.(11) Stereotype threat can be defined as a disruptive psychological state that people experience when they feel at risk for confirming a negative stereotype associated with their social identity.”
BackgroundTowards Gender Harmony Dataset: Gender Beliefs and Gender Stereotypes in 62 Countries
Kosakowska‐Berezecka, N., Besta, T., Jurek, P., Olech, M., Sobiecki, J., Bosson, J. K., Vandello, J. A., Best, D. L., Zawisza, M. J., Safdar, S. F., et al. (2024) · Scientific Data · doi:10.1038/s41597-024-03235-x · Cited by 18
Bauer, C. A., Poddar, A., Brummelman, E., & Cimpian, A. (2025) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-025-10034-2 · Cited by 16
“Although stereotypes can change over time (e.g., Charlesworth & Banaji, 2019; Eagly et al., 2020), they rarely show robust, lasting change in response to targeted intervention (e.g., Lai et al., 2016).”
Factors in workers’ dehumanization: Multiple stigmatization, social status, and workers’ sex
Рафиковна, А. Е., Terskova, M. A., Erokhina, D. A., & Ankushev, V. (2022) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12528 · Cited by 12
Working Hard or Hardly Working? Gender and Voter Evaluations of Legislator Productivity
Hargrave, L., & Smith, J. C. (2023) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11109-022-09853-8 · Cited by 11
“It is often assumed that gender stereotypes will travel across time and context, and yet gendered norms and stereotypes are dynamic concepts so we should be cautious of such assertions (Eagly et al., 2020).”
Alba, B., Hammond, M. D., & Cross, E. J. (2023) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-023-01405-6 · Cited by 12
“Further, adopting preferences and roles as a response to gender inequalities can unintentionally reproduce and reinforce the conditions that produced those inequalities in the first place (e.g., Cameron and Curry, 2020; Eagly et al., 2020; Haines et al., 2016).”
BackgroundCooperative organizational cultures: a factor promoting equal gender representation in leadership
Daher-Moreno, N. E., & Arnold, K. A. (2023) · Gender in Management An International Journal · doi:10.1108/gm-12-2022-0402 · Cited by 12
Gender Differences in Children’s Reasoning About and Motivation to Pursue Leadership Roles
Vial, A. C., & Cimpian, A. (2023) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-023-01428-z · Cited by 15
“Thus, across stories, leaders claimed their role in a highly assertive manner that was at odds with the traditional female role (Eagly et al., 2020).”
InfluentialGood Fun or Laughingstock? How CEO Humor Affects Infomediaries’ Social Evaluations of Organizations
Konig, A. S., Stöcklein, B., Hiller, N. J., Cooper, C. D., & Bong, D. (2024) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.2020.0526 · Cited by 12
Amirkamali, F., Casper, W. J., Hyde, S. A., Wayne, J. H., & Vaziri, H. (2024) · Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1111/joop.12498 · Cited by 13
Gender composition at work and women's career satisfaction: An international study of 35 societies
Terpstra-Tong, J. L. Y., Treviño, L. J., Yaman, A. C., Froese, F. J., Ralston, D. A., Bozionelos, N., Furrer, O., Tjemkes, B. V., Darder, F. L., Li, Y., et al. (2024) · Human Resource Management Journal · doi:10.1111/1748-8583.12570 · Cited by 16
The Content of Gender Stereotypes Embedded in Language Use
Goodhew, S. C., Reynolds, K. J., Edwards, M., & Kidd, E. (2021) · Journal of Language and Social Psychology · doi:10.1177/0261927x211033930 · Cited by 16
Gender role incongruency in general surgery applicants
Dream, S. Y., Woolfolk, M., & Chen, H. (2022) · The American Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.amjsurg.2022.04.037 · Cited by 12
MacDonald, K. B., Benson, A. J., Sakaluk, J. K., & Schermer, J. A. (2023) · Journal of Career Assessment · doi:10.1177/10690727221148717 · Cited by 16
“The researchers contend that women in the workforce are seen in service, education, and healthcare roles, further linking women to communion roles, where previously women were seen as caregivers at home (Eagly et al., 2020).”
BackgroundGoodbye, Gender Stereotypes? Trait Attributions to Politicians in 11 Years of News Coverage
Andrich, A., Bachl, M., & Domahidi, E. (2023) · Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly · doi:10.1177/10776990221142248 · Cited by 15
Thelwall, M. A., Thelwall, S., & Fairclough, R. (2021) · Journal of Data and Information Science · doi:10.2478/jdis-2021-0018 · Cited by 12
“Gender expectations vary between societies (Costa, Terracciano, & McCrae, 2001) and change over time (Eagly et al., 2020), however.”
Diferencias según el género en los intereses académico-profesionales ¿persisten los estereotipos?
Esteban, A. R., & García, A. P. (2022) · REOP - Revista Española de Orientación y Psicopedagogía · doi:10.5944/reop.vol.33.num.1.2022.33771 · Cited by 12
The Facets of Gender Stereotypes Change: A Systematic Literature ReviewPreprint
Priyashantha, K. G., Alwis, D., & Welmilla, I. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4117570 · Cited by 12
ZUO, B., LIU, C., WEN, F., TAN, X., & XIE, Z. (2021) · Acta Psychologica Sinica · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1041.2021.00387 · Cited by 11
Aspirations to top management over five decades: a shifting role of gender?
Powell, G. N., & Butterfield, D. A. (2022) · Gender in Management An International Journal · doi:10.1108/gm-10-2021-0330 · Cited by 12
Hermann, E., Morgan, M., & Shanahan, J. E. (2021) · Communication Monographs · doi:10.1080/03637751.2021.2018475 · Cited by 16
The differential effect of childbirth on men's and women's careers
de la Vega, N. (2022) · Labour Economics · doi:10.1016/j.labeco.2022.102249 · Cited by 11
Peterson, L. M., Orr, J. A., ROGELBERG, S., & Olsen, N. (2022) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-022-00350-1 · Cited by 15
“When the messenger is a physician, physician gender concordance may be particularly influential for college men’s HPV vaccination decisions due to gender stereotypes positioning men as superior for agentic occupations (Eagly et al., 2020).”
BackgroundA Double Standard? Gender Bias in Voters' Perceptions of Political Arguments
Hargrave, L. (2022) · British Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1017/s0007123422000515 · Cited by 11
“However, studies show that the public’s perception of the validity of these stereotypes has shifted over time, as women have been seen as increasingly agentic (Eagly et al. 2020).”
BackgroundHenschel, S., Jansen, M., & Schneider, R. M. (2023) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2023.102161 · Cited by 19
Audit partner facial traits, gender, and career outcomes
Chen, Y., Sealy, C., Swanquist, Q. T., & Whited, R. L. (2023) · Accounting Organizations and Society · doi:10.1016/j.aos.2023.101513 · Cited by 11
‘I am tired, sad and kind’: self-evaluation and symptoms of depression in adolescents
Hards, E., Orchard, F., & Reynolds, S. (2023) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-023-00661-4 · Cited by 12
“…produced a set data norms for 555 descriptive words that have been used to study a range of psychological phenomena including gender stereotypes [25], human attribution processes (self/other judgmental tasks; [26] attachment styles and communication [27], depression [28–30] and self-evaluation…”
BackgroundCredentials or Chemistry? Entrepreneur Gender and Cofounder Selection
Gray, S., Howell, T., Strassman, J., & Yamamoto, K. (2024) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2022.0640 · Cited by 11
Plückelmann, C., Sendén, M. G., Bernhard‐Oettel, C., Leineweber, C., & Sczesny, S. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1240117 · Cited by 11
Self-citationJostling Discourses of Competition: Women leaders self-positioning
Mavin, S. A., & Yusupova, M. (2024) · Organization Studies · doi:10.1177/01708406241236606 · Cited by 11
Batz-Barbarich, C. L., Strah, N., & Tay, L. (2024) · International Journal of STEM Education · doi:10.1186/s40594-024-00476-5 · Cited by 13
“…the social structure (and corresponding expectations for women and men to hold values and attributes that matched these positions) led to observed gender differences in these attributes (Eagly et al., 2020) and preferences (i.e., values; Abele & Wojciszke, 2007; Gartzia, 2022; Judd et al., 2005).”
BackgroundDo Consumers Respond to Social Movements? Evidence from Gender-Stereotypical Purchases After #MeToo
Bellet, C. S., Dubois, D., & Godart, F. C. (2024) · Management Science · doi:10.1287/mnsc.2022.02352 · Cited by 11
Debiasing job ads by replacing masculine language increases gender diversity of applicant pools
He, J. C., & Kang, S. K. (2025) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2409854122 · Cited by 14
The kernel of truth in gender stereotypes: Consider the avocado, not the apple
Eagly, A. H., & Hall, J. A. (2025) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104713 · Cited by 11
Self-citationYaban, E. H., & Gaschler, R. (2025) · American Journal of Distance Education · doi:10.1080/08923647.2025.2484047 · Cited by 13
“Social role theory highlights that men and women face different socio-cultural expectations, internalized through socialization (Eagly et al., 2020; Koenig & Eagly, 2014).”
Sczesny, S., Nater, C., Rudman, L. A., Lohmore, A., Malayeri, S., Sakallı-Uğurlu, N., Saxler, F. M., & Sendén, M. G. (2025) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1177/03616843251328263 · Cited by 12
“Consistent with this reasoning, public opinion polls from the United States revealed that the descriptive stereotype that women are more communal than men has increased — rather than decreased — over time as the United States has become more gender equal (Eagly et al., 2020).”
Self-citationMirowska, A., & Arsenyan, J. (2025) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.70009 · Cited by 18
Proposals for the future of leadership scholarship: Suggestions in Phronesis
Allen, S. J., Rosch, D. M., Ciulla, J. B., Dugan, J. P., Jackson, B., Johnson, S. K., Pace, C., Kempster, S., Guthey, E., Murphy, S. E., et al. (2022) · Leadership · doi:10.1177/17427150221091363 · Cited by 11
Investigating Failures of Automatic Translationin the Case of Unambiguous Gender
Renduchintala, A., & Williams, A. (2022) · Proceedings of the conference - Association for Computational Linguistics. Meeting · doi:10.18653/v1/2022.acl-long.243 · Cited by 11
Stahel, L. (2023) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/00936502231158426 · Cited by 11
Facets of Gender Stereotypes Change: A Systematic Literature Review
Priyashantha, K. G., Alwis, D., & Welmilla, I. (2023) · Kelaniya Journal of Management · doi:10.4038/kjm.v12i1.7689 · Cited by 11
How to reduce firm pollution discharges: Does political leaders' gender matter?
Li, H., Tang, M., Cao, A., & Guo, L. (2024) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2024.123432 · Cited by 11
Folberg, A. M., Kercher, K., & Ryan, C. S. (2019) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-019-01104-1 · Cited by 11
Agentic traits, even when perceived as low value, still hold sway in management
Nieto, S. A., Blasi, C. H., & Pinazo, D. (2021) · Journal of Gender Studies · doi:10.1080/09589236.2021.1949971 · Cited by 12
“In any case, as Eagly et al. (2020) concluded, we should bear in mind that the composition of the female stereotype has changed in the last decades, making gains in both communality and competence, but not in agency.”
BackgroundYun, D., & Shum, C. W. S. (2023) · International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management · doi:10.1108/ijchm-11-2022-1334 · Cited by 11
Korlat, S., Schultes, M.-T., Schober, B., Spiel, C., & Kollmayer, M. (2022) · Journal of Career Development · doi:10.1177/08948453221100744 · Cited by 14
Macken, L., & Connell, M. O. (2022) · Cogent Psychology · doi:10.1080/23311908.2022.2156842 · Cited by 10
“Agency has been implicitly understood as a masculine attribute while communality is associated with feminine traits (Eagly et al., 2020; Rudman et al., 2001; Rudman & Kilianski, 2000).”
BackgroundUnderstanding Residents’ Attitudes Towards Tourists Through Implicit Stereotypes
Tse, S. W. T., & Tung, V. W. S. (2023) · Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research · doi:10.1177/10963480231175516 · Cited by 11
“…have examined biases against females and males in the context of organizational studies in the United States (Amis et al., 2018; Clarke, 2020; Eagly et al., 2020; Gupta et al., 2013; Parsons, 1942), as well as stereotypes against older or younger workers within an organization (Kulik et al.,…”
Bear, J. B., Pinkley, R. L., Barsness, Z. I., Mazei, J., Bhatia, N. M., & Sleesman, D. J. (2023) · Group Decision and Negotiation · doi:10.1007/s10726-023-09837-x · Cited by 10
Gender differences in academic boredom and its development in secondary school
Feuchter, M. D., & Preckel, F. (2023) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2023.102379 · Cited by 14
Fruehwirth, B., Heilemann, M., & Stoeger, H. (2024) · Linguistics and Education · doi:10.1016/j.linged.2024.101284 · Cited by 10
Stevens, E. K., Aziz, S., Wuensch, K. L., & Walcott, C. M. (2024) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-024-02822-1 · Cited by 13
“Women have increasingly been entering the workforce since the 1970s feminist movement, providing opportunities for a professional career in addition to a family life (Eagly et al., 2020).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Eagly, A. H., Nater, C., Miller, D. I., Kaufmann, M., & Sczesny, S.
- Affiliations
- Northwestern University (US)
- University of Bern (CH)
- American Institutes for Research (US)
- Venue
- American Psychologist
- Published
- 2020-04
- Volume
- 75
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 301-315
- ISSN
- 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
- 1935-990X
- OpenAlex
- W2961388998
- Cited by
- 1,136
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 175 · 2025: 201 · 2024: 205 · 2023: 175 · 2022: 180 · 2021: 121 · 2020: 63
- FWCI
- 19.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Psychologist (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- BORIS (University Library Bern) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Swiss National Science Foundation (P0BEP1_162210)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Roles and Identity Studies
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender and Feminist Studies
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Media, Gender, and Advertising
- Keywords
- gender stereotypes, public opinion, cross-temporal change, gender roles, women's roles, gender equality, female superiority, competence, social roles, United States
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Public Opinion, Stereotyping, United States, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century, Femininity, Masculinity
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
