The DOI matches its Crossref record; 57 of the 61 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 5 of the 36 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Group CBT versus MBSR for social anxiety disorder: A randomized controlled trial.
Open accessPublished version of a preprint
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to investigate treatment outcome and mediators of cognitive-behavioral group therapy (CBGT) versus mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) versus waitlist (WL) in patients with generalized social anxiety disorder (SAD). METHOD: One hundred eight unmedicated patients (55.6% female; mean age = 32.7 years, SD = 8.0; 43.5% Caucasian, 39% Asian, 9.3% Hispanic, 8.3% other) were randomized to CBGT versus MBSR versus WL and completed assessments at baseline, posttreatment/WL, and at 1-year follow-up, including the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale-Self-Report (primary outcome; Liebowitz, 1987) as well as measures of treatment-related processes. RESULTS: Linear mixed model analysis showed that CBGT and MBSR both produced greater improvements on most measures compared with WL. Both treatments yielded similar improvements in social anxiety symptoms, cognitive reappraisal frequency and self-efficacy, cognitive distortions, mindfulness skills, attention focusing, and rumination. There were greater decreases in subtle avoidance behaviors following CBGT than MBSR. Mediation analyses revealed that increases in reappraisal frequency, mindfulness skills, attention focusing, and attention shifting, and decreases in subtle avoidance behaviors and cognitive distortions, mediated the impact of both CBGT and MBSR on social anxiety symptoms. However, increases in reappraisal self-efficacy and decreases in avoidance behaviors mediated the impact of CBGT (vs. MBSR) on social anxiety symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: CBGT and MBSR both appear to be efficacious for SAD. However, their effects may be a result of both shared and unique changes in underlying psychological processes.
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Claims the paper makes
57 Own result · 16 Own method · 16 Own interpretation · 15 No full text of the sources · 5 Sources not found · 4 Supported · 3 Not checked yet · 3 No basis given · 1 Partly supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, increases in reappraisal self-efficacy and decreases in avoidance behaviors mediated the impact of CBGT (vs. MBSR) on social anxiety symptoms.”
§ Group CBT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial > Abstract > Results
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The CBGT and MBSR treatments were delivered with adequate fidelity to their respective protocols.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Linear mixed model analysis showed that CBGT and MBSR both produced greater improvements on most measures compared to WL.”
§ Group CBT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial > Abstract > Results
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The CBGT and MBSR treatments were delivered with adequate fidelity to their respective protocols.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were greater decreases in subtle avoidance behaviors following CBGT than MBSR.”
§ Group CBT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial > Abstract > Results
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The CBGT and MBSR treatments were delivered with adequate fidelity to their respective protocols.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mediation analyses revealed that increases in reappraisal frequency, mindfulness skills, attention focusing and attention shifting, and decreases in subtle avoidance behaviors and cognitive distortions mediated the impact of both CBGT and MBSR on social anxiety symptoms.”
§ Group CBT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial > Abstract > Results
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The CBGT and MBSR treatments were delivered with adequate fidelity to their respective protocols.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For attention focusing, LMM demonstrated greater increases (all ts > 2.21, ps < .05) for CBGT (+1.0; 4.5%; d = 0.50) and for MBSR (+1.1; 5%; d = 0.62) compared to WL (-0.8; 3.5%), with no significant CBGT vs. MBSR differences (t = 0.02, df = 63, p = .99).”
§ Group CBT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial > Results > CBGT and MBSR Related Psychological Processes
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As shown in Table 3, increases in reappraisal frequency, mindfulness skills, attention focusing and attention shifting, as well as decreases in safety behaviors and cognitive distortions each mediated the effect of CBGT vs. WL and MBSR vs. WL on social anxiety symptoms.”
§ Group CBT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial > Results > Mediators of CBGT and MBSR Effects
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For subtle avoidance behaviors, LMM demonstrated significantly greater decreases (all ts > 2.59, ps < .05) for CBGT (-20.1; 24%; d = 1.27) and for MBSR (-9.8; 12%; d = 0.64) compared to WL (-1; 1%), and significantly greater decreases for CBGT vs. MBSR (t = 2.30, df = 66, p = .025).”
§ Group CBT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial > Results > CBGT and MBSR Related Psychological Processes
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For cognitive reappraisal self-efficacy, LMM demonstrated significantly greater increases (all ts > 2.24, ps < .05) for CBGT (+1.4; 40%; d = 1.05) and for MBSR (+0.8; 22%; d = 0.58) compared to WL (+0.2; 5%), with no significant CBGT vs. MBSR differences (t = 1.77, df = 56, p = .08).”
§ Group CBT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial > Results > CBGT and MBSR Related Psychological Processes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As shown in Table 3, increases in reappraisal frequency, mindfulness skills, attention focusing and attention shifting, as well as decreases in safety behaviors and cognitive distortions each mediated the effect of CBGT vs. WL and MBSR vs. WL on social anxiety symptoms.”
§ Group CBT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial > Results > Mediators of CBGT and MBSR Effects
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For attention focusing, LMM demonstrated greater increases (all ts > 2.21, ps < .05) for CBGT (+1.0; 4.5%; d = 0.50) and for MBSR (+1.1; 5%; d = 0.62) compared to WL (-0.8; 3.5%), with no significant CBGT vs. MBSR differences (t = 0.02, df = 63, p = .99).”
§ Group CBT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial > Results > CBGT and MBSR Related Psychological Processes
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 31
- Probably not a substantial claim. 30
- The quote only partly states this claim. 5
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“a recent meta-analysis (Hofmann, Sawyer, Witt, & Oh, 2010) showed that mindfulness-based interventions reliably reduced anxiety symptoms across a variety of psychiatric and medical populations (Hedges's g = 0.63), and even more so in the subgroup of patients with anxiety and mood disorders (g = 0.97).”
§ Group CBT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial > Introduction
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Hofmann, Sawyer, Witt, & Oh, 2010 source
The RESULTS report a pre-to-post reduction in anxiety symptoms across the overall clinical sample (Hedges’ g = 0.63) and a larger effect in patients with anxiety and mood disorders (g = 0.97). The REVIEW METHODS describe studies involving a range of psychiatric and medical conditions. (LLM, conf=0.94)
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The instrument has good internal consistency in general (Baer et al., 2006)”
§ Group CBT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial > Method > Measures
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Baer et al., 2006 source
In “Deriving Mindfulness Facets” (p. 10), the paper reports alpha coefficients of .75–.91 for the five FFMQ facet scales and concludes that all showed adequate to good internal consistency. That supports the citing sentence’s general characterization. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The brooding subscale has been shown to have good reliability in other studies (α = .77; Treynor et al., 2003)”
§ Group CBT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial > Method > Measures
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Treynor et al., 2003 source
In “Construction of a New Rumination Scale,” the paper reports a Time 1 coefficient alpha of .77 for the brooding (B) subscale and concludes that its subfactors are reliable. It qualifies that the alphas are relatively low because each subscale has only five items. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The LSAS-SR has good reliability and construct validity (Rytwinski et al., 2009)”
§ Group CBT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial > Method > Measures
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Rytwinski et al., 2009 source
The Introduction (page not available in our copy) says that research has found the LSAS-SR’s psychometric properties to be sound and reports high correlations with the clinician-administered scale. The Discussion also reports that the LSAS-SR distinguished patients with social anxiety disorder from nonanxious controls. Together, these support the broad claim about reliability and construct validity, although this paper does not report separate estimates for each. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Changes in mindfulness have been found to be a mediator of MBSR and MBCT across clinical samples (Gu et al., 2015), and specifically in patients with generalized anxiety disorder (Hoge et al., 2015).”
§ Group CBT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Gu et al., 2015
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Supportedcites Hoge et al., 2015 source
The Results report that change in mindfulness mediated the effect of MBSR on anxiety when tested alone, and the Discussion reports that mindfulness mediated reductions in worry in patients with GAD. In the joint mediation model, however, decentering—not mindfulness—significantly mediated anxiety reduction. The MBCT and broader clinical-sample portion of the citing sentence is attributed to Gu et al., not Hoge et al. (LLM, conf=0.89)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both treatments yielded similar improvements in social anxiety symptoms, cognitive reappraisal frequency and self-efficacy, cognitive distortions, mindfulness skills, attention focusing and rumination.”
§ Group CBT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial > Abstract > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The CBGT and MBSR treatments were delivered with adequate fidelity to their respective protocols.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is important to note that the 56.5% of the patient sample were non-white (39% Asian American, 9% Latino American, 6.5% multiple ethnicities, 1% African American, 1% Native American).”
§ Group CBT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial > Discussion > Limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For cognitive reappraisal self-efficacy, LMM demonstrated significantly greater increases (all ts > 2.24, ps < .05) for CBGT (+1.4; 40%; d = 1.05) and for MBSR (+0.8; 22%; d = 0.58) compared to WL (+0.2; 5%), with no significant CBGT vs. MBSR differences (t = 1.77, df = 56, p = .08).”
§ Group CBT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial > Results > CBGT and MBSR Related Psychological Processes
plaindirect- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For attention focusing, LMM demonstrated greater increases (all ts > 2.21, ps < .05) for CBGT (+1.0; 4.5%; d = 0.50) and for MBSR (+1.1; 5%; d = 0.62) compared to WL (-0.8; 3.5%), with no significant CBGT vs. MBSR differences (t = 0.02, df = 63, p = .99).”
§ Group CBT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial > Results > CBGT and MBSR Related Psychological Processes
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For cognitive distortions, LMM demonstrated significantly greater decreases (all ts > 2.40, ps < .05) for CBGT (-9.1; 32%; d = 0.59) and for MBSR (-8.3; 27.5%; d = 0.67) compared to WL (-1; 3%), with no significant CBGT vs. MBSR differences (t = 0.20, df = 59, p = .84).”
§ Group CBT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial > Results > CBGT and MBSR Related Psychological Processes
boosteddirect- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For subtle avoidance behaviors, LMM demonstrated significantly greater decreases (all ts > 2.59, ps < .05) for CBGT (-20.1; 24%; d = 1.27) and for MBSR (-9.8; 12%; d = 0.64) compared to WL (-1; 1%), and significantly greater decreases for CBGT vs. MBSR (t = 2.30, df = 66, p = .025).”
§ Group CBT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial > Results > CBGT and MBSR Related Psychological Processes
boosteddirect- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For rumination, LMM revealed significantly greater decreases (all ts > 2.01, ps < .05) for CBGT (-2.9; 22%; d = 0.94) and for MBSR (-1.5; 11%; d = 0.46) compared to WL (+0.3; 2%), with no significant CBGT vs. MBSR differences (t = 1.27, df = 67, p = .21).”
§ Group CBT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial > Results > CBGT and MBSR Related Psychological Processes
plaindirect- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For mindfulness skills, LMM demonstrated significantly greater increases (all ts > 5.79, ps < .001) for CBGT (+14.4; 13%; d = 1.67) and for MBSR (+17.6; 17%; d = 1.44) compared to WL (-5.6, 5%), with no significant CBGT vs. MBSR differences (t = 0.78, df = 61, p = .44).”
§ Group CBT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial > Results > CBGT and MBSR Related Psychological Processes
plaindirect- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For cognitive reappraisal frequency, LMM demonstrated significantly greater increases (all ts > 2.60, ps < .05) for CBGT (+1.1; 30%, d = 0.59) and for MBSR (+1.2; 33%, d = 0.71) compared to WL (+0.4; 10%), with no significant CBGT vs. MBSR differences (t = 0.04, df = 59, p = .97).”
§ Group CBT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial > Results > CBGT and MBSR Related Psychological Processes
boosteddirect- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“A different RCT compared individual CBT (n = 40) to individual ACT (n = 34) and to a waitlist control group (n = 26) and found a similar pattern of greater efficacy for both treatments than waitlist and no differential treatment effect on multiple indices of social anxiety (Craske et al., 2015).”
§ Group CBT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Craske et al., 2015
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, potential confounds include permitting participants with concurrent use of psychotropic medications and alternative (i.e., non-cognitive or behavioral) psychotherapies.”
§ Group CBT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial > Introduction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, inferences from this study are somewhat constrained due to methodological issues, including no control group, inclusion of measurement of treatment adherence, or measurement of follow-up outcomes, and inclusion of patients with concurrent use of psychotropic medications, and unequal duration of treatment.”
§ Group CBT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial > Introduction
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“CBGT and MBSR both appear to be efficacious for SAD.”
§ Group CBT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial > Abstract > Conclusions
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The sample of patients with generalized SAD is representative of the broader SAD population.
In the paper
“This analysis found strong evidence for cognitive and emotional reactivity (stress reactivation of negative thinking and emotional patterns), moderate evidence for mindfulness, rumination, and worry, and preliminary but insufficient evidence for self-compassion and psychological flexibility as mediators of outcome.”
§ Group CBT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gu, Strauss, Bond, & Cavanagh, 2015 source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The ADIS has demonstrated excellent inter-rater reliability (Brown, Di Nardo, Lehman, & Campbell, 2001)”
§ Group CBT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial > Method > Diagnostic Assessment
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Brown, Di Nardo, Lehman, & Campbell, 2001
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“CBGT and MBSR were comparable in improving mood, functioning, and quality of life, but CBGT produced significantly greater improvement in social anxiety symptoms, as well as greater response and remission rates (Koszycki et al., 2007).”
§ Group CBT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Koszycki et al., 2007 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The CD-Quest has shown good internal consistency (αs = .83 - .86) and convergent validity with self-report measures of depression, anxiety, and automatic thoughts (rs = .51 - .65; De Oliveira, 2015; Morrison et al., 2015).”
§ Group CBT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial > Method > Measures
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites De Oliveira, 2015
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Morrison et al., 2015 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“However, the authors state that most of the reviewed studies had key methodological shortcomings and highlight the need for more rigorous investigation of mediators of MBSR and MBCT”
§ Group CBT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gu, Strauss, Bond, & Cavanagh, 2015 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Other research has implicated rumination, specifically the brooding subtype, as an important predictor of changes in social anxiety during CBT for SAD (Brozovich et al., 2015).”
§ Group CBT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Brozovich et al., 2015 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Internal consistency is good for the focusing subscale (α = .82) and acceptable for the shifting subscale (α = .68; Olafsson et al., 2011).”
§ Group CBT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial > Method > Measures
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Olafsson et al., 2011 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A recent review (Norton, Abbott, Norberg, & Hunt, 2015) concluded that mindfulness and acceptance-based treatments significantly reduce social anxiety symptoms, but that methodological weaknesses strongly limit inferences and comparisons to gold-standard psychosocial interventions for SAD such as CBT.”
§ Group CBT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Norton, Abbott, Norberg, & Hunt, 2015 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Both interventions were more efficacious than waitlist, but not different from each other in reducing social anxiety symptoms or scores on most of the secondary outcome variables.”
§ Group CBT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kocovski, Fleming, Hawley, Huta, & Antony, 2013 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In adults with SAD, MBSR has demonstrated improvement in mood, functioning, social anxiety, and quality of life (Koszycki, Benger, Shlik, & Bradwejn, 2007), self-esteem, negative self-views, trait anxiety, negative emotional reactivity, and depression (Goldin, Ziv, Jazaieri, & Gross, 2012; Goldin, Ziv, Jazaieri, Hahn, & Gross, 2013; Goldin & Gross, 2010).”
§ Group CBT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Koszycki et al., 2007 source
- Not matchedcites Goldin et al., 2012
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Goldin et al., 2013
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“It has good discriminant and construct validity in patients with SAD”
§ Group CBT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial > Method > Measures
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Cuming et al., 2009 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This pattern of results suggests that MBSR may be as efficacious as CBGT at reducing social anxiety symptoms and maintaining treatment gains.”
§ Group CBT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This suggests that both CBT and MBSR may increases executive ability to direct attention albeit via different types of training methods.”
§ Group CBT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All results were analyzed using an intention-to-treat approach based on treatment assignments.”
§ Group CBT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial > Method > Statistical Analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this study, internal consistency was good for both subscales (focusing α = .85; shifting α = .74).”
§ Group CBT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial > Method > Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Dropout from treatment was low and did not differ (χ2(2, N = 108) = 1.05, p = .59) across CBGT (n = 2; 6%), MBSR (n = 3; 8%) and WL (n = 1; 3%).”
§ Group CBT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial > Method > Participants
plainn = 108- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“its internal consistency was excellent in this study (Cronbach's α = .92).”
§ Group CBT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial > Method > Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Adherence ratings indicated that the CBGT therapists and MBSR instructor were “in protocol” (rating > 4 of 5 for each session) with no between-group differences, t(11) = 0.83, p = .43, in adherence for CBGT, Mean ± SD: 4.92 ± 0.27, versus MBSR, 4.81 ± 0.17.”
§ Group CBT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial > Method > Adherence and Treatment Completer Status
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Internal consistency for CR-F (α = .89) and CR-SE (α = .93) were good at baseline.”
§ Group CBT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial > Method > Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the remaining 108 patients were randomly assigned to CBGT (n = 36), MBSR (n = 36), or WL (n = 36).”
§ Group CBT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial > Method > Participants
plainn = 108- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The shift in metacognition, namely, awareness of and belief in one's ability to use reappraisal effectively when needed (i.e., reappraisal self-efficacy) is a fundamental learning lesson in CBT and likely contributes to social anxiety symptom reduction.”
§ Group CBT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The three groups did not differ significantly (all ps > .05) in gender, age, education, ethnicity, marital status, income, current or past Axis I comorbidity, past psychotherapy or pharmacotherapy, age at SAD symptom onset, and years since symptom onset (Table 1).”
§ Group CBT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial > Results > Preliminary Analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Based on a criterion of 9 of 12 sessions attended for treatment completer status, 33 (92%) patients completed CBGT and 33 (92%) completed MBSR.”
§ Group CBT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial > Method > Adherence and Treatment Completer Status
plainn = 33- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“it was excellent in this study at baseline (α = .91).”
§ Group CBT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial > Method > Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The clinical implications of this study are that both CBT and MBSR are efficacious treatments for adults with SAD.”
§ Group CBT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These results highlight the many shared underlying psychological processes that are modulated during CBT and MBSR and may help explain why both are equivalently effective for SAD.”
§ Group CBT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“as well as in the current study (α = .76).”
§ Group CBT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial > Method > Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“internal consistency was good in this study at baseline (α = .91).”
§ Group CBT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial > Method > Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Internal consistency was excellent in this study at baseline (α = .91).”
§ Group CBT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial > Method > Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Across studies of mindfulness meditation, there is preliminary evidence for improvement in cognitive distortions (Sears & Kraus, 2009), and increases in mindfulness and emotion regulation, as well as decreases in avoidance of emotional experience (Chiesa, Anselmi, & Serretti, 2014).”
§ Group CBT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They have both shared and unique changes in underlying psychological processes that mediate or predict treatment outcome.”
§ Group CBT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To assure treatment adherence, a trained rater was present in every CBGT and MBSR session to conduct real-time rating of adherence using adherence scales developed for CBGT and for MBSR.”
§ Group CBT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial > Method > Adherence and Treatment Completer Status
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Avoidance and cognitive distortions have been found to be mediators of CBT for SAD (Hedman et al., 2013; Smits et al., 2006) and accords with cognitive behavioral models of SAD.”
§ Group CBT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“While there is one study showing evidence for cognitive distortions as a mediator of mindfulness-based interventions (Gu et al., 2015), it is not yet clear whether CBT and MBSR arrive at reduction in cognitive distortions via different underlying mechanisms.”
§ Group CBT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Gu et al., 2015
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mean number of sessions attended for CBGT (Mean ± SD = 10.47 ± 1.56) and MBSR (10.37 ± 2.09) were not significantly different, t(71) = 0.22, p = .82.”
§ Group CBT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial > Method > Adherence and Treatment Completer Status
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
The CBGT and MBSR treatments were delivered with adequate fidelity to their respective protocols.
“Cognitive behavioral group therapy (CBGT) was delivered by two Ph.D. clinical psychologists trained by Dr. Richard Heimberg to implement his CBGT for SAD protocol (Heimberg & Becker, 2002).”
The paper relies on this without support.
The sample of patients with generalized SAD is representative of the broader SAD population.
“108 unmedicated patients (55.6% female; mean age = 32.7, SD = 8.0; 43.5% Caucasian, 39% Asian, 9.3% Hispanic, 8.3% other) were randomized to CBGT vs. MBSR vs. WL”
The paper relies on this without support.
CBT openly addresses avoidance and trains patients to confront feared situations through exposures.
“CBT explicitly discusses the role of avoidance, as well as trains patients to counter avoidance by engaging in and vicariously learning from multiple exposures to feared situations.”
The paper relies on this without support.
MBSR does not directly target safety behaviors or avoidance behaviors.
“Unlike CBT, MBSR does not explicitly address safety behaviors and specifically avoidance behaviors.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Community MBSR groups tend to be larger and include people with a wider range of presenting problems.
“Furthermore, community-based MBSR groups are typically larger and include individuals with a more diverse set of presenting problems.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The demographic diversity of the sample is enough to make the results highly generalizable to adults with SAD.
“Thus, these results are highly generalizable.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source doesn’t support the claim as written.
In the citing paper
“Comparisons of CBGT and MBSR have demonstrated decreased frequency of subtle avoidance behaviors during CBGT but not during MBSR 13 as one point of difference in mechanism.”
From Evaluation of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy vs Mindfulness Meditation in Brain Changes During Reappraisal and Acceptance Among Patients With Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial (2021) · cites this paper as [13]
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“When it does not, the capacity to notice and describe negative emotional experiences can predict positive clinical trajectories even in the presence of stressful emotions as defined by their mere form 92 .”
From “Third-wave” cognitive and behavioral therapies and the emergence of a process-based approach to intervention in psychiatry (2021) · cites this paper as [92]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Alternatively, as previously reported using self-rated negative emotion data, 13,16 CBGT and MBSR both increased reappraisal and mindfulness skills, including acceptance, and the brain results in this study may reflect greater recruitment of a core domain-general cognitive control network that supports implementation of both emotion-regulation strategies.”
From Evaluation of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy vs Mindfulness Meditation in Brain Changes During Reappraisal and Acceptance Among Patients With Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial (2021) · cites this paper as [13]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Rigorous RCTs comparing mindfulness-based interventions and CBT have failed to show differential treatment effects on a whole range of mechanisms, including dispositional mindfulness, reappraisal, self-efficacy, acceptance, catastrophizing, and positive and negative affect [11,73,74].”
From Testing the mindfulness-to-meaning theory: Evidence for mindful positive emotion regulation from a reanalysis of longitudinal data (2017) · cites this paper as [11]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“A recent randomized controlled trial of cognitive-behavioral group therapy (CBGT) versus MBSR in patients with SAD found similar improvements in social anxiety symptoms (Goldin et al., 2016).”
From Trajectories of social anxiety, cognitive reappraisal, and mindfulness during an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for social anxiety disorder (2017) · cites this paper as Goldin et al., 2016
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Thus, there is evidence that changes in specific cognitive and behavioral variables mediate the impact of CBT for SAD on social anxiety symptoms.”
From Trajectories of social anxiety, cognitive reappraisal, and mindfulness during an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for social anxiety disorder (2017) · cites this paper as Goldin et al., 2016
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“If enhancement of emotion regulation ability is a reliable result of MBSR, then this may help explain the similar decrease and maintenance of social anxiety immediately and 1-year post-CBT and post-MBSR in this sample of patients with SAD (Goldin et al., 2016).”
From Trajectories of social anxiety, cognitive reappraisal, and mindfulness during an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for social anxiety disorder (2017) · cites this paper as Goldin et al., 2016
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“CBGT and MBSR were associated with a similar reduction of social anxiety symp- toms from baseline to immediately posttreatment and 1 year posttreatment (eFigure 3 in Supplement 3)”
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“As reported previously, 13 CBGT, MBSR, and WL groups did not differ significantly in demographic and clinical characteristics (eTables 1 and 2 in Supplement 3).”
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Research has also demonstrated the efficacy of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) 12 in treating SAD. 13”
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The finding that MBSR significantly increases reappraisal (without providing explicit reappraisal training) provides the strongest and most direct support for the mindful reappraisal hypothesis of MMT yet.”
From Testing the mindfulness-to-meaning theory: Evidence for mindful positive emotion regulation from a reanalysis of longitudinal data (2017) · cites this paper as [11]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Evidence from a number of correlational [57], quasi-experimental [58,59], and experimental studies [11,60,61] suggests that mindfulness may support reappraisal.”
From Testing the mindfulness-to-meaning theory: Evidence for mindful positive emotion regulation from a reanalysis of longitudinal data (2017) · cites this paper as [11]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In the Goldin et al. trial [11], relative to a wait-list control, both CBT and MBSR significantly improved anxiety while increasing mindfulness and reappraisal”
From Testing the mindfulness-to-meaning theory: Evidence for mindful positive emotion regulation from a reanalysis of longitudinal data (2017) · cites this paper as [11]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“and increases in mindfulness and reappraisal did not significantly differ between these two active interventions.”
From Testing the mindfulness-to-meaning theory: Evidence for mindful positive emotion regulation from a reanalysis of longitudinal data (2017) · cites this paper as [11]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Goldin et al. [11] contend that the capacity for metacognitive awareness, reflected by enhanced attentional control coupled with a decentered stance towards the objects of attention, may reflect a central change mechanism encouraged by both CBT and MBSR–a contention supported by results from this study.”
From Testing the mindfulness-to-meaning theory: Evidence for mindful positive emotion regulation from a reanalysis of longitudinal data (2017) · cites this paper as [11]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Empirically, studies point to a lack of specificity across several trials, finding similar mediating effects of mediators assumed to be specific to acceptance and mindfulness-based therapies in both contemporary acceptance and mindfulness-based therapies and traditional CBTs (e.g., Goldin et al., 2016; Hayes-Skelton et al., 2015; Kocovski et al., 2015).”
From Mediators of acceptance and mindfulness-based therapies for anxiety and depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2022) · cites this paper as Goldin et al., 2016
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- Consistentχ²(2) = 1.05reported p = .59 · recomputed p = .592
“χ2(2, N = 108) = 1.05, p = .59”
- Consistentt(11) = 0.83reported p = .43 · recomputed p = .424
“t(11) = 0.83, p = .43”
- Consistentt(71) = 0.22reported p = .82 · recomputed p = .827
“t(71) = 0.22, p = .82”
- Consistentχ²(1) = 9.97reported p = .002 · recomputed p = .002
“χ2(1, N = 72) = 9.97, p = .002”
- Consistentχ²(1) = 7.41reported p = .006 · recomputed p = .006
“χ2(1, N = 72) = 7.41, p = .006”
- Consistentχ²(1) = 0.23reported p = .63 · recomputed p = .632
“χ2(1, N = 72) = 0.23, p = .63”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Group CBT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial > Method > Adherence and Treatment Completer Status
“Mean number of sessions attended for CBGT (Mean ± SD = 10.47 ± 1.56) and MBSR (10.37 ± 2.09) were not significantly different, t(71) = 0.22, p = .82.”
§ Group CBT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial > Method > Participants
“the remaining 108 patients were randomly assigned to CBGT (n = 36), MBSR (n = 36), or WL (n = 36).”
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Creswell, J. D. (2017) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-042716-051139 · Cited by 1,702
“Furthermore, current evidence that mindfulness interventions are any better for anxiety symptom reduction than CBT interventions (Goldin et al. 2016) is inconsistent, although some work suggests that MBSR may be more effective for participants with moderate-to-severe dysphoria whereas CBT may be…”
Van Dam, N. T., van Vugt, M. K., Vago, D. R., Schmalzl, L., Saron, C. D., Olendzki, A., Meissner, T., Lazar, S. W., Kerr, C. E., Gorchov, J., et al. (2018) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691617709589 · Cited by 1,506
“…practices have resulted in mixed findings, some suggesting comparable outcomes, others suggesting MBIs might be superior in certain conditions, and others suggesting CBT is superior in certain conditions (e.g., Arch et al., 2013; Goldin et al., 2016; Manicavasgar, Parker, & Perich, 2011).”
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Self-citationMindfulness Meditation and Psychopathology
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“No single MMBI has emerged as a dominant MM-based treatment approach for anxiety, although trials have evaluated both MBCT (e.g., Kocovski et al. 2013) and MBSR (e.g., Goldin et al. 2016) for this purpose.”
BackgroundHayes, S. C., & Hofmann, S. G. (2021) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20884 · Cited by 260
Rodebaugh, T. L., Tonge, N., Piccirillo, M. L., Fried, E. I., Horenstein, A., Morrison, A. S., Goldin, P. R., Gross, J. J., Lim, M. H., Fernandez, K. C., et al. (2018) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000336 · Cited by 245
“, Gross J.J., Lim M.H., Fernandez K.C., Blanco C., Schneier F.R., Bogdan R., Thompson R.J. & Heimberg R.G. (2018), Does centrality in a cross-sectional network suggest intervention targets for social anxiety disorder?, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 86(10): 831-844.”
Self-citationBeyond linear mediation: Toward a dynamic network approach to study treatment processes
Hofmann, S. G., Curtiss, J. E., & Hayes, S. C. (2020) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101824 · Cited by 232
deVibe, M., Bjørndal, A., Fattah, S., Dyrdal, G. M., Halland, E., & Tanner-Smith, E. E. (2017) · Campbell Systematic Reviews: Better Evidence for a Better World · doi:10.4073/csr.2017.11 · Cited by 198
Garland, E. L., Hanley, A. W., Goldin, P. R., & Gross, J. J. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0187727 · Cited by 163
Self-citationWaldron, E. M., Hong, S., Moskowitz, J. T., & Burnett-Zeigler, I. (2018) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-018-0920-5 · Cited by 137
“…Garland 2016), pregnant women with depression histories (Dimidjian et al. 2016), individuals with depression (Britton et al. 2012; Eisendrath et al. 2016; Shallcross et al. 2015), anxiety disorders (Goldin et al. 2016; Hoge et al. 2013; Jazaieri et al. 2012), and schizophrenia (Davis et al. 2015).”
BackgroundGarland, E. L., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2019) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.01.004 · Cited by 134
Haller, H., Breilmann, P., Schröter, M., Dobos, G., & Cramer, H. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-99882-w · Cited by 126
Iani, L., Lauriola, M., Chiesa, A., & Cafaro, V. (2019) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-018-0981-5 · Cited by 129
“Moreover, Goldin et al. (2016) found that mindfulness-based stress reduction increased reappraisal to the same extent as cognitive behavioral therapy.”
BackgroundJohannsen, M., Nissen, E. R., Lundorff, M., & O'Toole, M. S. (2022) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2022.102156 · Cited by 116
Goldin, P. R., Morrison, A. S., Jazaieri, H., Heimberg, R. G., & Gross, J. J. (2017) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2017.06.001 · Cited by 115
“…beliefs (Boden et al., 2012), negative cognitions (Niles et al., 2014), subtle avoidance behaviors (Goldin et al., 2016), cognitive distortions (Goldin et al., 2016), and perceived social costs (Hofmann, 2004), as well as increases in positive self-views (Goldin et al., 2013a), cognitive…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationApolinário-Hagen, J., Drüge, M., & Fritsche, L. (2020) · Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1007/978-981-32-9705-0_17 · Cited by 100
Mindfulness-based interventions for social anxiety disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Liu, X., Yi, P., Ma, L., Liu, W., Deng, W., Yang, X., Liang, M., Luo, J., Li, N., & Li, X. (2021) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113935 · Cited by 103
Efficacy of group psychotherapy for anxiety disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Barkowski, S., Schwartze, D., Strauss, B., Burlingame, G. M., & Rosendahl, J. (2020) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2020.1729440 · Cited by 95
Empathy for positive and negative emotions in social anxiety disorder
Morrison, A. S., Mateen, M. A., Brozovich, F. A., Zaki, J., Goldin, P. R., Heimberg, R. G., & Gross, J. J. (2016) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2016.10.005 · Cited by 96
“…generalized SAD and 32 HCs matched on gender, education level, and ± 3 years of age.1 Participants with SAD were part of a randomized controlled trial (RCT) comparing cognitive behavioral therapy, mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR), and a waitlist control condition (Goldin et al., 2016).”
MethodSelf-citationde Abreu Costa, M., D’Alò de Oliveira, G. S., Tatton-Ramos, T., Manfro, G. G., & Salum, G. A. (2019) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-018-1058-1 · Cited by 85
“Of those, 6 compared MBI with control interventions (Goldin et al. 2012; Hoge et al. 2013; Jazaieri et al. 2012; Kim et al. 2009; Polusny et al. 2015; Vollestad et al. 2011) and 4 compared MBI with CBT (Arch et al. 2013; Goldin et al. 2016; Koszycki et al. 2007; Piet et al. 2010).”
MethodMindfulness practice for protecting mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic
Zhu, J. L., Schülke, R., Vatansever, D., Xi, D., Yan, J., Zhao, H., Xie, X., Feng, J., Chen, M. Y., Sahakian, B. J., et al. (2021) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-021-01459-8 · Cited by 83
Spears, C. A., Hedeker, D., Li, L., Wu, C., Anderson, N. K., Houchins, S. C., Vinci, C., Hoover, D. S., Vidrine, J. I., Cinciripini, P. M., et al. (2017) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000229 · Cited by 80
Emotion Regulation in Social Anxiety Disorder: Reappraisal and Acceptance of Negative Self-beliefs
Dixon, M. L., Moodie, C. A., Goldin, P. R., Farb, N. A. S., Heimberg, R. G., & Gross, J. J. (2019) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2019.07.009 · Cited by 75
Self-citationRichey, J. A., Brewer, J. A., Sullivan-Toole, H., Strege, M. V., Kim-Spoon, J., White, S. W., & Ollendick, T. H. (2019) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2019.101756 · Cited by 79
Goldin, P. R., Thurston, M., Allende, S., Moodie, C., Dixon, M. L., Heimberg, R. G., & Gross, J. J. (2021) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2021.1862 · Cited by 69
Self-citationBaer, R., Gu, J., Cavanagh, K., & Strauss, C. (2019) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000744 · Cited by 66
“…for the FFMQ, the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (Gross & John, 2003), and the Cognitive Distortions Questionnaire (Morrison et al., 2015), Goldin et al. (2016) concluded that CBT and MBSR share more underlying psychological processes than is commonly recognized and that, in both…”
BackgroundMaddock, A., & Blair, C. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-02082-y · Cited by 68
“People with Remitted Depression with at Least 3 Prior Episodes of Depression – MBCT Kuyken et al. (2010) in a mediation and moderation analysis of MBCT (with discontinuation of anti-depressant medication) versus maintenance anti-depressant medication in patients with recurrent depression found that MBCT improved mindf…”
MethodInfluentialKindred, R., Bates, G. W., & McBride, N. L. (2022) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2022.102640 · Cited by 79
Mao, L., Li, P., Wu, Y., Luo, L., & Hu, M. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.10.022 · Cited by 68
Biobehavioral Mechanisms of Mindfulness as a Treatment for Chronic Stress: An RDoC Perspective
Garland, E. L., Hanley, A. W., Baker, A. K., & Howard, M. O. (2017) · Chronic Stress · doi:10.1177/2470547017711912 · Cited by 65
Li, J., Cai, Z., Li, X., Du, R., Shi, Z., Hua, Q., Zhang, M., Zhu, C., Zhang, L., & Zhan, X. (2021) · Annals of Palliative Medicine · doi:10.21037/apm-21-1212 · Cited by 59
“One of the studies could only extract the anxiety outcome (39).”
BackgroundInfluentialHanley, A. W., de Vibe, M., Solhaug, I., Farb, N., Goldin, P. R., Gross, J. J., & Garland, E. L. (2021) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.3035 · Cited by 56
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Self-views in social anxiety disorder: The impact of CBT versus MBSR
Thurston, M. D., Goldin, P. R., Heimberg, R. G., & Gross, J. J. (2017) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2017.01.001 · Cited by 41
Self-citationSleep quality and treatment of social anxiety disorder
Horenstein, A., Morrison, A. S., Goldin, P., ten Brink, M., Gross, J. J., & Heimberg, R. G. (2019) · Anxiety, Stress, & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2019.1617854 · Cited by 45
“Participants completed measures of social anxiety and perceived sleep quality, among other measures not considered here (for details, see Goldin et al., 2016).”
InfluentialSelf-citationSocial Anxiety, Loneliness, and the Moderating Role of Emotion Regulation
O'Day, E. B., Morrison, A. S., Goldin, P. R., Gross, J. J., & Heimberg, R. G. (2019) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2019.38.9.751 · Cited by 52
Self-citationManaging Social Anxiety, Therapist Guide
Hope, D. A., Heimberg, R. G., & Turk, C. L. (2019) · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780190247591.001.0001 · Cited by 46
Self-citationKaplan, S. C., Morrison, A. S., Goldin, P. R., Olino, T. M., Heimberg, R. G., & Gross, J. J. (2017) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-017-9838-9 · Cited by 45
“One hundred eight of these patients took part in a randomized controlled trial (RCT) comparing cognitive-behavioral group therapy (CBGT), mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) and a waitlist control (WL) (Goldin et al. 2016).”
BackgroundSelf-citationButler, R. M., Boden, M. T., Olino, T. M., Morrison, A. S., Goldin, P. R., Gross, J. J., & Heimberg, R. G. (2018) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2018.03.003 · Cited by 55
“Rates of Axis I comorbidity in the sample are reported in Goldin et al. (2016).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationNinomiya, A., Sado, M., Park, S., Fujisawa, D., Kosugi, T., Nakagawa, A., Shirahase, J., & Mimura, M. (2020) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/pcn.12960 · Cited by 42
Morrison, A. S., Mateen, M. A., Brozovich, F. A., Zaki, J., Goldin, P. R., Heimberg, R. G., & Gross, J. J. (2019) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2019.05.005 · Cited by 42
Self-citationHarley, J. (2018) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/2018_ajslp-odc11-17-0196 · Cited by 46
O’Day, E. B., Butler, R. M., Morrison, A. S., Goldin, P. R., Gross, J. J., & Heimberg, R. G. (2021) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2021.102362 · Cited by 36
“To more directly test these ideas, what is needed is more rigorous treatment outcome research, such as randomized controlled trials (RCTs), to compare interventions to reduce loneliness, especially among at-risk clinical populations.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationSelf and identity in social anxiety disorder
Gilboa‐Schechtman, E., Keshet, H., Peschard, V., & Azoulay, R. (2020) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12455 · Cited by 36
Deng, X., Yang, M., & An, S. (2020) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2020.107990 · Cited by 38
Strege, M. V., Swain, D., Bochicchio, L., Valdespino, A., & Richey, J. A. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00866 · Cited by 32
“Although we did not specifically measure these variables, our study suggests that significant symptom change in MBCT may also be due to enhancement of positive, approach related affect, which is theoretically and conceptually distinct from the findings of Goldin and Gross (2010), which highlight mechanisms of action t…”
ResultInfluentialAn open trial of mindfulness-based stress reduction for young adults with social anxiety disorder.
Hjeltnes, A., Molde, H., Schanche, E., Vøllestad, J., Lillebostad Svendsen, J., Moltu, C., & Binder, P. (2017) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.12342 · Cited by 34
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Mansell, W., & McEvoy, P. M. (2017) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.06.008 · Cited by 30
Ardi, Z., Golland, Y., Shafir, R., Sheppes, G., & Levit‐Binnun, N. (2021) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000994 · Cited by 31
“This prediction is based on recent theoretical accounts and several empirical findings, suggesting thatMBIs may facilitate flexibility into the creation of autobiographical meaning, fostering the ability to create novel and more positive reappraisals of negative situations (21,26,31,33,35,37,39,78).”
MethodMindfulness programming for parents and teachers of children with ADHD
Miller, C. J., & Brooker, B. A. (2017) · Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.ctcp.2017.05.015 · Cited by 30
Scholten, W., Seldenrijk, A., Hoogendoorn, A. W., Bosman, R. C., Muntingh, A., Karyotaki, E., Andersson, G., Berger, T., Carlbring, P., Furmark, T., et al. (2023) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2023.1291 · Cited by 31
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“According to recent theorizing, reappraisal may also be strengthened by mindfulness practice [92]—a claim supported by empirical evidence [93, 94].”
BackgroundSchaeuffele, C., Bär, J., Buengener, I., Grafiadeli, R., Heuthaler, E., Strieder, J., Ziehn, P., Knaevelsrud, C., Renneberg, B., & Boettcher, J. (2022) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-021-10272-y · Cited by 24
Positive valence systems in youth anxiety development: A scoping review
Sequeira, S. L., Forbes, E. E., Hanson, J. L., & Silk, J. S. (2022) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2022.102588 · Cited by 23
Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Adolescent Social Anxiety: A Unique Convergence of Factors
Carlton, C. N., Sullivan-Toole, H., Strege, M. V., Ollendick, T., & Richey, J. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01783 · Cited by 18
Koszycki, D., Guérin, E., DiMillo, J., & Bradwejn, J. (2021) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2502 · Cited by 24
How Therapeutic Tapping Can Alter Neural Correlates of Emotional Prosody Processing in Anxiety
König, N., Steber, S., Seebacher, J., von Prittwitz, Q., Bliem, H. R., & Rossi, S. (2019) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci9080206 · Cited by 24
Hjeltnes, A., Moltu, C., Schanche, E., Jansen, Y., & Binder, P.-E. (2018) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2016.1169330 · Cited by 23
“A recent randomized controlled trial by Goldin et al. (2016) compared MBSR vs. CBGT and a waiting list (WL) condition for 108 patients with generalized SAD, reporting that both MBSR and CBGT produced greater improvements than the WL condition, and that both treatments yielded similar improvements…”
MethodNoda, S., Shirotsuki, K., & Sasagawa, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.942801 · Cited by 20
“In recent years, mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) and mindfulness and acceptance-based group therapy (MAGT) have demonstrated efficacy in improving social anxiety and its maintaining factors (Koszycki et al., 2007; Piet et al., 2010; Kocovski et al., 2013; Goldin et al., 2016; Desnoyers et al., 2017).”
BackgroundInfluentialGuendelman, S., Bayer, M., Prehn, K., & Dziobek, I. (2022) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119059 · Cited by 24
“Those behavioral effects are in line with previous research that has shown cognitive reappraisal gains after MBIs (22,24,25,73).”
BackgroundResultMorrison, A. S., Goldin, P. R., & Gross, J. J. (2024) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2024.102874 · Cited by 25
Self-citationKuo, J. R., Zeifman, R. J., Morrison, A. S., Heimberg, R. G., Goldin, P. R., & Gross, J. J. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.02.022 · Cited by 23
Self-citationBenbow, A., & Anderson, P. L. (2018) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-018-9947-0 · Cited by 20
For Body and Mind: Practicing Yoga and Emotion Regulation
Kobylińska, D., Lewczuk, K., Marchlewska, M., & Pietraszek, A. (2018) · Social Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.5964/spb.v13i1.25502 · Cited by 23
“Moreover, mindfulness meditation was found to be more effective then aerobic exercise in decreasing negative emotions and social anxiety symptom severity in patients with social anxiety disorder (Goldin, Ziv, Jazaieri, Hahn, & Gross, 2013; Goldin et al., 2016), depression (Ramel, Goldin, Carmona, & McQuaid, 2004) and…”
BackgroundNwadi, C. L., Edeh, N. I., Ugwunwoti, E. P., Nwokike, F. O., Nneji, S. O., Anamezie, R. C., Uguru, T. O., Onubuleze, F. K., Chukwu, P. N., Eya, G. M., et al. (2025) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-025-07130-w · Cited by 19
The efficacy of psychotherapy for social anxiety disorder, a systematic review and meta-analysis
de Ponti, N., Matbouriahi, M., Franco, P., Harrer, M., Miguel, C., Papola, D., Sicimoğlu, A., Cuijpers, P. J., & Karyotaki, E. (2024) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2024.102881 · Cited by 30
Weitlauf, A. S., Broderick, N. A., Stainbrook, J. A., Slaughter, J. C., Taylor, J. L., Herrington, C. G., Nicholson, A. G., Santulli, M., Dorris, K., Garrett, L. J., et al. (2022) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-021-05399-6 · Cited by 20
Does cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety disorders improve threat reappraisal?: A meta-analysis
Draheim, A. A., & Anderson, P. L. (2021) · Journal of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.jbct.2020.12.004 · Cited by 18
Tement, S., Zorjan, S., Lavrič, M., Poštuvan, V., & Plohl, N. (2020) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-020-09691-5 · Cited by 21
The Role of Working Alliance in CBT and MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder
Jazaieri, H., Goldin, P. R., & Gross, J. J. (2018) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-017-0877-9 · Cited by 17
Self-citationCurreri, A. J., Farchione, T. J., Sauer-Zavala, S., & Barlow, D. H. (2022) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445520947662 · Cited by 15
“Indeed, randomized controlled trials of cognitive-behavioral versus mindfulness-based treatments for social anxiety have found increases in self-reported mindfulness in both treatments, despite an absence of explicit mindfulness content in the CBT conditions (Goldin et al., 2016; Kocovski, Fleming, Hawley, Ho, & Anton…”
BackgroundButler, R. M., O'Day, E. B., Kaplan, S. C., Swee, M. B., Horenstein, A., Morrison, A. S., Goldin, P. R., Gross, J. J., & Heimberg, R. G. (2019) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2019.103453 · Cited by 17
“The full CONSORT figure is available in Goldin et al. (2012). Participants (N = 68) were included in the current study if they had weekly ratings for at least 4 of the 16 therapy sessions, as that is the minimum number of sessions required to calculate a sudden gain.”
MethodSelf-citationVargas-Nieto, J. C., Zambrano, D., Montorio, I., & Pineda, L. M. S. (2024) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-024-02321-w · Cited by 20
“These apps often include psychoeducation strategies, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), problem-solving therapy, relaxation, and mindfulness among others (Lüdtke et al., 2018).”
InfluentialBarrio‐Martínez, S., González‐Blanch, C., Priede, A., Muñoz‐Navarro, R., Medrano, L. A., Moriana, J. A., Carpallo-González, M., Ventura, L., Ruiz‐Rodríguez, P., & Vindel, A. C. (2022) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2022.01.007 · Cited by 19
Feurer, C., Francis, J., Ajilore, O., Craske, M. G., Phan, K. L., & Klumpp, H. (2021) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-021-10222-8 · Cited by 15
“This finding is partially supported by previous research as prior studies have found that decreases in rumination correspond to symptom improvement (Goldin et al., 2016; Manicavasagar et al., 2012).”
BackgroundResultThe Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based-Stress-Reduction for Military Cadets on Perceived Stress
Chen, Y.-H., Chiu, F.-C., Lin, Y.-N., & Chang, Y.-L. (2021) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941211010237 · Cited by 16
“The implementation of such programs also yielded the same anxiety reduction effect in patients with social anxiety disorder (Goldin et al., 2016).”
BackgroundWeeks, J. W., Beltzer, M., Schmidt, K. M., Olino, T. M., Goldin, P. R., Gross, J. J., Heimberg, R. G., & Zoccola, P. M. (2024) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2024.102879 · Cited by 15
Self-citationLow-Intensity Mindfulness and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Social Anxiety Disorder: Pilot Study
Noda, S., Honda, Y., Komatsu, C., Hasegawa, Y., Hasegawa, A., Minami, F., Shirotsuki, K., Nakao, M., & Kaiya, H. (2023) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1007/s41811-023-00173-1 · Cited by 10
“MBIs have been effective in improving social anxiety and its influencing factors (Desnoyers et al., 2017; Goldin et al., 2016; Kocovski et al., 2013; Koszycki et al., 2007; Piet et al., 2010).”
Noda, S., Nishiuchi, M., & Shirotsuki, K. (2023) · Japanese Psychological Research · doi:10.1111/jpr.12446 · Cited by 11
Optimized short-forms of the Cognitive Distortions Questionnaire
Morrison, A. S., Ustun, B., Horenstein, A., Kaplan, S. C., de Oliveira, I. R., Batmaz, S., Gross, J. J., Sadikova, E., Hemanny, C., Pires, P. P., et al. (2022) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2022.102624 · Cited by 13
Self-citationTalmon, A., Dixon, M. L., Goldin, P. R., Heimberg, R. G., & Gross, J. J. (2021) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/21677026211004452 · Cited by 16
“Although both cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and mindfulness/acceptance-based approaches are effective in reducing SAD symptoms and improving quality of life (Goldin et al., 2016; Goldin & Gross, 2010; Koszycki et al., 2007), it is also possible that different patients may benefit more from one treatment or the ot…”
BackgroundSelf-citationBrain Network Organization During Mindful Acceptance of EmotionsPreprint
Dixon, M. L., Girn, M., & Kalina Christoff, A. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.03.31.018697 · Cited by 12
“…aimed at boosting psychological well-being and treating affective disorders (Britton, Shahar, Szepsenwol, & Jacobs, 2012; Farb, et al., 2012a; Goldin et al., 2016; Hayes, et al., 2006; Hofmann, Sawyer, Witt, & Oh, 2010; Kabat-Zinn, 1994; Kuyken et al., 2015; Linehan, 1993; Segal, Williams, &…”
Santoft, F., Salomonsson, S., Hesser, H., Lindsäter, E., Ljótsson, B., Lekander, M., Kecklund, G., Öst, L., & Hedman‐Lagerlöf, E. (2019) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2019.102118 · Cited by 14
Zhong, M., Goh, P. H., Li, D., Bao, J., & Xu, W. (2020) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105317736576 · Cited by 14
“…moderation of dispositional mindfulness on the relationship between perceived stress and various psychological symptoms parallel previous findings on the effectiveness of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) training or techniques among individuals with anxiety disorders (Goldin et al., 2016).”
ResultSun, L., Dai, X., Zhu, S., Liu, Z., & Zhongming, Z. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.02.092 · Cited by 14
Garke, M. Å., Isacsson, N. H., Kolbeinsson, Ö., Hesser, H., & Månsson, K. N. T. (2024) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2024.2373784 · Cited by 15
“CBT for SAD can effectively reduce social anxiety symptoms, decrease the use of putatively maladaptive emotion regulation strategies, and increase the use of adaptive strategies in the short term (Goldin et al., 2014, 2016).”
Noda, S., Shirotsuki, K., & Nakao, M. (2024) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-024-05651-0 · Cited by 16
“These techniques are effective in the treatment of negative cognitions and social anxiety symptoms in patients with SAD [16, 18, 25, 26].”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialOn the road to resilience: Epigenetic effects of meditation
Verdone, L., Caserta, M., Ben‐Soussan, T. D., & Venditti, S. (2023) · Vitamins and hormones · doi:10.1016/bs.vh.2022.12.009 · Cited by 12
Rodebaugh, T. L., Tonge, N., Piccirillo, M. L., Fried, E. I., Horenstein, A., Morrison, A. S., Goldin, P. R., Gross, J. J., Lim, M. H., Fernandez, K. C., et al. (2018) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/kx6y8 · Cited by 12
Self-citationCohen, J. N., Drabick, D. A. G., Blanco, C., Schneier, F. R., Liebowitz, M. R., & Heimberg, R. G. (2017) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2017.10.004 · Cited by 12
“Although no study has examined mechanisms of change in pharmacotherapy for SAD, recent studies (e.g., Goldin et al., 2016; Gu, Strauss, Bond & Cavanagh, 2015) have explored mechanisms of change in CBT and acceptance-based interventions.”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe Clinical Value, Principle, and Basic Practical Technique of Mindfulness Intervention.
Zou, T., Chenghan, W., & Fan, X. (2016) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · doi:10.11919/j.issn.1002-0829.216060 · Cited by 12
“[35] Some research believes MBSR is more effective on patients with moderate anxiety whereas CBT is more suitable for patients with mild anxiety.”
BackgroundAttentional blink impairment in social anxiety disorder: Depression comorbidity matters
Morrison, A. S., Brozovich, F. A., Lakhan-Pal, S., Jazaieri, H., Goldin, P. R., Heimberg, R. G., & Gross, J. J. (2015) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2015.08.006 · Cited by 11
Self-citationHall, M., Luo, A., Bhullar, N., Moses, K., & Wootton, B. M. (2024) · Australian Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00050067.2024.2356804 · Cited by 15
Beyond Pharmacology: A Narrative Review of Alternative Therapies for Anxiety Disorders
Antos, Z., Zackiewicz, K., Tomaszek, N., Modzelewski, S., & Waszkiewicz, N. (2024) · Diseases · doi:10.3390/diseases12090216 · Cited by 9
“In contrast, Goldin et al. find no notable differences in the anxiolytic effects between CBT and MBSR [95].”
BackgroundMindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for the Treatment of Anxiety Disorders
Wharton, E., & Kanas, N. (2019) · International Journal of Group Psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/00207284.2019.1599289 · Cited by 9
“Goldin et al. (2016) conducted a randomized controlled trial comparing CBGT and MBSR in the treatment of social anxiety disorder (SAD).”
BackgroundLi, X., Chen, X., Ya, Z., & Shi, X. (2024) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-024-01300-5 · Cited by 9
“Numerous intervention studies have confirmed that cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) can be a feasible approach for treating social anxiety (Goldin et al., 2016; Heimberg, 2002; Rodebaugh et al., 2004).”
Zimmerman, J. A., & Marcus, D. K. (2024) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2974 · Cited by 12
Pan, M.-R., Zhang, S., Chen, C.-L., Qiu, S.-W., Liu, L., Li, H.-M., Zhao, M.-J., Dong, M., Si, F.-F., Wang, Y.-F., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1200522 · Cited by 9
Metadata
- Authors
- Goldin, P. R., Morrison, A., Jazaieri, H., Brozovich, F., Heimberg, R., & Gross, J. J.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Davis (US)
- Stanford University (US)
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Temple University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Goldin, Philippe R.
- Venue
- Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
- Published
- 2016-05
- Volume
- 84
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 427-437
- ISSN
- 0022-006X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-2117
- PMC
- PMC4837056
- OpenAlex
- W2315453641
- Semantic Scholar
- fe5551ec11a29c4d5c791a5c7922e55c6f1fa0de
- Cited by
- 202
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 39 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 7
- FWCI
- 38.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- MindRxiv (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01 MH076074)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- social anxiety disorder, group cognitive behavioral therapy, mindfulness-based stress reduction, treatment outcomes, mediation analysis, cognitive reappraisal, self-efficacy, cognitive distortions, mindfulness skills, attentional focus, rumination, avoidance behavior, unmedicated patients
- MeSH terms
- Phobia, Social, Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Psychotherapy, Group, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Treatment Outcome, Self Efficacy, Mindfulness
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