Set-shifting in children with autism spectrum disorders: Reversal shifting deficits on the Intradimensional/Extradimensional Shift Test correlate with repetitive behaviors
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Research examining set-shifting has revealed significant difficulties for adults with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). However, research with high-functioning children with ASDs has yielded mixed results. The current study tested 6- to 13-year-old high-functioning children with ASD and typically developing controls matched on age, gender, and IQ using the Intradimensional/Extradimensional (ID/ED) Shift Test from the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery. Children with ASDs completed as many ED shifts and reversal ED shifts as controls; however, they made significantly more errors than controls while completing the ED reversal shifts. Analyses on a subset of cases revealed a significant positive correlation between ED reversal errors and the number of repetitive behavior symptoms in the ASD group. These findings suggest that high-functioning children with ASDs require additional feedback to shift successfully. In addition, the relationship between set-shifting and non-social symptoms suggests its utility as a potentially informative intermediate phenotype in ASDs.
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Deficits in the ability to flexibly update behaviour are manifest in a wide range of neurological and psychiatric disorders, including autism, obsessive-compulsive disorder, major depressive disorder and schizophrenia.
“Deficits in the ability to flexibly update behaviour are manifest in a wide range of neurological and psychiatric disorders, including autism, obsessive–compulsive disorder, major depressive disorder and schizophrenia [23–30]”
From Linking haploinsufficiency of the autism- and schizophrenia-associated gene Cyfip1 with striatal-limbic-cortical network dysfunction and cognitive inflexibility (2024) · cites this paper as [26]
The Abstract reports significantly more errors on a set-shifting task in high-functioning children with autism spectrum disorders, supporting the autism portion of the sentence. The paper does not address comparable deficits in obsessive-compulsive disorder, major depressive disorder, or schizophrenia, so it does not support the full list attributed to the citation range. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredOur results are in keeping with deficits in the ability to flexibly update behaviour observed in neurological and psychiatric disorders such as Parkinson's Disease, schizophrenia and autism.
“Moreover, our results are in keeping with deficits in the ability to flexibly update behaviour observed in neurological and psychiatric disorders such as Parkinson’s Disease, schizophrenia and autism [23–31].”
Limited evidence suggests substantial working memory deficits in preschoolers with ASD compared with neurotypically developing peers.
“some limited evidence suggests substantial working memory deficits in preschoolers with ASD compared to neurotypically developing peers.64”
From Executive function deficits in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder (2024) · cites this paper as [64]
The Abstract (page unavailable) describes a study of set-shifting in 6- to 13-year-old children, not working memory in preschoolers. Searches for “working memory” and “preschool working memory” found no passage in our copy addressing the claimed deficit. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSymptom severity for restricted and repetitive behaviors is associated with measures of cognitive inflexibility in ASD.
“Symptom severity for restricted and repetitive behaviors (RRBs), which are considered core deficits in the disorder, are associated with measures of cognitive inflexibility in ASD (66–68).”
From Brain Mechanisms Supporting Flexible Cognition and Behavior in Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorder (2021) · cites this paper as [68]
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- Authors
- Yerys, B. E., Wallace, G. L., Harrison, B., Celano, M. J., Giedd, J. N., & Kenworthy, L. E.
- Affiliations
- Children's National (US)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Yerys, Benjamin E.
- Venue
- Autism
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2009-08-13
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 523-538
- ISSN
- 1362-3613 (ISSN-L)
- 1461-7005
- PMC
- PMC3018342
- OpenAlex
- W2144542843
- Cited by
- 207
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 3.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Autism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Frederick and Elizabeth Singer Foundation
- National Institutes of Health (Z99 MH999999)
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center
- National Institute of Mental Health (U54MH066417)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (P30HD40677, T32HD046388, P30HD040677)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Keywords
- set-shifting, autism spectrum disorder, high-functioning children, reversal shift, executive function, endophenotypes, feedback
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Child, Child Development Disorders, Pervasive, Female, Humans, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Set, Psychology, Wechsler Scales, Stereotypic Movement Disorder
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