Cited by 398Mindfulness and Compassion InterventionsPsychometric Methodologies and TestingAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes

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Examining the Factor Structure of the Self-Compassion Scale in 20 Diverse Samples: Support for Use of a Total Score and Six Subscale Scores

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Neff, Kristin D., Tóth-Király, István, Yarnell, Lisa M., Arimitsu, Kohki, Castilho, Paula, Ghorbani, Nima, Guo, Hailan Xiaoxia, Hirsch, Jameson K., Hupfeld, Jörg, Hutz, Claudio S., Kotsou, Ilios, Lee, Woo Kyeong, Montero-Marin, Jesus, Sirois, Fuschia M., de Souza, Luciana K., Svendsen, Julie L., Wilkinson, Ross B., Mantzios, Michail·2019·Psychological Assessment

DOI 10.1037/pas0000629

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Abstract

This study examined the factor structure of the Self-Compassion Scale (SCS) using secondary data drawn from 20 samples (N = 11,685)-7 English and 13 non-English-including 10 community, 6 student, 1 mixed community/student, 1 meditator, and 2 clinical samples. Self-compassion is theorized to represent a system with 6 constituent components: self-kindness, common humanity, mindfulness and reduced self-judgment, isolation and overidentification. There has been controversy as to whether a total score on the SCS or if separate scores representing compassionate versus uncompassionate self-responding should be used. The current study examined the factor structure of the SCS using confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) and Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling (ESEM) to examine 5 distinct models: 1-factor, 2-factor correlated, 6-factor correlated, single-bifactor (1 general self-compassion factor and 6 group factors), and 2-bifactor models (2 correlated general factors each with 3 group factors representing compassionate or uncompassionate self-responding). Results indicated that a 1- and 2-factor solution to the SCS had inadequate fit in every sample examined using both CFA and ESEM, whereas fit was excellent using ESEM for the 6-factor correlated, single-bifactor and correlated 2-bifactor models. However, factor loadings for the correlated 2-bifactor models indicated that 2 separate factors were not well specified. A general factor explained 95% of the reliable item variance in the single-bifactor model. Results support use of the SCS to examine 6 subscale scores (representing the constituent components of self-compassion) or a total score (representing overall self-compassion), but not separate scores representing compassionate and uncompassionate self-responding. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).

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Authors: Neff, K. D., Tóth-Király, I., Yarnell, L. M., Arimitsu, K., Castilho, P., Ghorbani, N., Guo, H. X., Hirsch, J. K., Hupfeld, J., Hutz, C. S., Kotsou, I., Lee, W. K., Montero-Marin, J., Sirois, F. M., de Souza, L. K., Svendsen, J. L., Wilkinson, R. B., & Mantzios, M.
Affiliations: The University of Texas at Austin (US)
American Institutes for Research (US)
Kwansei Gakuin University (JP)
University of Coimbra (PT)
University of Tehran (IR)
East Tennessee State University (US)
University of Bern (CH)
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (BR)
Université Libre de Bruxelles (BE)
Seoul Cyber University (KR)
University of Sheffield (GB)
University of Newcastle Australia (AU)
Birmingham City University (GB)
Corresponding author: Neff, Kristin D.
ORCID: Neff, Kristin D.
Tóth-Király, István
Arimitsu, Kohki
Castilho, Paula
Ghorbani, Nima
Hirsch, Jameson K.
Hutz, Claudio S.
Kotsou, Ilios
Sirois, Fuschia M.
Wilkinson, Ross B.
Mantzios, Michail
Venue: Psychological Assessment
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2019-01
Volume: 31
Issue: 1
Pages: 27-45
ISSN: 1040-3590 (ISSN-L)
1939-134X
DOI: 10.1037/pas0000629
OpenAlex: W2888066044
Cited by: 397
References: 114
Citations by year: 2026: 46 · 2025: 62 · 2024: 53 · 2023: 53 · 2022: 61 · 2021: 40 · 2020: 43 · 2019: 33
FWCI: 35.77
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
durham-repository.worktribe.com
Licence: cc-by
Locations: Psychological Assessment (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
BCU Open Access Repository (Birmingham City University) (acceptedVersion)
Digital Commons - East Tennessee State University (East Tennessee State University) (submittedVersion)
Bern Open Repository and Information System (University of Bern) (submittedVersion)
Dépôt institutionnel de l'Université libre de Bruxelles (Université Libre de Bruxelles) (submittedVersion)
Durham Research Online (Durham University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Lume (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul) (submittedVersion)
NOVA (University of Newcastle Australia) (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Institute for Health Research Health Technology Assessment (08/56/01)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Keywords: self-compassion, Self-Compassion Scale, factor structure, bifactor model, self-kindness, common humanity, mindfulness, isolation, over-identification, subscale scores, full score
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Empathy, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Psychometrics, Self Concept, Young Adult

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Examining the Factor Structure of the Self-Compassion Scale in 20 Diverse Samples: Support for Use of a Total Score and Six Subscale Scores

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