Cited by 398Mindfulness and Compassion InterventionsPsychometric Methodologies and TestingAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes

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Examining the Factor Structure of the Self-Compassion Scale in 20 Diverse Samples: Support for Use of a Total Score and Six Subscale Scores

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Neff, Kristin D., Tóth-Király, István, Yarnell, Lisa M., Arimitsu, Kohki, Castilho, Paula, Ghorbani, Nima, Guo, Hailan Xiaoxia, Hirsch, Jameson K., Hupfeld, Jörg, Hutz, Claudio S., Kotsou, Ilios, Lee, Woo Kyeong, Montero-Marin, Jesus, Sirois, Fuschia M., de Souza, Luciana K., Svendsen, Julie L., Wilkinson, Ross B., Mantzios, Michail·2019·Psychological Assessment

DOI 10.1037/pas0000629

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Abstract

This study examined the factor structure of the Self-Compassion Scale (SCS) using secondary data drawn from 20 samples (N = 11,685)-7 English and 13 non-English-including 10 community, 6 student, 1 mixed community/student, 1 meditator, and 2 clinical samples. Self-compassion is theorized to represent a system with 6 constituent components: self-kindness, common humanity, mindfulness and reduced self-judgment, isolation and overidentification. There has been controversy as to whether a total score on the SCS or if separate scores representing compassionate versus uncompassionate self-responding should be used. The current study examined the factor structure of the SCS using confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) and Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling (ESEM) to examine 5 distinct models: 1-factor, 2-factor correlated, 6-factor correlated, single-bifactor (1 general self-compassion factor and 6 group factors), and 2-bifactor models (2 correlated general factors each with 3 group factors representing compassionate or uncompassionate self-responding). Results indicated that a 1- and 2-factor solution to the SCS had inadequate fit in every sample examined using both CFA and ESEM, whereas fit was excellent using ESEM for the 6-factor correlated, single-bifactor and correlated 2-bifactor models. However, factor loadings for the correlated 2-bifactor models indicated that 2 separate factors were not well specified. A general factor explained 95% of the reliable item variance in the single-bifactor model. Results support use of the SCS to examine 6 subscale scores (representing the constituent components of self-compassion) or a total score (representing overall self-compassion), but not separate scores representing compassionate and uncompassionate self-responding. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).

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“Three additional studies on translations of the SCS have provided evidence for a model with six group factors and one general factor using a bifactor CFA approach: French (Kotsou & Leys, 2016), Brazilian Portuguese (Souza & Hutz, 2016), and Italian (Veneziani, Fuochi, & Voci, 2017).”
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Psychopathy, DSM-5, and a caution.
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Psychometric Properties of the Greek Versions of the Self-Compassion and Mindful Attention and Awareness Scales
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Self-citation
Zen meditation, Length of Telomeres, and the Role of Experiential Avoidance and Compassion
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The validation study of the Korean version of the Self-Compassion Scale
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Self–Compassion is Best Measured as a Global Construct and is Overlapping with but Distinct from Neuroticism: A Response to Pfattheicher, Geiger, Hartung, Weiss, and Schindler (2017)
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Workaholism profiles: Associations with determinants, correlates, and outcomes
Gillet, N., Morin, A. J. S., Cougot, B., & Gagné, M. (2017) · Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1111/joop.12185 · Cited by 90
Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling Analysis of the Self-Compassion Scale
Tóth‐Király, I., Bőthe, B., & Orosz, G. (2016) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-016-0662-1 · Cited by 86
Working on self-compassion online: a proof of concept and feasibility study
Krieger, T., Martig, D. S., van den Brink, E., & Berger, T. (2016) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2016.10.001 · Cited by 81
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
Hayes, S. C. (2023) · PsycTHERAPY Dataset · doi:10.1037/v00839-001 · Cited by 80
Associations of self-compassion and global self-esteem with positive and negative affect and stress reactivity in daily life: Findings from a smart phone study
Krieger, T., Hermann, H., Zimmermann, J., & Holtforth, M. G. (2015) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.08.009 · Cited by 77
Self-compassion as a healthy attitude toward the self: Factorial and construct validity in an Italian sample
Veneziani, C. A., Fuochi, G., & Voci, A. (2017) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2017.06.028 · Cited by 70
Self-criticism: A measure of uncompassionate behaviors toward the self, based on the negative components of the self-compassion scale
Montero-Marín, J., Gaete, J., Demarzo, M., Rodero, B., Lopez, L. C. S., & García-Campayo, J. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01281 · Cited by 66
The effects of a program to enhance self-compassion in Japanese individuals: A randomized controlled pilot study
Arimitsu, K. (2016) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2016.1152593 · Cited by 64
Self-compassion and depressive symptoms in a Norwegian student sample
Dundas, I., Svendsen, J. L., Wiker, A. S., Granli, K., & Schanche, E. (2016) · Nordic Psychology · doi:10.1080/19012276.2015.1071203 · Cited by 58
The Self-Compassion Scale is Not Validated in a Buddhist Sample
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Hope Under Assault: Understanding the Impact of Sexual Assault on the Relation Between Hope and Suicidal Risk in College Students
Chang, E. C., Yu, T., Jilani, Z., Fowler, E. E., Yu, E. A., Lin, J., & Hirsch, J. K. (2015) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2015.34.3.221 · Cited by 45
Cross-cultural comparative examination of the Academic Motivation Scale using exploratory structural equation modeling
Tóth‐Király, I., Orosz, G., Dombi, E., Jagodics, B., Farkas, D., & Amoura, C. (2016) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.10.048 · Cited by 41
Investigating the Multidimensionality of Need Fulfillment: A Bifactor Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling Representation
Tóth‐Király, I., Morin, A. J. S., Bőthe, B., Orosz, G., & Rigó, A. (2017) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.5501995 · Cited by 36
Validity, Reliability and Factorial Structure of the Self Compassion Scale in the Greek Population
Eirini, K., Christos, P., Michael, G., & Anastasios, S. (2017) · Journal of Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.4172/2161-0487.1000313 · Cited by 34
Self-Compassion Scale: IRT Psychometric Analysis, Validation, and Factor Structure – Slovak Translation
Halamová, J., Kanovský, M., & Pacúchová, M. (2018) · Psychologica Belgica · doi:10.5334/pb.398 · Cited by 29
The Validation Study of the Korean Version of Self-Compassion Scale with Adult Women in Community
Lee, W.-K., & Lee, K. (2010) · Cited by 14
Validation of the self-compassion scale in a community sample of Portuguese pregnant women
Bento, E., Xavier, S. D., Azevedo, J., Marques, M., Freitas, V., Soares, M. J., Martins, M. J., Xavier, A., Castilho, P., Morais, S., et al. (2016) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.598 · Cited by 8

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Research works printed but not linked: 6

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Sorted by citations

Self-compassion: Theory, method, research, and intervention
Neff, K. D. (2023) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-032420-031047 · Cited by 931
The Development and Validation of the Compassion Scale
Pommier, E., Neff, K. D., & Tóth-Király, I. (2020) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191119874108 · Cited by 345
The Development and Validation of the State Self-Compassion Scale (Long- and Short Form)
Neff, K. D., Tóth-Király, I., Knox, M. C., Kuchar, A., & Davidson, O. (2021) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-020-01505-4 · Cited by 309
Self-Compassion and Coping: a Meta-Analysis
Ewert, C., Vater, A., & Schröder-Abé, M. (2021) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-020-01563-8 · Cited by 270
The forest and the trees: Examining the association of self-compassion and its positive and negative components with psychological functioning
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Self-citation

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Authors: Neff, K. D., Tóth-Király, I., Yarnell, L. M., Arimitsu, K., Castilho, P., Ghorbani, N., Guo, H. X., Hirsch, J. K., Hupfeld, J., Hutz, C. S., Kotsou, I., Lee, W. K., Montero-Marin, J., Sirois, F. M., de Souza, L. K., Svendsen, J. L., Wilkinson, R. B., & Mantzios, M.
Affiliations: The University of Texas at Austin (US)
American Institutes for Research (US)
Kwansei Gakuin University (JP)
University of Coimbra (PT)
University of Tehran (IR)
East Tennessee State University (US)
University of Bern (CH)
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (BR)
Université Libre de Bruxelles (BE)
Seoul Cyber University (KR)
University of Sheffield (GB)
University of Newcastle Australia (AU)
Birmingham City University (GB)
Corresponding author: Neff, Kristin D.
ORCID: Neff, Kristin D.
Tóth-Király, István
Arimitsu, Kohki
Castilho, Paula
Ghorbani, Nima
Hirsch, Jameson K.
Hutz, Claudio S.
Kotsou, Ilios
Sirois, Fuschia M.
Wilkinson, Ross B.
Mantzios, Michail
Venue: Psychological Assessment
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2019-01
Volume: 31
Issue: 1
Pages: 27-45
ISSN: 1040-3590 (ISSN-L)
1939-134X
DOI: 10.1037/pas0000629
OpenAlex: W2888066044
Cited by: 397
References: 114
Citations by year: 2026: 46 · 2025: 62 · 2024: 53 · 2023: 53 · 2022: 61 · 2021: 40 · 2020: 43 · 2019: 33
FWCI: 35.77
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
durham-repository.worktribe.com
Licence: cc-by
Locations: Psychological Assessment (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
BCU Open Access Repository (Birmingham City University) (acceptedVersion)
Digital Commons - East Tennessee State University (East Tennessee State University) (submittedVersion)
Bern Open Repository and Information System (University of Bern) (submittedVersion)
Dépôt institutionnel de l'Université libre de Bruxelles (Université Libre de Bruxelles) (submittedVersion)
Durham Research Online (Durham University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Lume (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul) (submittedVersion)
NOVA (University of Newcastle Australia) (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Institute for Health Research Health Technology Assessment (08/56/01)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Keywords: self-compassion, Self-Compassion Scale, factor structure, bifactor model, self-kindness, common humanity, mindfulness, isolation, over-identification, subscale scores, full score
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Empathy, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Psychometrics, Self Concept, Young Adult

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Examining the Factor Structure of the Self-Compassion Scale in 20 Diverse Samples: Support for Use of a Total Score and Six Subscale Scores

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