The DOI matches its Crossref record; 59 of the 59 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Dominant and diet-responsive groups of bacteria within the human colonic microbiota
Open accessAbstract
The populations of dominant species within the human colonic microbiota can potentially be modified by dietary intake with consequences for health. Here we examined the influence of precisely controlled diets in 14 overweight men. Volunteers were provided successively with a control diet, diets high in resistant starch (RS) or non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs) and a reduced carbohydrate weight loss (WL) diet, over 10 weeks. Analysis of 16S rRNA sequences in stool samples of six volunteers detected 320 phylotypes (defined at >98% identity) of which 26, including 19 cultured species, each accounted for >1% of sequences. Although samples clustered more strongly by individual than by diet, time courses obtained by targeted qPCR revealed that ‘blooms’ in specific bacterial groups occurred rapidly after a dietary change. These were rapidly reversed by the subsequent diet. Relatives of Ruminococcus bromii (R-ruminococci) increased in most volunteers on the RS diet, accounting for a mean of 17% of total bacteria compared with 3.8% on the NSP diet, whereas the uncultured Oscillibacter group increased on the RS and WL diets. Relatives of Eubacterium rectale increased on RS (to mean 10.1%) but decreased, along with Collinsella aerofaciens, on WL. Inter-individual variation was marked, however, with >60% of RS remaining unfermented in two volunteers on the RS diet, compared to <4% in the other 12 volunteers; these two individuals also showed low numbers of R-ruminococci (<1%). Dietary non-digestible carbohydrate can produce marked changes in the gut microbiota, but these depend on the initial composition of an individual's gut microbiota.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, individuals on a resistant starch diet showed an increase in relative abundance of uncultured Oscillibacter and Eubacterium rectale (Walker et al., 2011).”
From The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis (2019) · cites this paper as Walker et al., 2011
In the citing paper
“Dietary interventions that specifically alter dietary fiber, such as increases in total carbohydrates, whole grains, and resistant starch versus wheat bran consumption, have shown impacts on the microbiota along with improvements in health markers of the study participants (Duncan et al., 2007; Martínez et al., 2013; Walker et al., 2011).”
From Gut-microbiota-targeted diets modulate human immune status (2021) · cites this paper as Walker et al., 2011
In the citing paper
“Some dietary intervention studies, paradoxically, associated weight loss with reduced abundance of SCFA-producing bacteria.84, 90–93”
From Influence of the Gut Microbiome, Diet, and Environment on Risk of Colorectal Cancer (2020) · cites this paper as [93]
In the citing paper
“Several studies of different diets associated weight loss with enrichment of A muciniphila.86, 93, 98, 99”
From Influence of the Gut Microbiome, Diet, and Environment on Risk of Colorectal Cancer (2020) · cites this paper as [93]
In the citing paper
“Likewise, mouse models have indicated that manipulation of macronutrient intake can consistently shift the composition of the gut microbiota within the span of a day [5,6,18,19].”
From Effect of Diet on the Gut Microbiota: Rethinking Intervention Duration (2019) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“In controlled dietary experiments in humans, variations in intake of resistant starch or non-starch polysaccharide altered levels of specific bacterial taxa such as Ruminococuccus bromii and Eubacterium rectale32.”
From Diet and the Intestinal Microbiome: Associations, Functions, and Implications for Health and Disease (2014) · cites this paper as [32]
In the citing paper
“diet modulates the composition and function of this community of microbes in humans and other mammals18–25”
From Diet–microbiota interactions as moderators of human metabolism (2016) · cites this paper as [23]
In the citing paper
“the composition and function of the microbiota shifted over 1–2 days18,20,23”
From Diet–microbiota interactions as moderators of human metabolism (2016) · cites this paper as [23]
In the citing paper
“a particular change in diet can have a highly variable effect on different people owing to the individualized nature of their gut microbiota”
From Diet–microbiota interactions as moderators of human metabolism (2016) · cites this paper as [23]
In the citing paper
“Ruminococcus bromii-related taxa bloomed in response to resistant-starch intervention in most of the 14 obese men in one study; the lack of response in the other individuals might reflect an absence of such taxa in those people23.”
From Diet–microbiota interactions as moderators of human metabolism (2016) · cites this paper as [23]
In the citing paper
“decreased Eubacterium rectale and Bifidobacteria have been observed during weight-loss strategies in overweight and obese individuals in which further resistant-starch-carbohydrates reductions were common [240,241].”
From Impact of Protein Intake in Older Adults with Sarcopenia and Obesity: A Gut Microbiota Perspective (2020) · cites this paper as [241]
In the citing paper
“Nutrient availability significantly impacts the diversity and abundance of the micro-organisms that colonize the intestine [58–63].”
From Role of the gut microbiota in nutrient competition and protection against intestinal pathogen colonization (2023) · cites this paper as [59]
In the citing paper
“It is generally accepted that the consumption of a highfiber diet promotes an increase in bacterial diversity and leads to a bloom in the growth of beneficial bacteria (i.e., Bifidobacterium sp., Lactobacillus sp., Akkermansia sp., Faecalibacterium sp., Roseburia sp., Bacteroides sp., and Prevotella) as well as a reduction in potentially pathogenic bacteria (e.g., Enterobacteriaceae) (63)(64)(65)(”
From Diet and the Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health (2021) · cites this paper as [64]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Schloss, P. D., Westcott, S. L., Ryabin, T., Hall, J. R., Hartmann, M., Hollister, E. B., Lesniewski, R. A., Oakley, B. B., Parks, D. H., Robinson, C. J., et al. (2009) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.01541-09 · Cited by 21,481
Human gut microbes associated with obesity
Ley, R. E., Turnbaugh, P. J., Klein, S., & Gordon, J. I. (2006) · Nature · doi:10.1038/4441022a · Cited by 8,785
Diversity of the Human Intestinal Microbial Flora
Eckburg, P. B., Bik, E. M., Bernstein, C. N., Purdom, E., Dethlefsen, L., Sargent, M., Gill, S. R., Nelson, K. E., & Relman, D. A. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1110591 · Cited by 7,913
ARB: a software environment for sequence data
Ludwig, W. (2004) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkh293 · Cited by 6,714
Metabolic Endotoxemia Initiates Obesity and Insulin Resistance
Cani, P. D., Amar, J., Iglesias, M. A., Poggi, M., Knauf, C., Bastelica, D., Neyrinck, A. M., Fava, F., Tuohy, K. M., Chabo, C., et al. (2007) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db06-1491 · Cited by 6,638
The Ribosomal Database Project: improved alignments and new tools for rRNA analysis
Cole, J. R., Wang, Q., Cardenas, E., Fish, J., Chai, B., Farris, R. J., Kulam-Syed-Mohideen, A. S., McGarrell, D. M., Marsh, T. L., Garrity, G. M., et al. (2008) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkn879 · Cited by 4,873
Sokol, H., Pigneur, B., Watterlot, L., Lakhdari, O., Bermúdez-Humarán, L. G., Gratadoux, J.-J., Blugeon, S., Bridonneau, C., Furet, J.-P., Corthier, G., et al. (2008) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0804812105 · Cited by 4,413
NCBI BLAST: a better web interface
Johnson, M., Zaretskaya, I., Raytselis, Y., Merezhuk, Y., McGinnis, S., & Madden, T. (2008) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkn201 · Cited by 4,207
(1992) · PubMed · Cited by 3,809
Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time
Costello, E. K., Lauber, C. L., Hamady, M., Fierer, N., Gordon, J. I., & Knight, R. (2009) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1177486 · Cited by 3,231
Turnbaugh, P. J., Bäckhed, F., Fulton, L., & Gordon, J. I. (2008) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2008.02.015 · Cited by 2,915
Schloss, P. D., & Handelsman, J. (2005) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.71.3.1501-1506.2005 · Cited by 2,529
Microbiota and SCFA in lean and overweight healthy subjects
Schwiertz, A., Taras, D., Schäfer, K., Beijer, S., Bos, N. A., Donus, C., & Hardt, P. D. (2010) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2009.167 · Cited by 2,457
Critical Evaluation of Two Primers Commonly Used for Amplification of Bacterial 16S rRNA Genes
Frank, J. A., Reich, C. I., Sharma, S., Weisbaum, J. S., Wilson, B. A., & Olsen, G. J. (2008) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.02272-07 · Cited by 1,935
Human gut microbiota in obesity and after gastric bypass
Zhang, H., DiBaise, J. K., Zuccolo, A., Kudrna, D., Braidotti, M., Yu, Y., Parameswaran, P., Crowell, M. D., Wing, R., Rittmann, B. E., et al. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0812600106 · Cited by 1,880
Polysaccharide utilization by gut bacteria: potential for new insights from genomic analysis
Flint, H. J., Bayer, E. A., Rincón, M. T., Lamed, R., & White, B. A. (2008) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/nrmicro1817 · Cited by 1,759
Self-citationSuau, A., Bonnet, R., Sutren, M., Godon, J.-J., Gibson, G. R., Collins, M. D., & Doré, J. (1999) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.65.11.4799-4807.1999 · Cited by 1,490
Zoetendal, E. G., Akkermans, A. D. L., & de Vos, W. M. (1998) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.64.10.3854-3859.1998 · Cited by 1,360
Human colonic microbiota associated with diet, obesity and weight loss
Duncan, S. H., Lobley, G. E., Holtrop, G., Ince, J., Johnstone, A. M., Louis, P., & Flint, H. J. (2008) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2008.155 · Cited by 1,222
Self-citationGut Microbiota and Metabolic Endotoxemia in Young Obese Mexican Subjects
Radilla-Vázquez, R. B., Parra‐Rojas, I., Martínez-Hernández, N. E., Márquez‐Sandoval, F., Illades‐Aguiar, B., & Castro-Alarcón, N. (2016) · Obesity Facts · doi:10.1159/000442479 · Cited by 1,200
Franks, A. H., Harmsen, H. J. M., Raangs, G. C., Jansen, G. J., Schut, F., & Welling, G. W. (1998) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.64.9.3336-3345.1998 · Cited by 1,056
Duncan, S. H., Belenguer, A., Holtrop, G., Johnstone, A. M., Flint, H. J., & Lobley, G. E. (2007) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.02340-06 · Cited by 941
Self-citationTowards the human intestinal microbiota phylogenetic core
Tap, J., Mondot, S., Levenez, F., Pelletier, E., Caron, C., Furet, J., Ugarte, E., Muñoz‐Tamayo, R., Paslier, D. L. E., Nalin, R., et al. (2009) · Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2009.01982.x · Cited by 927
Ramirez-Farias, C., Slezak, K., Fuller, Z., Duncan, A., Holtrop, G., & Louis, P. (2008) · British Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114508019880 · Cited by 822
Self-citationAshelford, K. E., Chuzhanova, N. A., Fry, J. C., Jones, A. J., & Weightman, A. J. (2005) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.71.12.7724-7736.2005 · Cited by 799
Louis, P., Young, P., Holtrop, G., & Flint, H. J. (2009) · Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2009.02066.x · Cited by 798
Self-citationFurrie, E., Macfarlane, S., Kennedy, A., Cummings, J. H., Walsh, S. V., O’Neil, D. A., & Macfarlane, G. T. (2005) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gut.2004.044834 · Cited by 766
New Screening Software Shows that Most Recent Large 16S rRNA Gene Clone Libraries Contain Chimeras
Ashelford, K. E., Chuzhanova, N. A., Fry, J. C., Jones, A. J., & Weightman, A. J. (2006) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.00556-06 · Cited by 674
Flint, H. J., Duncan, S. H., Scott, K. P., & Louis, P. (2007) · Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2007.01281.x · Cited by 632
Self-citationButyrate production from dietary fibre and protection against large bowel cancer in a rat model.
McIntyre, A., Gibson, P. R., & Young, G. P. (1993) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gut.34.3.386 · Cited by 555
Robertson, M. D., Bickerton, A. S. T., Dennis, A., Vidal, H., & Frayn, K. N. (2005) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn.82.3.559 · Cited by 503
Robertson, M. D., Bickerton, A. S., Dennis, A. L., Vidal, H., & Frayn, K. N. (2005) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/82.3.559 · Cited by 501
A Similarity Measure Based on Species Proportions
Yue, J. C., & Clayton, M. K. (2005) · Communication in Statistics- Theory and Methods · doi:10.1080/sta-200066418 · Cited by 491
Intestinal floras of populations that have a high risk of colon cancer
Moore, W. E., & Moore, L. H. (1995) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.61.9.3202-3207.1995 · Cited by 483
Lauber, C. L., Zhou, N., Gordon, J. I., Knight, R. D., & Fierer, N. (2010) · FEMS Microbiology Letters · doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.2010.01965.x · Cited by 474
Fermentation of mucins and plant polysaccharides by anaerobic bacteria from the human colon
Salyers, A. A., West, S. E. H., Vercellotti, J. R., & Wilkins, T. D. (1977) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.34.5.529-533.1977 · Cited by 471
Improved Method for Measurement of Dietary Fiber as Non-Starch Polysaccharides in Plant Foods
Englyst, H. N., & Cummings, J. H. (1988) · Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL · doi:10.1093/jaoac/71.4.808 · Cited by 415
Bouhnik, Y., Raskine, L., Simoneau, G., Vicaut, É., Neut, C., Flourié, B., Brouns, F. J. P. H., & Bornet, F. R. J. (2004) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/80.6.1658 · Cited by 412
Assessment of microbial diversity in human colonic samples by 16S rDNA sequence analysis
Hold, G. L., Pryde, S. E., Russell, V. J., Furrie, E., & Flint, H. J. (2002) · FEMS Microbiology Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1574-6941.2002.tb00904.x · Cited by 406
Self-citationLawley, T. D., Clare, S., Walker, A. W., Goulding, D., Stabler, R. A., Croucher, N., Mastroeni, P., Scott, P., Raisen, C., Mottram, L., et al. (2009) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.00558-09 · Cited by 349
Self-citationSelective colonization of insoluble substrates by human faecal bacteria
Leitch, E. C. M., Walker, A. W., Duncan, S. H., Holtrop, G., & Flint, H. J. (2007) · Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2006.01186.x · Cited by 297
Self-citationBrinkworth, G. D., Noakes, M., Clifton, P. M., & Bird, A. R. (2009) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114508094658 · Cited by 269
Starch utilization by the human large intestinal microflora
Macfarlane, G. T., & Englyst, H. N. (1986) · Journal of Applied Bacteriology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.1986.tb01073.x · Cited by 265
Abell, G. C. J., Cooke, C. M., Bennett, C. N., Conlon, M. A., & McOrist, A. L. (2008) · FEMS Microbiology Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1574-6941.2008.00527.x · Cited by 239
Starches, resistant starches, the gut microflora and human health.
Bird, A. R., Brown, I. L., & Topping, D. L. (2000) · PubMed · Cited by 220
Diet and cancer: assessing the risk
Gill, C. I. R., & Rowland, I. (2002) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1079/bjn2002632 · Cited by 194
Robert, C., & Bernalier‐Donadille, A. (2003) · FEMS Microbiology Ecology · doi:10.1016/s0168-6496(03)00207-1 · Cited by 183
Effect of changing transit time on colonic microbial metabolism in man.
Stephen, A. M., Wiggins, H. S., & Cummings, J. H. (1987) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gut.28.5.601 · Cited by 181
Kovatcheva‐Datchary, P., Egert, M., Maathuis, A. J. H., Rajilić-Stojanović, M. D., de Graaf, A. A., Smidt, H., de Vos, W. M., & Venema, K. (2008) · Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2008.01815.x · Cited by 174
Iino, T., Mori, K., Tanaka, K., Suzuki, K., & Harayama, S. (2007) · INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY · doi:10.1099/ijs.0.64717-0 · Cited by 168
Mackie, R. I., Aminov, R. I., Hu, W., Klieve, A. V., Ouwerkerk, D., Sundset, M. A., & Kamagata, Y. (2003) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.69.11.6808-6815.2003 · Cited by 147
Walker, A. W., Duncan, S. H., Harmsen, H. J. M., Holtrop, G., Welling, G. W., & Flint, H. J. (2008) · Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2008.01717.x · Cited by 139
Self-citationAminov, R. I., Walker, A. W., Duncan, S. H., Harmsen, H. J. M., Welling, G. W., & Flint, H. J. (2006) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.00701-06 · Cited by 129
Self-citationWang, X., Conway, P. L., Brown, I. L., & Evans, A. J. (1999) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.65.11.4848-4854.1999 · Cited by 118
Leu, R. K. L., Hu, Y. C., Brown, I. L., & Young, G. P. (2009) · Nutrition & Metabolism · doi:10.1186/1743-7075-6-11 · Cited by 108
Schwiertz, A., Lehmann, U., Jacobasch, G., & Blaut, M. (2002) · Journal of Applied Microbiology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2672.2002.01679.x · Cited by 94
Cell-associated α-amylases of butyrate-producing Firmicute bacteria from the human colon
Ramsay, A. G., Scott, K. P., Martin, J. C., Rincón, M. T., & Flint, H. J. (2006) · Microbiology · doi:10.1099/mic.0.29233-0 · Cited by 90
Self-citationShared and Unique Environmental Factors Determine The Ecology of Methanogens in Humans and Rats
Florin, T. H., Zhu, G., Kirk, K. M., & Martin, N. G. (2000) · The American Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2000.02319.x · Cited by 71
Trends in incidence rates for obesity-associated cancers in the US
Polednak, A. P. (2003) · Cancer Detection and Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.cdp.2003.09.002 · Cited by 68
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome
David, L. A., Maurice, C. F., Carmody, R. N., Gootenberg, D. B., Button, J. E., Wolfe, B. E., Ling, A. V., Devlin, A. S., Varma, Y., Fischbach, M. A., et al. (2014) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature12820 · Cited by 10,100
Cryan, J. F., O'Riordan, K. J., Cowan, C. S. M., Sandhu, K. V., Bastiaanssen, T. F. S., Boehme, M., Codagnone, M. G., Cussotto, S., Fulling, C., Golubeva, A. V., et al. (2019) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00018.2018 · Cited by 5,286
Functional interactions between the gut microbiota and host metabolism
Tremaroli, V., & Bäckhed, F. (2012) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature11552 · Cited by 4,387
Introduction to the human gut microbiota
Thursby, E., & Juge, N. (2017) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bcj20160510 · Cited by 3,600
Formation of propionate and butyrate by the human colonic microbiota
Louis, P., & Flint, H. J. (2017) · Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1111/1462-2920.13589 · Cited by 3,028
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Walker, A. W., Ince, J., Duncan, S. H., Webster, L. M., Holtrop, G., Ze, X., Brown, D., Stares, M. D., Scott, P., Bergerat, A., Louis, P., McIntosh, F., Johnstone, A. M., Lobley, G. E., Parkhill, J., & Flint, H. J.
- Affiliations
- Wellcome Sanger Institute (GB)
- University of Aberdeen (GB)
- Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Flint, Harry J
- ORCID
- Venue
- The ISME Journal
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2010-08-05
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 220-230
- ISSN
- 1751-7362 (ISSN-L)
- 1751-7370
- PMC
- PMC3105703
- OpenAlex
- W2033239478
- Cited by
- 1,632
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 35 · 2025: 65 · 2024: 93 · 2023: 92 · 2022: 155 · 2021: 135 · 2020: 163 · 2019: 122 · 2018: 124 · 2017: 139 · 2016: 118 · 2015: 101 · 2014: 93 · 2013: 85 · 2012: 66
- FWCI
- 25.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The ISME Journal (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (WT 76964, 076964)
- Scottish Government
- University of Aberdeen
- World Cancer Research Fund
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Microbial Metabolites in Food Biotechnology
- Keywords
- resistant starch, non-starch polysaccharides, Ruminococcus bromii, Oscillibacter, Eubacterium rectale, Collinsella aerofaciens, interindividual variability, non-digestible carbohydrates, gut microbiota composition, overweight men
- MeSH terms
- Archaea, Bacteria, Colon, Diet, Diet, Reducing, Dietary Carbohydrates, Dietary Proteins, Feces, Humans, Male, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S, Starch, Cross-Over Studies, Biodiversity, Metagenome
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
