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Clostridium difficile Toxin CDT Induces Formation of Microtubule-Based Protrusions and Increases Adherence of Bacteria

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No Vacancy: How Beneficial Microbes Cooperate with Immunity To Provide Colonization Resistance to Pathogens

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Defining the Roles of TcdA and TcdB in Localized Gastrointestinal Disease, Systemic Organ Damage, and the Host Response during Clostridium difficile Infections

Carter, G. P., Chakravorty, A., Nguyen, T. A. P., Mileto, S. J., Schreiber, F., Li, L. Q., Howarth, P. M., Clare, S., Cunningham, B. A., Sambol, S. P., et al. (2015) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.00551-15 · Cited by 326 · see citing works

Proton Pump Inhibitors Alter Specific Taxa in the Human Gastrointestinal Microbiome: A Crossover Trial

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Understanding Clostridium difficile Colonization

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From superspreaders to disease hotspots: linking transmission across hosts and space

Paull, S. H., Song, S., McClure, K. M., Cassin‐Sackett, L., Kilpatrick, A. M., & Johnson, P. T. J. (2011) · Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment · doi:10.1890/110111 · Cited by 303 · see citing works

Innate Immune Defenses Mediated by Two ILC Subsets Are Critical for Protection against Acute Clostridium difficile Infection

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Multiple Factors Modulate Biofilm Formation by the Anaerobic Pathogen Clostridium difficile

Thapa, T. B., Leuzzi, R., Ng, Y. K., Baban, S. T., Adamo, R., Kuehne, S. A., Scarselli, M., Minton, N. P., Serruto, D., & Unnikrishnan, M. (2012) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.01980-12 · Cited by 287 · see citing works

Mechanism of the Gut Microbiota Colonization Resistance and Enteric Pathogen Infection

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Clostridium difficile infection in the community: a zoonotic disease?

Hensgens, M. P. M., Keessen, E. C., Squire, M. M., Riley, T. V., Koene, M. G. J., Boer, E. D., Lipman, L. J. A., & Kuijper, E. J. (2012) · Clinical Microbiology and Infection · doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2012.03853.x · Cited by 288 · see citing works

The interplay between microbiome dynamics and pathogen dynamics in a murine model ofClostridium difficileInfection

Reeves, A. E., Theriot, C. M., Bergin, I. L., Huffnagle, G. B., Schloss, P. D., & Young, V. B. (2011) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.4161/gmic.2.3.16333 · Cited by 270 · see citing works

Effect of Antibiotic Treatment on the Intestinal Metabolome

Antunes, L. C. M., Han, J., Ferreira, R. B. R., Lolić, P., Borchers, C. H., & Finlay, B. B. (2011) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.01664-10 · Cited by 271 · see citing works

Clostridium difficile and the microbiota

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Microbiota-accessible carbohydrates suppress Clostridium difficile infection in a murine model

Hryckowian, A. J., Treuren, W. V., Smits, S. A., Davis, N. M., Gardner, J. O., Bouley, D. M., & Sonnenburg, J. L. (2018) · Nature Microbiology · doi:10.1038/s41564-018-0150-6 · Cited by 249 · see citing works

Microbiota-mediated inflammation and antimicrobial defense in the intestine

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Interaction between the intestinal microbiota and host in Clostridium difficile colonization resistance

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The Roles of Inflammation, Nutrient Availability and the Commensal Microbiota in Enteric Pathogen Infection

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The Etiology and Pathogenesis of Chronic Rhinosinusitis: a Review of Current Hypotheses

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Clostridium difficile infection

Vedantam, G., Clark, A. E., Chu, M., McQuade, R., Mallozzi, M., & Viswanathan, V. K. (2012) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.4161/gmic.19399 · Cited by 210 · see citing works

A Role for TLR4 in Clostridium difficile Infection and the Recognition of Surface Layer Proteins

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Metabolism of Bile Salts in Mice Influences Spore Germination in Clostridium difficile

Giel, J. L., Sorg, J. A., Sonenshein, A. L., & Zhu, J. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0008740 · Cited by 195 · see citing works

Cyclic Diguanylate Inversely Regulates Motility and Aggregation in Clostridium difficile

Purcell, E. B., McKee, R. W., McBride, S. M., Waters, C. M., & Tamayo, R. (2012) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.00100-12 · Cited by 191 · see citing works

Cefoperazone-treated mice as an experimental platform to assess differential virulence ofClostridium difficilestrains

Theriot, C. M., Koumpouras, C. C., Carlson, P. E., Bergin, I. L., Aronoff, D. M., & Young, V. B. (2011) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.4161/gmic.19142 · Cited by 190 · see citing works

Nucleotide-Binding Oligomerization Domain 1 Mediates Recognition of Clostridium difficile and Induces Neutrophil Recruitment and Protection against the Pathogen

Hasegawa, M., Yamazaki, T., Kamada, N., Tawaratsumida, K., Kim, Y., Núñez, G., & Inohara, N. (2011) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1003761 · Cited by 187 · see citing works

The streptomycin mouse model for Salmonella diarrhea: functional analysis of the microbiota, the pathogen’s virulence factors, and the host’s mucosal immune response

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Microbiota Dynamics in Patients Treated with Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for Recurrent Clostridium difficile Infection

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Clostridium difficile Toxins: Mediators of Inflammation

Shen, A. (2012) · Journal of Innate Immunity · doi:10.1159/000332946 · Cited by 171 · see citing works

Clostridioides difficile infection: history, epidemiology, risk factors, prevention, clinical manifestations, treatment, and future options

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Biology and Diseases of Mice

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When pathogenic bacteria meet the intestinal microbiota

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Characterisation of Clostridium difficile Biofilm Formation, a Role for Spo0A

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The Anti-Sigma Factor TcdC Modulates Hypervirulence in an Epidemic BI/NAP1/027 Clinical Isolate of Clostridium difficile

Carter, G. P., Douce, G. R., Govind, R., Howarth, P. M., Mackin, K. E., Spencer, J., Buckley, A. M., Antunes, A. P. D. O. L., Kotsanas, D., Jenkin, G., et al. (2011) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1002317 · Cited by 158 · see citing works

Crossing the scale from within-host infection dynamics to between-host transmission fitness: a discussion of current assumptions and knowledge

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Critical Role for MyD88-Mediated Neutrophil Recruitment during Clostridium difficile Colitis

Jarchum, I., Liu, M., Shi, C., Equinda, M. J., & Pamer, E. G. (2012) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.00448-12 · Cited by 153 · see citing works

Effectiveness of fecal-derived microbiota transfer using orally administered capsules for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection

Hirsch, B. E., Saraiya, N., Poeth, K., Schwartz, R. M., Epstein, M. E., & Honig, G. (2015) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/s12879-015-0930-z · Cited by 153 · see citing works

Virulence factors of Clostridium difficile and their role during infection

Janoir, C. (2015) · Anaerobe · doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2015.10.009 · Cited by 148 · see citing works

Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Eliminates Clostridium difficile in a Murine Model of Relapsing Disease

Seekatz, A. M., Theriot, C. M., Molloy, C. T., Wozniak, K. L., Bergin, I. L., & Young, V. B. (2015) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.00459-15 · Cited by 145 · see citing works

Cyclic Di-GMP Riboswitch-Regulated Type IV Pili Contribute to Aggregation of Clostridium difficile

Bordeleau, É., Purcell, E. B., Lafontaine, D. A., Fortier, L., Tamayo, R., & Burrus, V. (2014) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.02340-14 · Cited by 144 · see citing works

Clostridium difficilevirulence factors: Insights into an anaerobic spore-forming pathogen

Awad, M. M., Johanesen, P., Carter, G. P., Rose, E., & Lyras, D. (2014) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.4161/19490976.2014.969632 · Cited by 142 · see citing works

Adaptive Strategies and Pathogenesis of Clostridium difficile fromIn VivoTranscriptomics

Janoir, C., Denève-Larrazet, C., Bouttier, S., Barbut, F., Hoÿs, S., Caleechum, L., Chapetón-Montes, D., Pereira, F. C., Henriques, A. O., Collignon, A., et al. (2013) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.00515-13 · Cited by 140 · see citing works

The intestinal microbiota and susceptibility to infection in immunocompromised patients

Taur, Y., & Pamer, E. G. (2013) · Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1097/qco.0b013e3283630dd3 · Cited by 137 · see citing works

Antibiotic-induced collateral damage to the microbiota and associated infections

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Para-cresol production by Clostridium difficile affects microbial diversity and membrane integrity of Gram-negative bacteria

Passmore, I. J., Letertre, M. P. M., Preston, M. D., Bianconi, I., Harrison, M. A., Nasher, F., Kaur, H., Hong, H. A., Baines, S. D., Cutting, S. M., et al. (2018) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1007191 · Cited by 138 · see citing works

IL-33 drives group 2 innate lymphoid cell-mediated protection during Clostridium difficile infection

Frisbee, A. L., Saleh, M. M., Young, M. K., Leslie, J. L., Simpson, M. D., Abhyankar, M. M., Cowardin, C. A., Ma, J. Z., Pramoonjago, P., Turner, S., et al. (2019) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-019-10733-9 · Cited by 137 · see citing works

Models for the study of Clostridium difficile infection

Best, E. L., Freeman, J., & Wilcox, M. H. (2012) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.4161/gmic.19526 · Cited by 135 · see citing works

Toll-Like Receptor 5 Stimulation Protects Mice from Acute Clostridium difficile Colitis

Jarchum, I., Liu, M., Lipuma, L., & Pamer, E. G. (2011) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.01196-10 · Cited by 130 · see citing works

Pathogenicity and virulence of Clostridioides difficile

Buddle, J. E., & Fagan, R. P. (2022) · Virulence · doi:10.1080/21505594.2022.2150452 · Cited by 133 · see citing works

Inference of Network Dynamics and Metabolic Interactions in the Gut Microbiome

Steinway, S. N., Biggs, M. B., Loughran, T. P., Papin, J. A., & Albert, R. (2015) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004338 · Cited by 127 · see citing works

A modified R-type bacteriocin specifically targeting Clostridium difficile prevents colonization of mice without affecting gut microbiota diversity

Gebhart, D., Lok, S., Clare, S., Tomas, M., Stares, M., Scholl, D., Donskey, C. J., Lawley, T. D., & Govoni, G. R. (2015) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.02368-14 · Cited by 127 · see citing works

Functional genomics reveals that Clostridium difficileSpo0A coordinates sporulation, virulence and metabolism

Pettit, L. J., Browne, H. P., Yu, L., Smits, W. K., Fagan, R. P., Barquist, L., Martin, M. J., Goulding, D., Duncan, S. H., Flint, H. J., et al. (2014) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-160 · Cited by 127 · see citing works

Bacterial Community Interactions During Chronic Respiratory Disease

Welp, A. L., & Bomberger, J. M. (2020) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2020.00213 · Cited by 127 · see citing works

Use of Purified Clostridium difficile Spores To Facilitate Evaluation of Health Care Disinfection Regimens

Lawley, T. D., Clare, S., Deakin, L. J., Goulding, D., Yen, J. L., Raisen, C. L., Brandt, C., Lovell, J., Cooke, F. J., Clark, T. G., et al. (2010) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.00718-10 · Cited by 125 · see citing works

Salmonella-Induced Mucosal Lectin RegIIIβ Kills Competing Gut Microbiota

Stelter, C., Käppeli, R., König, C., Krah, A., Hardt, W., Stecher, B., & Bumann, D. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0020749 · Cited by 123 · see citing works

Reductions in intestinal Clostridiales precede the development of nosocomial Clostridium difficile infection

Vincent, C., Stephens, D. A., Loo, V. G., Edens, T. J., Behr, M. A., Dewar, K., & Manges, A. R. (2013) · Microbiome · doi:10.1186/2049-2618-1-18 · Cited by 123 · see citing works

Point-Counterpoint: What Is the Optimal Approach for Detection of Clostridium difficile Infection?

Fang, F. C., Polage, C. R., & Wilcox, M. H. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.02463-16 · Cited by 119 · see citing works

Short chain and polyunsaturated fatty acids in host gut health and foodborne bacterial pathogen inhibition

Peng, M., & Biswas, D. (2016) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2016.1203286 · Cited by 119 · see citing works

Functional Characterization of Clostridium difficile Spore Coat Proteins

Permpoonpattana, P., Phetcharaburanin, J., Mikelsone, A., Dembek, M., Tan, S., Brisson, M., Ragione, R. M. L., Brisson, A. R., Fairweather, N. F., Hong, H. A., et al. (2013) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.02104-12 · Cited by 116 · see citing works

Emerging insights on intestinal dysbiosis during bacterial infections

Pham, T. A. N., & Lawley, T. D. (2014) · Current Opinion in Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.mib.2013.12.002 · Cited by 115 · see citing works

Identification of a Genetic Locus Responsible for Antimicrobial Peptide Resistance in Clostridium difficile

McBride, S. M., & Sonenshein, A. L. (2010) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.00731-10 · Cited by 115 · see citing works

Mouse Relapse Model of Clostridium difficile Infection

Sun, X., Wang, H., Zhang, Y., Chen, K., Davis, B. J., & Feng, H. (2011) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.01336-10 · Cited by 115 · see citing works

Fecal microbiota transplantation: effectiveness, complexities, and lingering concerns

Pamer, E. G. (2014) · Mucosal Immunology · doi:10.1038/mi.2013.117 · Cited by 109 · see citing works

Disruption of the Gut Microbiome: Clostridium difficile Infection and the Threat of Antibiotic Resistance

Johanesen, P., Mackin, K. E., Hutton, M. L., Awad, M. M., Larcombe, S., Amy, J., & Lyras, D. (2015) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes6041347 · Cited by 112 · see citing works

The Enterotoxicity of Clostridium difficile Toxins

Sun, X., Savidge, T., & Feng, H. (2010) · Toxins · doi:10.3390/toxins2071848 · Cited by 110 · see citing works

Surface Layers of Clostridium difficile Endospores

Permpoonpattana, P., Tolls, E. H., Nadem, R., Tan, S., Brisson, A. R., & Cutting, S. M. (2011) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.05182-11 · Cited by 110 · see citing works

Fecal microbiota transplantation and bacterial consortium transplantation have comparable effects on the re-establishment of mucosal barrier function in mice with intestinal dysbiosis

Li, M., Liang, P., Li, Z., Wang, Y., Zhang, G., Gao, H., Shu, W., & Tang, L. (2015) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2015.00692 · Cited by 109 · see citing works

Clostridium difficileinfection

Viswanathan, V. K., Mallozzi, M., & Vedantam, G. (2010) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.4161/gmic.1.4.12706 · Cited by 109 · see citing works

Gut microbiome shifts with urbanization and potentially facilitates a zoonotic pathogen in a wading bird

Murray, M. H., Lankau, E. W., Kidd, A. D., Welch, C. N., Ellison, T. J., Adams, H. C., Lipp, E. K., & Hernandez, S. M. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0220926 · Cited by 102 · see citing works

The agr Locus Regulates Virulence and Colonization Genes in Clostridium difficile 027

Martin, M. J., Clare, S., Goulding, D., Faulds‐Pain, A., Barquist, L., Browne, H. P., Pettit, L. J., Gordon Dougan, B., Lawley, T. D., & Wren, B. W. (2013) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.00473-13 · Cited by 102 · see citing works

Type IV Pili Promote Clostridium difficile Adherence and Persistence in a Mouse Model of Infection

McKee, R. W., Aleksanyan, N., Garrett, E. M., & Tamayo, R. (2018) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.00943-17 · Cited by 101 · see citing works

The Clostridium difficile Cell Wall Protein CwpV is Antigenically Variable between Strains, but Exhibits Conserved Aggregation-Promoting Function

Reynolds, C. B., Emerson, J. E., de la Riva, L., Fagan, R. P., & Fairweather, N. F. (2011) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1002024 · Cited by 99 · see citing works

Spore Cortex Hydrolysis Precedes Dipicolinic Acid Release during Clostridium difficile Spore Germination

Francis, M. B., Allen, C. A., & Sorg, J. A. (2015) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.02575-14 · Cited by 98 · see citing works

Biofilm formation by Clostridium difficile

Đapa, T., & Unnikrishnan, M. (2013) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.4161/gmic.25862 · Cited by 98 · see citing works

Animal Model To Study Klebsiella pneumoniae Gastrointestinal Colonization and Host-to-Host Transmission

Young, T. M., Bray, A. S., Nagpal, R. K., Caudell, D. L., Yadav, H., & Zafar, M. A. (2020) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.00071-20 · Cited by 96 · see citing works

Variations in Virulence and Molecular Biology among Emerging Strains of Clostridium difficile

Hunt, J. J., & Ballard, J. D. (2013) · Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews · doi:10.1128/mmbr.00017-13 · Cited by 96 · see citing works

Emergence of dominant multidrug-resistant bacterial clades: Lessons from history and whole-genome sequencing

Klemm, E. J., Wong, V., & Dougan, G. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1717162115 · Cited by 93 · see citing works

Microbiota restoration reduces antibiotic-resistant bacteria gut colonization in patients with recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection from the open-label PUNCH CD study

Langdon, A. E., Schwartz, D. J., Bulow, C., Sun, X., Hink, T., Reske, K. A., Jones, C. R., Burnham, C. D., Dubberke, E. R., & Dantas, G. A. (2021) · Genome Medicine · doi:10.1186/s13073-021-00843-9 · Cited by 89 · see citing works

Microbiology: Supershedding mice

(2009) · Nature · doi:10.1038/460155a

Articles of Significant Interest Selected from This Issue by the Editors

(2009) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.00803-09

Murine models to study Clostridium difficile infection and transmission

Lawley, T. D., & Young, V. B. (2013) · Anaerobe · doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2013.09.008 · Cited by 29 · see citing works

The Clostridium difficile spo0A Gene Is a Persistence and Transmission Factor

Fairweather, N. F., Dougan, B. G., & Lawleyd, T. D. (2016)

Toxin-positive Clostridium difficile latently infect mouse colonies and protect against highly pathogenic C. difficile

Etienne‐Mesmin, L., Chassaing, B., Adekunle, O., Mattei, L. M., Bushman, F. D., & Gewirtz, A. T. (2017) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2016-313510 · Cited by 35 · see citing works