Skin-resident T cells: the ups and downs of on site immunity
Open accessAbstract
The cutaneous surface of a normal adult individual contains approximately 20 billion T cells, nearly twice the number present in the entire circulation. Recent studies have shown a role for these cells in both normal immunity and in inflammatory skin diseases such as psoriasis. Regulatory T cells protect against autoimmune reactions to self antigens and assist in the resolution of cutaneous inflammation. However, they can also shield tumors from immune detection, allow latent infections to persist and can dysfunction under the conditions present in inflammatory skin diseases. Th17 T cells protect organisms against extracellular pathogens but also have a key role in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Evidence suggests that effector memory T cells produced during immune reactions survive and persist long term within the skin, providing local and rapid protection against pathogen reexposure. This review summarizes the current understanding of how skin-resident T cells contribute to normal and aberrant immunity in the skin.
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All skin-resident T cells are pre-activated T cells with effector/memory-like phenotypes, which could be activated in an innate fashion by alterations of molecular cues of the local tissue they reside in.
“All skin-resident T cells are pre-activated T cells with effector/memory-like phenotypes, which could be activated in an innate fashion by alterations of molecular cues of the local tissue they reside in.26,27,28,29,30,31,32”
From Skin-resident T cells play an important role in controlling skin colonization of Candidozyma (Candida) auris (2026) · cites this paper as [26]
In “Skin resident T cells: hiding in plain sight” (page unavailable), the review reports that over 95% of T cells in normal skin are memory T cells and 80% have an effector-memory phenotype; it does not say all are pre-activated. In “Local T cells responses in skin: lessons from psoriasis” (page unavailable), it describes activation of autoreactive T cells after local antigen-presenting cells produce IFNα. That example does not establish that all skin-resident T cells can be activated in an innate fashion by altered local molecular cues. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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- Authors
- Clark, R. A.
- Affiliations
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Clark, Rachael A.
- ORCID
- Clark, Rachael A.
- Venue
- Journal of Investigative Dermatology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-02
- Volume
- 130
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 362-370
- ISSN
- 0022-202X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2922675
- OpenAlex
- W2074644098
- Cited by
- 298
- References
- 97
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 35 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 28
- FWCI
- 1.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Investigative Dermatology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Scleroderma Foundation
- Leukemia and Lymphoma Society
- National Institutes of Health (1K08AI060890-01A1, 1R01AR056720-01A1, 1R01CA122569-01A)
- Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Psoriasis: Treatment and Pathogenesis
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Dermatology and Skin Diseases
- Keywords
- skin-resident T cells, skin immunity, regulatory T cells, Th17 cells, effector memory T cells, psoriasis, skin inflammation, autoimmune tolerance, tumor immune evasion, viral latency, T cell dysfunction
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Endocytosis, Humans, Immune System, Immunologic Memory, Inflammation, Models, Biological, Psoriasis, Skin, Skin Physiological Phenomena, T-Lymphocytes, Autoimmunity, T-Lymphocyte Subsets, Interleukin-17, Mice
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