Global exchange and accumulation of non-native plants
Open accessAbstract
All around the globe, humans have greatly altered the abiotic and biotic environment with ever-increasing speed. One defining feature of the Anthropocene epoch is the erosion of biogeographical barriers by human-mediated dispersal of species into new regions, where they can naturalize and cause ecological, economic and social damage. So far, no comprehensive analysis of the global accumulation and exchange of alien plant species between continents has been performed, primarily because of a lack of data. Here we bridge this knowledge gap by using a unique global database on the occurrences of naturalized alien plant species in 481 mainland and 362 island regions. In total, 13,168 plant species, corresponding to 3.9% of the extant global vascular flora, or approximately the size of the native European flora, have become naturalized somewhere on the globe as a result of human activity. North America has accumulated the largest number of naturalized species, whereas the Pacific Islands show the fastest increase in species numbers with respect to their land area. Continents in the Northern Hemisphere have been the major donors of naturalized alien species to all other continents. Our results quantify for the first time the extent of plant naturalizations worldwide, and illustrate the urgent need for globally integrated efforts to control, manage and understand the spread of alien species.
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Comprehensive accounts are now available on established and/or invasive alien species of vascular plants, bryophytes, terrestrial snails, ants, spiders, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.
“Comprehensive accounts are now available on established and/or invasive alien species of vascular plants (van Kleunen et al., 2015, 2019; Pyšek et al., 2017b ), bryophytes (Essl et al., 2015), terrestrial snails (Capinha et al., 2015), ants, spiders [see Dawson et al., 2017 and references therein], fishes (Tedesco et al., 2017), amphibians (Capinha et al., 2017), reptiles (Kraus, 2009, 2015; Capin”
From Scientists' warning on invasive alien species (2020) · cites this paper as van Kleunen et al., 2015
For vascular plants, the most recent figures report approximately 14,000 species with established alien populations in at least one region, constituting approximately 4% of the world flora.
“For vascular plants, the most recent figures report ∼14,000 species with established alien populations in at least one region, constituting ∼4% of the world flora.”
From Scientists' warning on invasive alien species (2020) · cites this paper as van Kleunen et al., 2015
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“Alien species, introduced by humans beyond their native range, are arriving in new regions at unprecedented rates world-wide (Essl et al. 2015; van Kleunen et al. 2015), and a proportion, the so-called invasive alien species (IAS), have negative consequences for the economy and environment in the…”
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Self-citationClimate change will increase the naturalization risk from garden plants in Europe
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“…5 11 14 Cuba 1 9 10 15 France (mainland) 7 3 10 16 Taiwan 3 7 10 17 United Kingdom 7 3 10 Space, & Thomas, 2009; Duncan, Blackburn, & Sol, 2003; van Kleunen et al., 2015), with differing levels of invasion being closely related to the extent of human impact on island ecosystems (Blackburn et al.,…”
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“During the past 150 years, the distribution of biota has been alarmingly reshaped as a result of intensification of human activities, technical advances and increased global marine trade (Katsanevakis et al. 2014a; van Kleunen et al. 2015; Early et al. 2016; Sardain et al. 2019).”
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BackgroundPlants capable of selfing are more likely to become naturalized
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“Biological invasions trigger dramatic changes in ecosystems (Simberloff et al., 2013; van Kleunen et al., 2015; Walther et al., 2009).”
Drivers of the relative richness of naturalized and invasive plant species on Earth
Essl, F., Dawson, W., Kreft, H., Pergl, J., Pyšek, P., van Kleunen, M., Weigelt, P., Mang, T., Dullinger, S., Lenzner, B., et al. (2019) · AoB Plants · doi:10.1093/aobpla/plz051 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Self-citationKissling, W. D., Ahumada, J., Bowser, A., Fernández, M., Fernández, N., García, E. A., Guralnick, R., Isaac, N. J. B., Kelling, S., Los, W., et al. (2018) · Biological Reviews of The Cambridge Philosophical Society · doi:10.1111/brv.12359 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
“Many populations of widespread and threatened species are declining (Butchart et al., 2010; Tittensor et al., 2014) and invasive alien species continue to spread into many parts of the world (van Kleunen et al., 2015).”
Animal invaders threaten protected areas worldwide
Liu, X., Blackburn, T. M., Song, T., Wang, X., Huang, C., & Li, Y. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-16719-2 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Pergl, J., Sádlo, J., Petrusek, A., Laštůvka, Z., Musil, J., Perglová, I., Šanda, R., Šefrová, H., Šíma, J., Vohralík, V., et al. (2016) · NeoBiota · doi:10.3897/neobiota.28.4824 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
“Black, Grey and Watch Lists of alien species in the Czech Republic... 3 In Europe, more than 12,000 alien plant and animal species are recorded (DAISIE 2009, www.europe-aliens.org) and the numbers of successfully establishing species continue to grow (Hulme et al. 2009, van Kleunen et al. 2015).”
BackgroundSelf-citationCommon alien plants are more competitive than rare natives but not than common natives.
Zhang, Z.-J., & van Kleunen, M. (2019) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1111/ele.13320 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
“Over 13,000 plant species have established self-sustaining populations outside their natural ranges (van Kleunen et al. 2015; Py sek et al. 2017), and the rise in the number of these alien species shows no sign of saturation (Seebens et al. 2017).”
BackgroundHow Safe Is Weed Biological Control? A Global Review of Direct Nontarget Attack
Hinz, H., Winston, R., & Schwarzländer, M. (2019) · The Quarterly review of biology · doi:10.1086/702340 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
“T HE introduction and naturalizationof plant species outside their native range is likely to intensify with continuing globalization and increasing international trade (van Kleunen et al. 2015).”
BackgroundLiu, D.-J., Zhang, C., Ogaya, R., Fernández-Martínez, M., Pugh, T., & Peñuelas, J. (2021) · New Phytologist · doi:10.1111/nph.17269 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Borges, P., Cardoso, P., Kreft, H., Whittaker, R., Fattorini, S., Emerson, B., Gil, A., Gillespie, R., Matthews, T., Santos, A. M. C., et al. (2018) · Biodiversity and Conservation · doi:10.1007/s10531-018-1553-7 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Self-citationMycorrhizal fungi influence global plant biogeography
Delavaux, C., Weigelt, P., Dawson, W., Duchicela, J., Essl, F., van Kleunen, M., König, C., Pergl, J., Pyšek, P., Stein, A., et al. (2019) · Nature Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1038/s41559-019-0823-4 · Cited by 106
Self-citationMountain roads and non-native species modify elevational patterns of plant diversity
Haider, S., Kueffer, C., Bruelheide, H., Seipel, T. F., Alexander, J., Rew, L., Arévalo, J., Cavieres, L., McDougall, K., Milbau, A., et al. (2018) · doi:10.1111/geb.12727 · Cited by 106
“…that mountain biodiversity is affected by climate change (Gottfried et al., 2012; Lenoir & Svenning, 2013), human land use (Dainese & Poldini, 2012) and non-native species invasion (Marini et al., 2012; Pauchard et al., 2009, 2016; Py sek, Jaro sík, Pergl, & Wild, 2011; van Kleunen et al., 2015).”
BackgroundAlien flora of Turkey: checklist, taxonomic composition and ecological attributes
Uludağ, A., Aksoy, N., Yazlık, A., Arslan, Z. F., Yazmış, E., Uremis, I., Cossu, T., Groom, Q., Pergl, J., Pyšek, P., et al. (2017) · doi:10.3897/neobiota.35.12460 · Cited by 104
Self-citationRapid upwards spread of non-native plants in mountains across continents
Iseli, E., Chisholm, C., Lenoir, J., Haider, S., Seipel, T. F., Barros, A., Hargreaves, A., Kardol, P., Lembrechts, J., McDougall, K., et al. (2023) · Nature Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1038/s41559-022-01979-6 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Are declines in insects and insectivorous birds related?
Tallamy, D., & Shriver, W. G. (2021) · Ornithological Applications · doi:10.1093/ornithapp/duaa059 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Soil-microorganism-mediated invasional meltdown in plants
Zhang, Z.-J., Liu, Y.-J., Brunel, C., & van Kleunen, M. (2020) · Nature Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1038/s41559-020-01311-0 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Introduced species that overcome life history tradeoffs can cause native extinctions
Catford, J., Bode, M., & Tilman, D. (2018) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-018-04491-3 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Staab, M., Pereira-Peixoto, M., & Klein, A. (2020) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/s00442-020-04785-8 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
The role of adaptive strategies in plant naturalization.
Guo, W.-Y., van Kleunen, M., Winter, M., Weigelt, P., Stein, A., Pierce, S., Pergl, J., Moser, D., Maurel, N., Lenzner, B., et al. (2018) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1111/ele.13104 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Self-citationLinking traits of invasive plants with ecosystem services and disservices
Milanović, M., Knapp, S., Pyšek, P., & Kühn, I. (2020) · Ecosystem Services · doi:10.1016/j.ecoser.2020.101072 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Self-citationResponses of common and rare aliens and natives to nutrient availability and fluctuations
Liu, Y.-J., & van Kleunen, M. (2017) · Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2745.12733 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
“With increasing globalization, more and more plant species have established wild populations in biogeographic regions where they are not native (van Kleunen et al. 2015; Seebens et al. 2015).”
BackgroundScoring environmental and socioeconomic impacts of alien plants invasive in Europe
Rumlerová, Z., Vilà, M., Pergl, J., Nentwig, W., & Pyšek, P. (2016) · Biological Invasions · doi:10.1007/s10530-016-1259-2 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Self-citationChoudhury, M., Deb, P., Singha, H., Chakdar, B., & Medhi, M. (2016) · Ecological Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2016.07.018 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Naturalized alien floras still carry the legacy of European colonialism
Lenzner, B., Latombe, G., Schertler, A., Seebens, H., Yang, Q., Winter, M., Weigelt, P., van Kleunen, M., Pyšek, P., Pergl, J., et al. (2022) · Nature Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1038/s41559-022-01865-1 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Self-citationGlobalization and the anthropogenic spread of invasive social insects.
Bertelsmeier, C. (2021) · Current Opinion in Insect Science · doi:10.1016/j.cois.2021.01.006 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
“Past research has found striking differences in plants [39], amphibians and reptiles [40].”
BackgroundSeitz, N., vanEngelsdorp, D., & Leonhardt, S. (2020) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.6826 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“…the southern hemisphere are still scarce (but see Morales and Aizen (2006) and Gibson et al. (2013) for examples from Argentina and South Africa) despite the often negative effects of non-native (invasive) plant species on native flora and fauna (Bellard et al., 2017; Van Kleunen et al., 2015).”
BackgroundMore is less: net gain in species richness, but biotic homogenization over 140 years.
Nielsen, T. F., Sand-Jensen, K., Dornelas, M., & Bruun, H. (2019) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1111/ele.13361 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Ahmad, R., Khuroo, A. A., Hamid, M., Charles, B., & Rashid, I. (2019) · Biodiversity and Conservation · doi:10.1007/s10531-019-01775-y · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Naturalization of ornamental plant species in public green spaces and private gardens
Mayer, K., Haeuser, E., Dawson, W., Essl, F., Kreft, H., Pergl, J., Pyšek, P., Weigelt, P., Winter, M., Lenzner, B., et al. (2017) · Biological Invasions · doi:10.1007/s10530-017-1594-y · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Self-citationFristoe, T. S., Chytrý, M., Dawson, W., Essl, F., Heleno, R. H., Kreft, H., Maurel, N., Pergl, J., Pyšek, P., Seebens, H., et al. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · doi:10.1073/pnas.2021173118 · Cited by 85
Self-citationDo non‐native plants contribute to insect declines?
Tallamy, D., Narango, D., & Mitchell, A. (2020) · Ecological Entomology · doi:10.1111/een.12973 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
“…13 168 plant species (about 3.9% of global vascular flora) have been introduced and naturalised beyond their native ranges as a result of human activity (van Kleunen et al., 2015) with more than 3300 species of non-native plants established in the continental U.S. alone (Qian & Ricklefs, 2011).”
BackgroundInfluentialPlant invasions on small Mediterranean islands: An overview
Celesti-Grapow, L., Bassi, L., Brundu, G., Camarda, I., Carli, E., D'Auria, G., del Guacchio, E., Domina, G., Ferretti, G., Foggi, B., et al. (2016) · Plant Biosystems · doi:10.1080/11263504.2016.1218974 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
“The invasive spread of species introduced outside their native geographic ranges as a result of human activity has become a major environmental problem in many parts of the world (Simberloff et al. 2013; van Kleunen et al. 2015).”
Plant diversity drives global patterns of insect invasions
Liebhold, A. M., Yamanaka, T., Roques, A., Augustin, S., Chown, S. L., Brockerhoff, E. G., & Pyšek, P. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-30605-4 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Self-citationDrivers of global Scolytinae invasion patterns.
Lantschner, M., Corley, J., & Liebhold, A. M. (2020) · Ecological Applications · doi:10.1002/eap.2103 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
“…primary pathway for all invading species, it is a primary pathway and explains geographical variation in numbers of nonnative species of a variety of taxa (Py sek et al. 2010, Liebhold et al. 2013, 2016, 2018, van Kleunen et al. 2015, Chapman et al. 2017, Dawson et al. 2017, Meurisse et al. 2019).”
BackgroundGenetic admixture accelerates invasion via provisioning rapid adaptive evolution
Qiao, H., Liu, W., Zhang, Y., Zhang, Y., & Li, Q. Q. (2019) · Molecular Ecology · doi:10.1111/mec.15192 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Essl, F., Latombe, G., Lenzner, B., Pagad, S. N., Seebens, H., Smith, K. G., Wilson, J. R., & Genovesi, P. (2020) · NeoBiota · doi:10.3897/neobiota.62.53972 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
“This was aided by recent compilations and analyses of global databases on the spatial distribution of alien species of various taxonomic groups (e.g. van Kleunen et al. 2015; Dyer et al. 2016; Capinha et al. 2017; Dawson et al. 2017; Pagad et al. 2018) and by analyses of the temporal trajectories…”
Self-citationMaurel, N., Hanspach, J., Kühn, I., Pyšek, P., & van Kleunen, M. (2016) · Global Ecology and Biogeography · doi:10.1111/geb.12520 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“Different suits of characteristics might be advantageous for crossing these different barriers in the invasion process (Richardson & Py sek, 2012; van Kleunen et al., 2015a).”
BackgroundSelf-citationNaturalization of European plants on other continents: The role of donor habitats
Kalusová, V., Chytrý, M., van Kleunen, M., Mucina, L., Dawson, W., Essl, F., Kreft, H., Pergl, J., Weigelt, P., Winter, M., et al. (2017) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · doi:10.1073/pnas.1705487114 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“29), which contains the most complete lists available of species associated with different vegetation types in Europe, and (ii) the Global Naturalized Alien Flora (GloNAF) database, the most complete global inventory of naturalized floras (30).”
Self-citationInvasive alien clonal plants are competitively superior over co-occurring native clonal plants
Wang, Y.-J., Chen, D., Yan, R., Yu, F.-H., & van Kleunen, M. (2019) · Perspectives in plant ecology, evolution and systematics · doi:10.1016/j.ppees.2019.125484 · Cited by 77
Conti, L., Block, S., Parepa, M., Münkemüller, T., Thuiller, W., Acosta, A. T., van Kleunen, M., Dullinger, S., Essl, F., Dullinger, I., et al. (2018) · Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2745.12928 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Self-citationThe worldwide networks of spread of recorded alien species
Capinha, C., Essl, F., Porto, M., & Seebens, H. (2022) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · doi:10.1073/pnas.2201911120 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- van Kleunen, M., Dawson, W., Essl, F., Pergl, J., Winter, M., Weber, E., Kreft, H., Weigelt, P., Kartesz, J., Nishino, M., Antonova, L. A., Barcelona, J. F., Cabezas, F. J., Cárdenas, D., Cárdenas-Toro, J., Castaño, N., Chacón, E., Chatelain, C., Ebel, A. L., Figueiredo, E., Fuentes, N., Groom, Q. J., Henderson, L., Inderjit, Kupriyanov, A., Masciadri, S., Meerman, J., Morozova, O., Moser, D., Nickrent, D. L., Patzelt, A., Pelser, P. B., Baptiste, M. P., Poopath, M., Schulze, M., Seebens, H., Shu, W.-S., Thomas, J., Velayos, M., Wieringa, J. J., & Pyšek, P.
- Affiliations
- University of Konstanz (DE)
- University of Vienna (AT)
- Czech Academy of Sciences (CZ)
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (DE)
- University of Potsdam (DE)
- University of Göttingen (DE)
- The Biota of North America Program (US)
- University of Canterbury (NZ)
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ES)
- Instituto Sinchi (CO)
- Jardin Botanique de Genève (CH)
- University of Coimbra (PT)
- University of Concepción (CL)
- Meise Botanic Garden (BE)
- Agricultural Research Council of South Africa (ZA)
- Russian Academy of Sciences (RU)
- Universidad de la República de Uruguay (UY)
- University of Belize (BZ)
- Southern Illinois University Carbondale (US)
- Alexander von Humboldt Biological Resources Research Institute (CO)
- Department of National Parks Wildlife and Plant Conservation (TH)
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg (DE)
- Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg (DE)
- Sun Yat-sen University (CN)
- King Saud University (SA)
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NL)
- ORCID
- Dawson, Wayne
- Essl, Franz
- Pergl, Jan
- Winter, Marten
- Weber, Ewald
- Kreft, Holger
- Weigelt, Patrick
- Barcelona, Julie F.
- Cabezas, Francisco J.
- Chatelain, Cyrille
- Figueiredo, Estrela
- Fuentes, Nicol
- Groom, Quentin J.
- Kupriyanov, Andrey
- Moser, Dietmar
- Nickrent, Daniel L.
- Patzelt, Annette
- Pelser, Pieter B.
- Poopath, Manop
- Seebens, Hanno
- Shu, Wen-sheng
- Thomas, Jacob
- Velayos, Mauricio
- Wieringa, Jan J.
- Pyšek, Petr
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2015-08-19
- Volume
- 525
- Issue
- 7567
- Pages
- 100-103
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W1803950400
- Cited by
- 1,095
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 65 · 2025: 100 · 2024: 108 · 2023: 141 · 2022: 93 · 2021: 119 · 2020: 99 · 2019: 114 · 2018: 91 · 2017: 82 · 2016: 69 · 2015: 12
- FWCI
- 87.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- research.wur.nl
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Durham Research Online (Durham University) (acceptedVersion)
- Socio-Environmental Systems Modeling (acceptedVersion)
- Durham Research Online (Durham University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- KOPS (University of Konstanz) (submittedVersion)
- SUNScholar (Stellenbosch University) (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- ASEP (submittedVersion, public-domain)
- Nelson Mandela University Research Repository (submittedVersion)
- publish.UP (University of Potsdam) (submittedVersion)
- GRO (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Greater South Information System
- Funders
- Klima- und Energiefonds
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG– FZT 118, KL 1866/9-1, RVO 67985939, FZT118)
- Grantová Agentura České Republiky (GB14-36079G, RVO 67,985,939, 67985939, 36079G)
- King Saud University
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen
- Akademie Věd České Republiky (RVO [67985939], 67985939, 14‐36079G)
- Helmholtz-Zentrum für Umweltforschung
- Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad, Gobierno de México
- Deutsches Zentrum für integrative Biodiversitätsforschung Halle-Jena-Leipzig (DFG-FZT 118, FZT 118)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Nature and Landscape Conservation › Ecology and Vegetation Dynamics Studies
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Botany and Plant Ecology Studies
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecological Modeling › Species Distribution and Climate Change
- Keywords
- non-native plants, naturalized species, biological invasions, plant introduction, human-mediated dispersal, Anthropocene, vascular flora, island biogeography, North America, Pacific Islands, Northern Hemisphere, invasive species management
- MeSH terms
- North America, Pacific Islands, Plants, Databases, Factual, Biodiversity, Introduced Species, Phylogeography, Geographic Mapping
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