Hypothalamic stem cells control ageing speed partly through exosomal miRNAs
Open accessAbstract
It has been proposed that the hypothalamus helps to control ageing, but the mechanisms responsible remain unclear. Here we develop several mouse models in which hypothalamic stem/progenitor cells that co-express Sox2 and Bmi1 are ablated, as we observed that ageing in mice started with a substantial loss of these hypothalamic cells. Each mouse model consistently displayed acceleration of ageing-like physiological changes or a shortened lifespan. Conversely, ageing retardation and lifespan extension were achieved in mid-aged mice that were locally implanted with healthy hypothalamic stem/progenitor cells that had been genetically engineered to survive in the ageing-related hypothalamic inflammatory microenvironment. Mechanistically, hypothalamic stem/progenitor cells contributed greatly to exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) in the cerebrospinal fluid, and these exosomal miRNAs declined during ageing, whereas central treatment with healthy hypothalamic stem/progenitor cell-secreted exosomes led to the slowing of ageing. In conclusion, ageing speed is substantially controlled by hypothalamic stem cells, partially through the release of exosomal miRNAs.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Extensive stem cell loss is seen in the hypothalamus with age.
“Similarly, extensive stem cell loss is seen in the hypothalamus with age (Zhang et al., 2017), showing that regional differences in aging are present in the brain.”
From The aging astrocyte transcriptome from multiple regions of the mouse brain. (2018) · cites this paper as Zhang et al., 2017
Astrocyte aging is regionally dependent, with more alterations in areas that experience cell death.
“This demonstrates the regional dependency of astrocyte aging, with more alterations in areas that experience cell death (Woodruff-Pak et al., 2010; Zhang et al., 2017).”
From The aging astrocyte transcriptome from multiple regions of the mouse brain. (2018) · cites this paper as Zhang et al., 2017
Neural stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (NSC-EVs) are abundant in specific miRNAs which exert favourable effects on slowing down ageing and neurodegenerative diseases.
“Neural stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (NSC-EVs) are abundant in specific miRNAs which exert favourable effects on slowing down ageing and neurodegenerative diseases.443”
From Antiageing strategy for neurodegenerative diseases: from mechanisms to clinical advances (2025) · cites this paper as [443]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Functional neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus
van Praag, H., Schinder, A. F., Christie, B. R., Toni, N., Palmer, T. D., & Gage, F. H. (2002) · Nature · doi:10.1038/4151030a · Cited by 2,853 · see citing works
The ageing systemic milieu negatively regulates neurogenesis and cognitive function
Villeda, S. A., Luo, J., Mosher, K. I., Zou, B., Britschgi, M., Bieri, G., Stan, T. M., Fainberg, N., Ding, Z., Eggel, A., et al. (2011) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature10357 · Cited by 1,763 · see citing works
Object recognition test in mice
Leger, M., Quiedeville, A., Bouet, V., Haelewyn, B., Boulouard, M., Schumann-Bard, P., & Freret, T. (2013) · Nature Protocols · doi:10.1038/nprot.2013.155 · Cited by 1,357 · see citing works
Hypothalamic IKKβ/NF-κB and ER Stress Link Overnutrition to Energy Imbalance and Obesity
Zhang, X., Zhang, G., Zhang, H., Karin, M., Bai, H., & Cai, D. (2008) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2008.07.043 · Cited by 1,350 · see citing works
Self-citationBmi-1 dependence distinguishes neural stem cell self-renewal from progenitor proliferation
Molofsky, A. V., Pardal, R., Iwashita, T., Park, I.-K., Clarke, M. F., & Morrison, S. J. (2003) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature02060 · Cited by 1,301 · see citing works
AGRP neurons are sufficient to orchestrate feeding behavior rapidly and without training
Aponte, Y., Atasoy, D., & Sternson, S. M. (2011) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.2739 · Cited by 1,157 · see citing works
Increasing p16INK4a expression decreases forebrain progenitors and neurogenesis during ageing
Molofsky, A. V., Slutsky, S. G., Joseph, N. M., He, S., Pardal, R., Krishnamurthy, J., Sharpless, N. E., & Morrison, S. J. (2006) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature05091 · Cited by 972 · cited 1× · see citing works
“correlate with advent of aging-associated disorders 10,14-18 .”
A Cre-inducible diphtheria toxin receptor mediates cell lineage ablation after toxin administration
Buch, T., Heppner, F. L., Tertilt, C., Heinen, T. J. A. J., Kremer, M., Wunderlich, F. T., Jung, S., & Waisman, A. (2005) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/nmeth762 · Cited by 922 · see citing works
A protocol for isolation and culture of mesenchymal stem cells from mouse bone marrow
Soleimani, M., & Nadri, S. (2009) · Nature Protocols · doi:10.1038/nprot.2008.221 · Cited by 913 · see citing works
Encinas, J. M., Michurina, T. V., Peunova, N. I., Park, J.-H., Tordo, J., Peterson, D. A., Fishell, G., Koulakov, A. A., & Enikolopov, G. (2011) · Cell stem cell · doi:10.1016/j.stem.2011.03.010 · Cited by 882 · see citing works
Hypothalamic programming of systemic ageing involving IKK-β, NF-κB and GnRH
Zhang, G., Li, J., Purkayastha, S., Tang, Y., Zhang, H., Yin, Y., Li, B., Liu, G., & Cai, D. (2013) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature12143 · Cited by 834 · see citing works
Self-citationNeurogenin promotes neurogenesis and inhibits glial differentiation by independent mechanisms.
Sun, Y., Nadal-Vicens, M., Misono, S., Lin, M. Z., Zubiaga, A., Hua, X., Fan, G., & Greenberg, M. (2001) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(01)00224-0 · Cited by 823 · see citing works
MicroRNA-34a regulates cardiac ageing and function.
Boon, R. A., Iekushi, K., Lechner, S., Seeger, T., Fischer, A., Heydt, S., Kaluza, D., Tréguer, K., Carmona, G., Bonauer, A., et al. (2013) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature11919 · Cited by 821 · see citing works
Satoh, A., Brace, C. S., Rensing, N., Cliften, P. F., Wozniak, D. F., Herzog, E. D., Yamada, K. A., & Imai, S. (2013) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2013.07.013 · Cited by 734 · see citing works
SIRT1 Mediates Central Circadian Control in the SCN by a Mechanism that Decays with Aging
Chang, H.-C., & Guarente, L. (2013) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.05.027 · Cited by 615 · see citing works
Aging-induced type I interferon response at the choroid plexus negatively affects brain function
Baruch, K., Deczkowska, A., David, E., Castellano, J. M., Miller, O., Kertser, A., Berkutzki, T., Barnett-Itzhaki, Z., Bezalel, D., Wyss-Coray, T., et al. (2014) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1252945 · Cited by 615 · see citing works
Assessment of Social Interaction Behaviors
Kaidanovich‐Beilin, O., Lipina, T. V., Vukobradovic, I., Roder, J., & Woodgett, J. R. (2011) · Journal of Visualized Experiments · doi:10.3791/2473 · Cited by 550 · see citing works
Neurogenesis and generalization: a new approach to stratify and treat anxiety disorders
Kheirbek, M. A., Klemenhagen, K. C., Sahay, A., & Hen, R. (2012) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3262 · Cited by 509 · see citing works
Exosomes mediate the cell-to-cell transmission of IFN-α-induced antiviral activity
Li, J., Liu, K., Liu, Y., Xu, Y., Zhang, F., Yang, H., Liu, J., Pan, T., Chen, J., Wu, M., et al. (2013) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni.2647 · Cited by 508 · see citing works
Hippocampal development and neural stem cell maintenance require Sox2-dependent regulation of Shh
Favaro, R., Valotta, M., Ferri, L., Latorre, E., Mariani, J., Giachino, C., Lancini, C., Tosetti, V., Ottolenghi, S., Taylor, V., et al. (2009) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.2397 · Cited by 504 · see citing works
Tanycytes of the hypothalamic median eminence form a diet-responsive neurogenic niche
Lee, D. A., Bedont, J. L., Pak, T., Wang, H., Song, J., Miranda-Angulo, A., Takiar, V., Charubhumi, V., Balordi, F., Takebayashi, H., et al. (2012) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3079 · Cited by 502 · see citing works
Fry, C. S., Lee, J. D., Mula, J., Kirby, T. J., Jackson, J. R., Liu, F., Yang, L., Mendias, C. L., Dupont-Versteegden, E. E., McCarthy, J. J., et al. (2015) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.3710 · Cited by 432 · see citing works
Regulation of C. elegans Longevity by Specific Gustatory and Olfactory Neurons
Alcedo, J., & Kenyon, C. (2004) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(03)00816-x · Cited by 388 · see citing works
Li, J., Tang, Y., & Cai, D. (2012) · Nature Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/ncb2562 · Cited by 344 · see citing works
Self-citationRemodeling of the arcuate nucleus energy-balance circuit is inhibited in obese mice
McNay, D. E. G., Briançon, N., Kokoeva, M. V., Maratos–Flier, E., & Flier, J. S. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci43134 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
Faiz, M., Sachewsky, N., Gascón, S., Bang, K. W. A., Morshead, C. M., & Nagy, A. (2015) · Cell stem cell · doi:10.1016/j.stem.2015.08.002 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
Adult neural stem cells in distinct microdomains generate previously unknown interneuron types
Merkle, F. T., Fuentealba, L. C., Sanders, T. A., Magno, L., Kessaris, N., & Álvarez-Buylla, A. (2013) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3610 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Jin, K., Wang, X., Xie, L., Mao, X. O., & Greenberg, D. A. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1000154107 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Strojnik, T., Røsland, G. V., Sakariassen, P. Ø., et al. (2007) · Surgical Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.surneu.2006.10.050 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Uncoupling the mechanisms of obesity and hypertension by targeting hypothalamic IKK-β and NF-κB
Purkayastha, S., Zhang, G., & Cai, D. (2011) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.2372 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Self-citationTRPV1 Pain Receptors Regulate Longevity and Metabolism by Neuropeptide Signaling
Riera, C. E., Huising, M. O., Follett, P., Leblanc, M., Halloran, J. J., Andel, R. V., Filho, C. D. D. M., Merkwirth, C., & Dillin, A. G. (2014) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.03.051 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
MicroRNA Regulation of Neural Stem Cells and Neurogenesis: Figure 1.
Shi, Y., Zhao, X., Hsieh, J., Wichterle, H., Impey, S., Banerjee, S., Neveu, P. A., & Kosik, K. S. (2010) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4280-10.2010 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Fridell, Y.-W. C., Sánchez-Blanco, A., Silvia, B. A., & Helfand, S. L. (2005) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2005.01.005 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Yan, J., Zhang, H., Yin, Y. I., Li, J., Tang, Y., Purkayastha, S., Li, L., & Cai, D. (2014) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.3616 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Self-citationCorti, S. P., Locatelli, F., Papadimitriou, D. A., Bo, R. D., Nizzardo, M., Nardini, M., Donadoni, C., Salani, S., Fortunato, F., Strazzer, S., et al. (2007) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awm043 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Sun, F., Mao, X., Xie, L., Ding, M., Shao, B., & Jin, K. (2013) · Aging Cell · doi:10.1111/acel.12134 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
MicroRNA Regulation of Stem Cell Fate
Li, Q., & Gregory, R. I. (2008) · Cell stem cell · doi:10.1016/j.stem.2008.02.008 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Role of the hypothalamus in mediating protective effects of dietary restriction during aging
Dacks, P. A., Moreno, C. L., Kim, E. S., Marcellino, B. K., & Mobbs, C. V. (2012) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2012.12.001 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Sadagurski, M., Landeryou, T., Cady, G., Bartke, A., Bernal‐Mizrachi, E., & Miller, R. A. (2015) · Physiological Reports · doi:10.14814/phy2.12379 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Turning neurogenesis up a Notch
Greenberg, D. A., & Jin, K. (2006) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm0806-884 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
c-Jun and c-Fos regulate the complement factor H promoter in murine astrocytes
Fraczek, L., Martin, C. B., & Martin, B. K. (2011) · Molecular Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.molimm.2011.08.013 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Autophagy as a promoter of longevity: insights from model organisms
Hansen, M., Rubinsztein, D. C., & Walker, D. W. (2018) · Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/s41580-018-0033-y · Cited by 754 · see citing works
Large-scale generation of functional mRNA-encapsulating exosomes via cellular nanoporation
Yang, Z., Shi, J., Xie, J., Wang, Y., Sun, J., Liu, T., Zhao, Y., Zhao, X., Wang, X., Ma, Y., et al. (2019) · Nature Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1038/s41551-019-0485-1 · Cited by 744 · see citing works
The aging astrocyte transcriptome from multiple regions of the mouse brain.
Boisvert, M. M., Erikson, G. A., Shokhirev, M. N., & Allen, N. J. (2018) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2017.12.039 · Cited by 702 · see citing works
Clinical applications of stem cell-derived exosomes
Tan, F., Li, X., Wang, Z., Li, J., Shahzad, K., & Zheng, J. (2024) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-023-01704-0 · Cited by 708 · see citing works
Reversal of epigenetic aging and immunosenescent trends in humans.
Fahy, G. M., Brooke, R. T., Watson, J. P., Good, Z., Vasanawala, S. S., Maecker, H., Leipold, M. D., Lin, D. T. S., Kobor, M. S., & Horvath, S. (2019) · Aging Cell · doi:10.1111/acel.13028 · Cited by 477 · see citing works
Extracellular vesicle-contained eNAMPT delays aging and extends lifespan in mice
Yoshida, M., Satoh, A., Lin, J. B., Mills, K. F., Sasaki, Y., Rensing, N., Wong, M., Apte, R. S., & Imai, S.-I. (2019) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2019.05.015 · Cited by 407 · see citing works
Han, X., Sun, S., Sun, Y., Song, Q., Zhu, J., Song, N., Chen, M., Sun, T., Xia, M., Ding, J., et al. (2019) · Autophagy · doi:10.1080/15548627.2019.1596481 · Cited by 408 · see citing works
Rong, Y., Liu, W., Wang, J., Fan, J., Luo, Y., Li, L., Kong, F., Chen, J., Tang, P., & Cai, W. (2019) · Cell Death & Disease · doi:10.1038/s41419-019-1571-8 · Cited by 333 · see citing works
Skin Senescence: Mechanisms and Impact on Whole-Body Aging
Franco, A. C., Aveleira, C., & Cavadas, C. (2022) · Trends in Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2021.12.003 · Cited by 321 · see citing works
Aging and Alzheimer's disease: comparison and associations from molecular to system level
Xia, X., Jiang, Q., McDermott, J., & Han, J. J. (2018) · Aging Cell · doi:10.1111/acel.12802 · Cited by 301 · see citing works
The Genetics of Aging: A Vertebrate Perspective
Singh, P. P., Demmitt, B. A., Nath, R. D., & Brunet, A. (2019) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2019.02.038 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Aging and Rejuvenation of Neural Stem Cells and Their Niches
Navarro Negredo, P., Yeo, R. W., & Brunet, A. (2020) · Cell Stem Cell · doi:10.1016/j.stem.2020.07.002 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Ge, X., Guo, M., Hu, T., Li, W., Huang, S., Yin, Z., Li, Y., Chen, F., Zhu, L., Kang, C., et al. (2020) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.ymthe.2019.11.017 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Wang, Y., Yin, K., Tian, J., Xia, X., Ma, J., Tang, X., Xu, H., & Wang, S. (2019) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.201901278 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Suppression of autophagic activity by Rubicon is a signature of aging
Nakamura, S., Oba, M., Suzuki, M., Takahashi, A., Yamamuro, T., Fujiwara, M., Ikenaka, K., Minami, S., Tabata, N., Yamamoto, K., et al. (2019) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-019-08729-6 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Lei, Q., Gao, F., Liu, T., Ren, W., Chen, L., Cao, Y., Chen, W., Guo, S., Zhang, Q., Chen, W., et al. (2021) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aaz8697 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Antiageing strategy for neurodegenerative diseases: from mechanisms to clinical advances
Jiang, Q., Liu, J., Huang, S., Wang, X.-Y., Chen, X., Liu, G.-H., Ye, K., Song, W., Masters, C. L., Wang, J., et al. (2025) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-025-02145-7 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Sanz-Ros, J., Romero-García, N., Mas-Bargues, C., Monleón, D., Gordevicius, J., Brooke, R. T., Dromant, M., Díaz, A., Derevyanko, A., Guío-Carrión, A., et al. (2022) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.abq2226 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Age- and tissue-specific expression of senescence biomarkers in mice.
Hudgins, A. D., Tazearslan, C., Tare, A., Zhu, Y., Huffman, D., & Suh, Y. (2018) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2018.00059 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Zhong, L., Wang, J., Wang, P., Liu, X., Liu, P., Cheng, X., Cao, L., Wu, H., Chen, J., & Zhou, L. (2023) · Stem Cell Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13287-023-03409-1 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Lee, E. J., Choi, Y., Lee, H. J., Hwang, D. W., & Lee, D. S. (2022) · Journal of Nanobiotechnology · doi:10.1186/s12951-022-01356-2 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Effect of young exosomes injected in aged mice
Lee, B.-R., Kim, J.-H., Choi, E.-S., Cho, J. H., & Kim, E. (2018) · International Journal of Nanomedicine · doi:10.2147/ijn.s170680 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Glial functions in the blood-brain communication at the circumventricular organs
Miyata, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2022.991779 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Engineering exosomes for bone defect repair
Ma, S., Zhang, Y., Li, S., Li, A., Li, Y., & Pei, D. (2022) · Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology · doi:10.3389/fbioe.2022.1091360 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationDifferential RNA packaging into small extracellular vesicles by neurons and astrocytes
Luo, X., Jean-Toussaint, R., Sacan, A., & Ajit, S. K. (2021) · Cell Communication and Signaling · doi:10.1186/s12964-021-00757-4 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Engel, A., Wagner, V., Hahn, O., Foltz, A. G., Atkins, M., Beganovic, A., Guldner, I. H., Lu, N., Saksena, A., Fischer, U., et al. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-59860-6 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Neural Stem Cell‐Derived Extracellular Vesicles for Advanced Neural Repair
Moretti, E. H., Lin, A. L. Y., Peruzzotti‐Jametti, L., Pluchino, S., & Mozafari, S. (2025) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/jnc.70170 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Human brain microRNAs exhibit cell-type specificity and age dependence
Dubnov, S., Laski, L., Zchut, I., Avidan, O., Bennett, E. R., Greenberg, D. S., Turjeman, A., Nitzan, M., Paldor, I., & Soreq, H. (2026) · doi:10.64898/2026.01.04.697535
- Authors
- Zhang, Y., Kim, M. S., Jia, B., Yan, J., Zuniga-Hertz, J. P., Han, C., & Cai, D.
- Affiliations
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine (US)
- Corresponding author
- Cai, Dongsheng
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2017-07-26
- Volume
- 548
- Issue
- 7665
- Pages
- 52-57
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- PMC
- PMC5999038
- OpenAlex
- W2738173133
- Cited by
- 564
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 51 · 2024: 51 · 2023: 74 · 2022: 80 · 2021: 77 · 2020: 70 · 2019: 65 · 2018: 47 · 2017: 23
- FWCI
- 23.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2018-06-27)
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG031774)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL113180)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK099136, R01DK078750)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Aging › Genetics, Aging, and Longevity in Model Organisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Telomeres, Telomerase, and Senescence
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
- Keywords
- aging, exosomal microRNAs, cerebrospinal fluid, lifespan extension, cell ablation, cell transplantation, SOX2, BMI1, hypothalamic inflammation
- MeSH terms
- Aging, Animals, Hypothalamus, Inflammation, Longevity, Male, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Proto-Oncogene Proteins, Time Factors, I-kappa B Proteins, MicroRNAs, Mice, Exosomes, SOXB1 Transcription Factors, Neural Stem Cells, Cellular Microenvironment, Polycomb Repressive Complex 1
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
