Shedding light onto live molecular targets

Fluorescent proteins from nonbioluminescent Anthozoa species

Matz, M. V., Fradkov, A. F., Labas, Y. A., Savitsky, A. P., Zaraisky, A. G., Markelov, M. L., & Lukyanov, S. A. (1999) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/13657 · Cited by 1,838

Non-invasive optical spectroscopy and imaging of human brain function

Villringer, A., & Chance, B. (1997) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/s0166-2236(97)01132-6 · Cited by 1,618

In vivo imaging of tumors with protease-activated near-infrared fluorescent probes

Weissleder, R., Tung, C.-H., Mahmood, U., & Bogdanov, A. (1999) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/7933 · Cited by 1,591

In Vivo Endoscopic Optical Biopsy with Optical Coherence Tomography

Tearney, G. J., Brezinski, M. E., Bouma, B. E., Boppart, S. A., Pitris, C., Southern, J. F., & Fujimoto, J. G. (1997) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.276.5321.2037 · Cited by 1,364

QUANTITATIVE OPTICAL SPECTROSCOPY FOR TISSUE DIAGNOSIS

Richards-Kortum, R., & Sevick-Muraca, E. (1996) · Annual Review of Physical Chemistry · doi:10.1146/annurev.physchem.47.1.555 · Cited by 1,172

In vivo visualization of gene expression using magnetic resonance imaging

Louie, A. Y., Hüber, M. M., Ahrens, E. T., Rothbächer, U., Moats, R., Jacobs, R. E., Fraser, S. E., & Meade, T. J. (2000) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/73780 · Cited by 1,141

Tumor Induction of VEGF Promoter Activity in Stromal Cells

Fukumura, D., Xavier, R., Sugiura, T., Chen, Y., Park, E.-C., Lu, N., Selig, M., Nielsen, G., Taksir, T., Jain, R. K., et al. (1998) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81731-6 · Cited by 996

Magnetic relaxation switches capable of sensing molecular interactions

Perez, J. M., Josephson, L., O'Loughlin, T., Högemann, D., & Weissleder, R. (2002) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt720 · Cited by 889

Fluorescence molecular tomography resolves protease activity in vivo

Ntziachristos, V., Tung, C.-H., Bremer, C., & Weissleder, R. (2002) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm729 · Cited by 827

Dynamic Imaging of Cerebral Blood Flow Using Laser Speckle

Dunn, A. K., Bolay, H., Moskowitz, M. A., & Boas, D. A. (2001) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1097/00004647-200103000-00002 · Cited by 826

Concurrent MRI and diffuse optical tomography of breast after indocyanine green enhancement

Ntziachristos, V., Yodh, A. G., Schnall, M., & Chance, B. (2000) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.040570597 · Cited by 793

In vivo molecular target assessment of matrix metalloproteinase inhibition

Bremer, C., Tung, C.-H., & Weissleder, R. (2001) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/89126 · Cited by 726

Imaging the body with diffuse optical tomography

Boas, D. A., Brooks, D. H., Miller, E. L., DiMarzio, C. A., Kilmer, M., Gaudette, R. J., & Zhang, Q. (2001) · IEEE Signal Processing Magazine · doi:10.1109/79.962278 · Cited by 718

Arthritis Critically Dependent on Innate Immune System Players

Ji, H., Ohmura, K., Mahmood, U., Lee, D. M., Hofhuis, F. M. A., Boackle, S. A., Takahashi, K., Holers, V. M., Walport, M., Gerard, C., et al. (2002) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/s1074-7613(02)00275-3 · Cited by 693

Adverse Reactions due to Indocyanine Green

Hope-Ross, M., Yannuzzi, L. A., Gragoudas, E. S., Guyer, D. R., Slakter, J. S., Sorenson, J. A., Krupsky, S., Orlock, D. A., & Puliafito, C. A. (1994) · Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/s0161-6420(94)31303-0 · Cited by 631

In vivo measurement of gene expression, angiogenesis and physiological function in tumors using multiphoton laser scanning microscopy

Brown, E. B., Campbell, R. B., Tsuzuki, Y., Xu, L., Carmeliet, P., Fukumura, D., & Jain, R. K. (2001) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/89997 · Cited by 605

Optical imaging of Renilla luciferase reporter gene expression in living mice

Bhaumik, S., & Gambhir, S. S. (2002) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.012611099 · Cited by 536

Visualizing Gene Expression in Living Mammals Using a Bioluminescent Reporter

Contag, C. H., Spilman, S. D., Contag, P. R., Oshiro, M., Eames, B., Dennery, P., Stevenson, D. K., & Benaron, D. A. (1997) · Photochemistry and Photobiology · doi:10.1111/j.1751-1097.1997.tb03184.x · Cited by 526

Acute graft-versus-host disease does not require alloantigen expression on host epithelium

Teshima, T., Ordemann, R., Reddy, P., Gagin, S., Liu, C., Cooke, K. R., & Ferrara, J. L. M. (2002) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm0602-575 · Cited by 521

Receptor-targeted optical imaging of tumors with near-infrared fluorescent ligands

Becker, A., Hessenius, C., Licha, K., Ebert, B., Sukowski, U., Semmler, W., Wiedenmann, B., & Grötzinger, C. (2001) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/86707 · Cited by 518

Bioluminescent indicators in living mammals

Contag, P. R., Olomu, I. N., Stevenson, D. K., & Contag, C. H. (1998) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm0298-245 · Cited by 517

Whole-body optical imaging of green fluorescent protein-expressing tumors and metastases

Yang, M., Baranov, E., Jiang, P., Sun, F.-X., Li, X.-M., Li, L., Hasegawa, S., Bouvet, M., Al-Tuwaijri, M., Chishima, T., et al. (2000) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.97.3.1206 · Cited by 514

Skin melanin, hemoglobin, and light scattering properties can be quantitatively assessed in vivo using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy

Zonios, G., Bykowski, J., & Kollias, N. (2001) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1046/j.0022-202x.2001.01577.x · Cited by 477

Magnetic Nanosensors for the Detection of Oligonucleotide Sequences

Josephson, L., Perez, J. M., & Weissleder, R. (2001) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/1521-3773(20010903)40:17<3204::aid-anie3204>3.0.co;2-h · Cited by 380

In vivo near-infrared fluorescence imaging of osteoblastic activity

Zaheer, A., Lenkinski, R. E., Mahmood, A., Jones, A. G., Cantley, L. C., & Frangioni, J. V. (2001) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt1201-1148 · Cited by 374

Near-Infrared Fluorescent Nanoparticles as Combined MR/Optical Imaging Probes

Josephson, L., Kircher, M. F., Mahmood, U., Tang, Y., & Weissleder, R. (2002) · Bioconjugate Chemistry · doi:10.1021/bc015555d · Cited by 371

Multiphoton microscopy in biological research

Williams, R. M., Zipfel, W. R., & Webb, W. W. (2001) · Current Opinion in Chemical Biology · doi:10.1016/s1367-5931(00)00241-6 · Cited by 370

Use of Reporter Genes for Optical Measurements of Neoplastic Disease In Vivo

Contag, C. H., Jenkins, D., Contag, P. R., & Negrin, R. S. (2000) · Neoplasia · doi:10.1038/sj.neo.7900079 · Cited by 363

DNA-based magnetic nanoparticle assembly acts as a magnetic relaxation nanoswitch allowing screening of DNA-cleaving agents

Perez, J. M., O'Loughin, T., Simeone, F. J., Weissleder, R., & Josephson, L. (2002) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/ja017773n · Cited by 355

In vivo imaging of proteolytic enzyme activity using a novel molecular reporter.

Tung, C., Mahmood, U., Bredow, S., & Weissleder, R. (2000) · PubMed · Cited by 345

In Vivo Imaging of NF-κB Activity

Carlsen, H., Moskaug, J. Ø., Fromm, S. H., & Blomhoff, R. (2002) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.168.3.1441 · Cited by 341

Developments Toward Diagnostic Breast Cancer Imaging Using Near-Infrared Optical Measurements and Fluorescent Contrast Agents1

Hawrysz, D. J., & Sevick-Muraca, E. M. (2000) · Neoplasia · doi:10.1038/sj.neo.7900118 · Cited by 340

Diversity and evolution of the green fluorescent protein family

Labas, Y. A., Gurskaya, N. G., Yanushevich, Y. G., Fradkov, A. F., Lukyanov, K. A., Lukyanov, S. A., & Matz, M. V. (2002) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.062552299 · Cited by 340

Frequency-domain techniques enhance optical mammography: Initial clinical results

Franceschini, M. A., Moesta, K. T., Fantini, S., Gaida, G., Gratton, E., Jess, H., Mantulin, W. W., Seeber, M., Schlag, P. M., & Kaschke, M. F. (1997) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.94.12.6468 · Cited by 334

A “Smart” Magnetic Resonance Imaging Agent That Reports on Specific Enzymatic Activity

Moats, R. A., Fraser, S. E., & Meade, T. J. (1997) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English · doi:10.1002/anie.199707261 · Cited by 330

Chemistries and colors of bioluminescent reactions: a review

Hastings, J. W. (1996) · Gene · doi:10.1016/0378-1119(95)00676-1 · Cited by 328

MRI-Guided Diffuse Optical Spectroscopy of Malignant and Benign Breast Lesions

Ntziachristos, V., Yodh, A. G., Schnall, M. D., & Chance, B. (2002) · Neoplasia · doi:10.1038/sj.neo.7900244 · Cited by 321

Increased Cortical Oxidative Metabolism Due to Sensory Stimulation: Implications for Functional Brain Imaging

Vanzetta, I., & Grinvald, A. (1999) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.286.5444.1555 · Cited by 319

Novel Receptor-Targeted Fluorescent Contrast Agents for In Vivo Tumor Imaging

Achilefu, S. A., Dorshow, R. B., Bugaj, J. E., & Rajagopalan, R. (2000) · Investigative Radiology · doi:10.1097/00004424-200008000-00004 · Cited by 310

Near-Infrared Optical Imaging of Protease Activity for Tumor Detection

Mahmood, U., Tung, C.-H., Bogdanov, A., & Weissleder, R. (1999) · Radiology · doi:10.1148/radiology.213.3.r99dc14866 · Cited by 301

Targeting by affinity–matured recombinant antibody fragments of an angiogenesis associated fibronectin isoform

Neri, D., Carnemolla, B., Nissim, A., Leprini, A., Querzè, G., Balza, E., Pini, A., Tarli, L., Halin, C., Neri, P., et al. (1997) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt1197-1271 · Cited by 282

Noninvasive Optical Imaging of Firefly Luciferase Reporter Gene Expression in Skeletal Muscles of Living Mice

Wu, J. C., Sundaresan, G., Iyer, M., & Gambhir, S. S. (2001) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1006/mthe.2001.0460 · Cited by 273

Three‐dimensionally resolved NAD(P)H cellular metabolic redox imaging of the in situ cornea with two‐photon excitation laser scanning microscopy

PISTON, D. W., MASTERS, B. R., & WEBB, W. W. (1995) · Journal of Microscopy · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2818.1995.tb03576.x · Cited by 268

GFP‐like chromoproteins as a source of far‐red fluorescent proteins

Gurskaya, N. G., Fradkov, A. F., Terskikh, A. V., Matz, M. V., Labas, Y. A., Martynov, V. I., Yanushevich, Y. G., Lukyanov, K. A., & Lukyanov, S. A. (2001) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/s0014-5793(01)02930-1 · Cited by 260

Intrinsic fluorescence spectroscopy in turbid media: disentangling effects of scattering and absorption

Müller, M. G., Georgakoudi, I., Zhang, Q., Wu, J., & Feld, M. S. (2001) · Applied Optics · doi:10.1364/ao.40.004633 · Cited by 256

Noninvasive Functional Imaging of Human Brain Using Light

Benaron, D. A., Hintz, S. R., Villringer, A., Boas, D., Kleinschmidt, A., Frahm, J., Hirth, C., Obrig, H., van Houten, J. C., Kermit, E. L., et al. (2000) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1097/00004647-200003000-00005 · Cited by 239

Hydrophilic Cyanine Dyes as Contrast Agents for Near-infrared Tumor Imaging: Synthesis, Photophysical Properties and Spectroscopic In vivo Characterization ¶

Licha, K., Riefke, B., Ntziachristos, V., Becker, A., Chance, B., & Semmler, W. (2007) · Photochemistry and Photobiology · doi:10.1562/0031-8655(2000)0720392hcdaca2.0.co2 · Cited by 238

Optical Imaging of Cancer Metastasis to Bone Marrow

Wetterwald, A., van der Pluijm, G., Que, I., Sijmons, B., Buijs, J., Karperien, M., Löwik, C. W. G. M., Gautschi, E., Thalmann, G. N., & Cecchini, M. G. (2002) · The American Journal of Pathology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64934-6 · Cited by 217

Fluorescently Detectable Magnetic Resonance Imaging Agents

Hüber, M. M., Staubli, A. B., Kustedjo, K., Gray, M. H. B., Shih, J., Fraser, S. E., Jacobs, R. E., & Meade, T. J. (1998) · Bioconjugate Chemistry · doi:10.1021/bc970153k · Cited by 204

Detection of dysplastic intestinal adenomas using enzyme-sensing molecular beacons in mice

Marten, K., Bremer, C., Khazaie, K., Sameni, M., Sloane, B., Tung, C., & Weissleder, R. (2002) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/gast.2002.30990 · Cited by 204

Noninvasive imaging of spontaneous retinoblastoma pathway-dependent tumors in mice.

Vooijs, M., Jonkers, J., Lyons, S. K., & Berns, A. J. M. (2002) · PubMed · Cited by 197

Visualizing gene expression by whole-body fluorescence imaging

Yang, M., Baranov, E., Moossa, A. R., Penman, S., & Hoffman, R. M. (2000) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.97.22.12278 · Cited by 176

Whole-body optical imaging of green fluorescent protein-expressing tumors and metastases

Yong, M. (2000) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 176

Adoptive Immunotherapy of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Via T Cell Delivery of the IL-12 p40 Subunit

Costa, G. L., Sandora, M. R., Nakajima, A., Nguyen, E. V., Taylor-Edwards, C., Slavin, A. J., Contag, C. H., Fathman, C. G., & Benson, J. M. (2001) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.167.4.2379 · Cited by 171

Novel Near-Infrared Cyanine Fluorochromes: Synthesis, Properties, and Bioconjugation

Lin, Y., Weissleder, R., & Tung, C.-H. (2002) · Bioconjugate Chemistry · doi:10.1021/bc0155723 · Cited by 169

Indocyanine green angiography

(1998) · Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/s0161-6420(98)98048-4 · Cited by 158

Imaging Transgene Expression in Live Animals

Honigman, A., Zeira, E., Ohana, P., Abramovitz, R., Tavor, E., Bar, I., Zilberman, Y., Rabinovsky, R., Gazit, D., Joseph, A., et al. (2001) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1006/mthe.2001.0437 · Cited by 154

Noninvasive quantitative imaging of protein–protein interactions in living subjects

Ray, P., Pimenta, H., Paulmurugan, R., Berger, F., Phelps, M. E., Iyer, M. R., & Gambhir, S. S. (2002) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.052710999 · Cited by 153

Charge‐coupled‐device based scanner for tomography of fluorescent near‐infrared probes in turbid media

Ntziachristos, V., & Weissleder, R. (2002) · Medical Physics · doi:10.1118/1.1470209 · Cited by 147

Deep subsurface imaging in tissues using spectral and polarization filtering

Demos, S. G., Radousky, H. B., & Alfano, R. R. (2000) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.7.000023 · Cited by 143

Oligomerization of Paramagnetic Substrates Result in Signal Amplification and can be Used for MR Imaging of Molecular Targets

Bogdanov, A. A., Jr., Matuszewski, L., Bremer, C., et al. (2002) · Molecular Imaging · doi:10.1162/153535002753395671 · Cited by 139

Shedding light on brain function: the event-related optical signal

Gratton, G., & Fabiani, M. (2001) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(00)01701-0 · Cited by 132

Antibody-indocyanin conjugates for immunophotodetection of human squamous cell carcinoma in nude mice.

Folli, S., Westermann, P., Braichotte, D. R., Pèlegrin, A., Wagnières, G., van den Bergh, H., & Mach, J. P. (1994) · PubMed · Cited by 127

Rapid in vivo functional analysis of transgenes in mice using whole body imaging of luciferase expression

Zhang, W., Feng, J. Q., Harris, S. E., et al. (2001) · Transgenic Research · doi:10.1023/a:1012042506002 · Cited by 118

A Receptor-Targeted Near-Infrared Fluorescence Probe for In Vivo Tumor Imaging

Tung, C., Lin, Y., Moon, W. K., & Weissleder, R. (2002) · ChemBioChem · doi:10.1002/1439-7633(20020802)3:8<784::aid-cbic784>3.0.co;2-x · Cited by 110

Tumor labeling in vivo using cyanine-conjugated monoclonal antibodies

Ballou, B. T., Fisher, G. W., Waggoner, A. S., Farkas, D. L., Reiland, J. M., Jaffe, R., Mujumdar, R. B., Mujumdar, S. R., & Hakala, T. R. (1995) · Cancer Immunology Immunotherapy · doi:10.1007/bf01517001 · Cited by 105

Detection of lymph node metastases by contrast‐enhanced MRI in an experimental model

Wunderbaldinger, P., Josephson, L., Bremer, C., Moore, A. V., & Weissleder, R. (2002) · Magnetic Resonance in Medicine · doi:10.1002/mrm.10068 · Cited by 80

Visualization of GFP-Expressing Tumors and Metastasis In Vivo

Hoffman, R. M. (2001) · BioTechniques · doi:10.2144/01305bi01 · Cited by 74

Novel Gliosarcoma Cell Line Expressing Green Fluorescent Protein: A Model for Quantitative Assessment of Angiogenesis

Moore, A. V., Marecos, E., Simonova, M., Weissleder, R., & Bogdanov, A. A., Jr. (1998) · Microvascular Research · doi:10.1006/mvre.1998.2102 · Cited by 48

Time‐Resolved and Nonlinear Optical Imaging for Medical Applicationsa

Alfano, R. R., Demos, S. G., Galland, P. A., Gayen, S. K., Guo, Y., Ho, P. P., Liang, X., Liu, F., Wang, L., Wang, Q. Z., et al. (1998) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb08184.x · Cited by 44

HO-1 expression in type II pneumocytes after transpulmonary gene delivery

Weng, Y., Tatarov, A., Bartos, B. P., Contag, C. H., & Dennery, P. A. (2000) · American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajplung.2000.278.6.l1273 · Cited by 34

Revealing the Spatiotemporal Patterns of Bacterial Infectious Diseases Using Bioluminescent Pathogens and Whole Body Imaging

Burns, S. M., Joh, D., Francis, K. P., et al. (2001) · KARGER eBooks · doi:10.1159/000060392 · Cited by 33

In Vivo Patterns of Heme Oxygenase-1 Transcription

Contag, C. H., & Stevenson, D. K. (2001) · Journal of Perinatology · doi:10.1038/sj.jp.7210647 · Cited by 16

Intrinsic Fluorescence Spectroscopy of Biological Tissue

Georgakoudi, I., Feld, M. S., & Müller, M. G. (2003) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9780203912096-4 · Cited by 10

The healing myocardium sequentially mobilizes two monocyte subsets with divergent and complementary functions

Nahrendorf, M., Swirski, F. K., Aikawa, E., Stangenberg, L., Wurdinger, T., Figueiredo, J.-L., Libby, P., Weissleder, R., & Pittet, M. J. (2007) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20070885 · Cited by 2,300

Going deeper than microscopy: the optical imaging frontier in biology

Ntziachristos, V. (2010) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/nmeth.1483 · Cited by 1,896

Analysis of AAV Serotypes 1–9 Mediated Gene Expression and Tropism in Mice After Systemic Injection

Zincarelli, C., Soltys, S., Rengo, G., & Rabinowitz, J. E. (2008) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1038/mt.2008.76 · Cited by 1,490

Chemistry in living systems

Prescher, J. A., & Bertozzi, C. R. (2005) · Nature Chemical Biology · doi:10.1038/nchembio0605-13 · Cited by 1,456

Lanthanide Probes for Bioresponsive Imaging

Heffern, M. C., Matosziuk, L. M., & Meade, T. J. (2014) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/cr400477t · Cited by 1,202