Network neuroscience
Open accessAbstract
Despite substantial recent progress, our understanding of the principles and mechanisms underlying complex brain function and cognition remains incomplete. Network neuroscience proposes to tackle these enduring challenges. Approaching brain structure and function from an explicitly integrative perspective, network neuroscience pursues new ways to map, record, analyze and model the elements and interactions of neurobiological systems. Two parallel trends drive the approach: the availability of new empirical tools to create comprehensive maps and record dynamic patterns among molecules, neurons, brain areas and social systems; and the theoretical framework and computational tools of modern network science. The convergence of empirical and computational advances opens new frontiers of scientific inquiry, including network dynamics, manipulation and control of brain networks, and integration of network processes across spatiotemporal domains. We review emerging trends in network neuroscience and attempt to chart a path toward a better understanding of the brain as a multiscale networked system.
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The study of the brain as a network has become increasingly popular in neuroscience and neuroimaging, giving rise to connectomics and network neuroscience.
“Over the last two decades, the study of the brain as a network has become increasingly popular in the neuroscience and neuroimaging communities, giving rise to the new fields of connectomics and network neuroscience (Bassett and Sporns, 2017; Fornito et al., 2013; 2015; 2016).”
From Quantitative mapping of the brain’s structural connectivity using diffusion MRI tractography: A review (2022) · cites this paper as Bassett and Sporns, 2017
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The β-Secretase BACE1 in Alzheimer’s Disease
Hampel, H., Vassar, R., De Strooper, B., Hardy, J., Willem, M., Singh, N., Zhou, J., Yan, R., Vanmechelen, E., De Vos, A., et al. (2021) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.02.001 · Cited by 694 · see citing works
Promises and limitations of human intracranial electroencephalography
Parvizi, J., & Kastner, S. (2018) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-018-0108-2 · Cited by 631 · see citing works
Towards a universal taxonomy of macro-scale functional human brain networks
Uddin, L. Q., Yeo, B. T. T., & Spreng, R. N. (2019) · Brain Topography · doi:10.1007/s10548-019-00744-6 · Cited by 683 · see citing works
The role of PFC networks in cognitive control and executive function
Menon, V., & D’Esposito, M. (2022) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-021-01152-w · Cited by 654 · see citing works
Development of structure–function coupling in human brain networks during youth
Baum, G. L., Cui, Z., Roalf, D. R., Ciric, R., Betzel, R. F., Larsen, B., Cieslak, M., Cook, P. A., Xia, C. H., Moore, T. M., et al. (2020) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1912034117 · Cited by 544 · see citing works
Self-citationClosed-loop neuromodulation in an individual with treatment-resistant depression
Scangos, K. W., Khambhati, A. N., Daly, P. M., Makhoul, G. S., Sugrue, L. P., Zamanian, H., Liu, T. X., Rao, V. R., Sellers, K. K., Dawes, H. E., et al. (2021) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01480-w · Cited by 535 · see citing works
A cross-disorder connectome landscape of brain dysconnectivity
van den Heuvel, M. P., & Sporns, O. (2019) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41583-019-0177-6 · Cited by 462 · see citing works
Self-citationEnvironmental influences on the pace of brain development
Tooley, U. A., Bassett, D. S., & Mackey, A. P. (2021) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41583-021-00457-5 · Cited by 488 · see citing works
Self-citationWhat are higher-order networks?
Bick, C., Gross, E., Harrington, H. A., & Schaub, M. T. (2023) · SIAM Review · doi:10.1137/21m1414024 · Cited by 420 · see citing works
Network neuroscience theory of human intelligence
Barbey, A. K. (2018) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2017.10.001 · Cited by 355 · see citing works
A Synergistic Core for Human Brain Evolution and Cognition
Luppi, A. I., Mediano, P. A. M., Rosas, F. E., Holland, N., Fryer, T. D., O’Brien, J. T., Rowe, J. B., Menon, D. K., Bor, D., & Stamatakis, E. A. (2022) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-022-01070-0 · Cited by 314 · see citing works
Zhang, F., Daducci, A., He, Y., Schiavi, S., Seguin, C., Smith, R. E., Yeh, C.-H., Zhao, T., & O’Donnell, L. J. (2022) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118870 · Cited by 302 · see citing works
The future of rodent models in depression research
Gururajan, A., Reif, A., Cryan, J. F., & Slattery, D. A. (2019) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41583-019-0221-6 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Cross talk: the microbiota and neurodevelopmental disorders
Kelly, J. R., Minuto, C., Cryan, J. F., Clarke, G., & Dinan, T. G. (2017) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2017.00490 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
The human connectome in Alzheimer disease — relationship to biomarkers and genetics
Yu, M., Sporns, O., & Saykin, A. J. (2021) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/s41582-021-00529-1 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Self-citationLi, J., Duan, X., Cui, Q., Chen, H., & Liao, W. (2019) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291718001502 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
From maps to multi-dimensional network mechanisms of mental disorders
Braun, U., Schaefer, A., Betzel, R. F., Tost, H., Meyer-Lindenberg, A., & Bassett, D. S. (2018) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2017.11.007 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Self-citationSingle cell molecular alterations reveal target cells and pathways of concussive brain injury
Arneson, D., Zhang, G., Ying, Z., Zhuang, Y., Byun, H. R., Ahn, I. S., Gomez-Pinilla, F., & Yang, X. (2018) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-018-06222-0 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Motor primitives in space and time via targeted gain modulation in cortical networks
Stroud, J. P., Porter, M. A., Hennequin, G., & Vogels, T. P. (2018) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-018-0276-0 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Neural control of parental behaviors
Kohl, J., & Dulac, C. (2018) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2018.02.002 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
The impact of in-scanner head motion on structural connectivity derived from diffusion MRI
Baum, G. L., Roalf, D. R., Cook, P. A., Ciric, R., Rosen, A. F. G., Xia, C., Elliott, M. A., Ruparel, K., Verma, R., Tunç, B., et al. (2018) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.02.041 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Self-citationGenerative AI for brain image computing and brain network computing: a review
Gong, C., Jing, C., Chen, X., Pun, C. M., Huang, G., Saha, A., Nieuwoudt, M., Li, H.-X., Hu, Y., & Wang, S. (2023) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2023.1203104 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
McCutcheon, R. A., Nour, M. M., Dahoun, T., Jauhar, S., Pepper, F., Expert, P., Veronese, M., Adams, R. A., Turkheimer, F., Mehta, M. A., et al. (2019) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.09.010 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
A perspective on cortical layering and layer-spanning neuronal elements
Larkum, M. E., Petro, L. S., Sachdev, R. N. S., & Muckli, L. (2018) · Frontiers in Neuroanatomy · doi:10.3389/fnana.2018.00056 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Of microbes and minds: A narrative review on the second brain aging
Calvani, R., Picca, A., Lo Monaco, M. R., Landi, F., Bernabei, R., & Marzetti, E. (2018) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2018.00053 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
REM sleep is associated with distinct global cortical dynamics and controlled by occipital cortex
Wang, Z., Fei, X., Liu, X., Wang, Y., Hu, Y., Peng, W., Wang, Y.-W., Zhang, S., & Xu, M. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-34720-9 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Hirjak, D., Meyer-Lindenberg, A., Fritze, S., Sambataro, F., Kubera, K. M., & Wolf, R. C. (2018) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.09.009 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Local neuronal relational structures underlying the contents of human conscious experience
Malach, R. (2021) · Neuroscience of Consciousness · doi:10.1093/nc/niab028 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Global Network Organization of the Fetal Functional Connectome
De Asis-Cruz, J., Andersen, N., Kapse, K., Khrisnamurthy, D., Quistorff, J., Lopez, C., Vezina, G., & Limperopoulos, C. (2021) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhaa410 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Basile, G. A., Tatti, E., Bertino, S., Milardi, D., Genovese, G., Bruno, A., Muscatello, M. R. A., Ciurleo, R., Cerasa, A., Quartarone, A., et al. (2024) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-024-02781-9 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“The field of net - work neuroscience, which focuses on mapping, recording, analyzing, and modeling the interactions between elements of brain networks at multiple scales (Bassett and Sporns 2017), has introduced a fresh approach to investigating longstanding cognitive neuroscience questions.”
BackgroundAdvances in the research of comorbid insomnia and depression: mechanisms, impacts, and interventions
Gao, T., Xiang, H., Wu, Q. N., Zhu, L. S., Pei, W. J., Fu, W. J., & Chou, T. S. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1468212 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Association of brain network dynamics with plasma biomarkers in subjective memory complainers
Chiesa, P. A., Houot, M., Vergallo, A., Cavedo, E., Lista, S., Potier, M. C., Zetterberg, H., Blennow, K., Vanmechelen, E., De Vos, A., et al. (2020) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2019.12.017 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Triple network dynamics and future alcohol consumption in adolescents
McIntyre, C. C., Khodaei, M., Lyday, R. G., Weiner, J. L., Laurienti, P. J., & Shappell, H. M. (2025) · Alcohol, Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.70043 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Li, G., Liu, Y., & Chen, A. (2026) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-026-02478-9 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Finally, guided by large-scale brain network models 95 – 97 , we examined whether regions showing signi fi cant CWMT-induced activation changes in the overall analysis exhibited inter-regional associations in the magnitude of activation change.”
- Authors
- Bassett, D. S., & Sporns, O.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Indiana University Bloomington (US)
- Corresponding author
- Sporns, Olaf
- Venue
- Nature Neuroscience
- Published
- 2017-02-23
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 353-364
- ISSN
- 1097-6256 (ISSN-L)
- 1546-1726
- PMC
- PMC5485642
- OpenAlex
- W4211091012
- Cited by
- 2,398
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 326 · 2025: 350 · 2024: 260 · 2023: 263 · 2022: 308 · 2021: 288 · 2020: 242 · 2019: 159 · 2018: 148 · 2017: 52 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 18.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01ns099348-04, 5r01hd086888-04)
- National Institute on Aging (P30AG010133)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R21MH106799)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke ((R01 NS099348)
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (R01AT009036)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01 HD086888)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Statistical and Nonlinear Physics › Complex Network Analysis Techniques
- Keywords
- network neuroscience, brain networks, network dynamics, network manipulation, network science, brain function, cognition, network mapping, spatiotemporal integration
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain, Cognition, Humans, Models, Neurological, Nerve Net, Neural Pathways, Neurosciences
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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