CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 837

The DOI matches its Crossref record.

Mast cell-orchestrated immunity to pathogens

Abraham, Soman N., St. John, Ashley L.·2010·Nature Reviews Immunology
DOI 10.1038/nri2782PMC PMC4469150
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1038/nri2782

Cites

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

No references could be resolved yet.

Research works printed but not linked: 100

  1. McNeil, H. P., Adachi, R. & Stevens, R. L. Mast cell-restricted tryptases: structure and function in inflammation and pathogen defense. J. Biol. Chem. 282, 20785–20789 (2007). · DOI
  2. Woodbury, R. G. et al. Mucosal mast cells are functionally active during spontaneous expulsion of intestinal nematode infections in rat. Nature 312, 450–452 (1984). · DOI
  3. Nawa, Y., Kiyota, M., Korenaga, M. & Kotani, M. Defective protective capacity of W/Wv mice against Strongyloides ratti infection and its reconstitution with bone marrow cells. Parasite Immunol. 7, 429–438 (1985). References 2 and 3 are early reports of a functional involvement of mast cells in the expulsion of intestinal parasites. · DOI · Paper page
  4. Abraham, S. N. & Malaviya, R. Mast cells in infection and immunity. Infect. Immun. 65, 3501–3508 (1997). · DOI
  5. Abe, T., Swieter, M., Imai, T., Hollander, N. D. & Befus, A. D. Mast cell heterogeneity: two-dimensional gel electrophoretic analyses of rat peritoneal and intestinal mucosal mast cells. Eur. J. Immunol. 20, 1941–1947 (1990). · DOI
  6. Vliagoftis, H. & Befus, A. D. Rapidly changing perspectives about mast cells at mucosal surfaces. Immunol. Rev. 206, 190–203 (2005). · DOI
  7. Metcalfe, D. D., Baram, D. & Mekori, Y. A. Mast cells. Physiol. Rev. 77, 1033–1079 (1997). · DOI
  8. Welle, M. Development, significance, and heterogeneity of mast cells with particular regard to the mast cell-specific proteases chymase and tryptase. J. Leukoc. Biol. 61, 233–245 (1997). · DOI
  9. Ghildyal, N., McNeil, H. P., Gurish, M. F., Austen, K. F. & Stevens, R. L. Transcriptional regulation of the mucosal mast cell-specific protease gene, MMCP-2, by interleukin 10 and interleukin 3. J. Biol. Chem. 267, 8473–8477 (1992). · DOI
  10. Toru, H. et al. Interleukin-4 promotes the development of tryptase and chymase double-positive human mast cells accompanied by cell maturation. Blood 91, 187–195 (1998). · DOI
  11. Oskeritzian, C. A. et al. Surface CD88 functionally distinguishes the MCTC from the MCT type of human lung mast cell. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 115, 1162–1168 (2005). · DOI
  12. Burke, S. M. et al. Human mast cell activation with virus-associated stimuli leads to the selective chemotaxis of natural killer cells by a CXCL8-dependent mechanism. Blood 111, 5467–5476 (2008). · DOI
  13. Burwen, S. J. Recycling of mast cells following degranulation in vitro: an ultrastructural study. Tissue Cell 14, 125–134 (1982). · DOI
  14. Trinchieri, G. & Sher, A. Cooperation of Toll-like receptor signals in innate immune defence. Nature Rev. Immunol. 7, 179–190 (2007). · DOI
  15. Supajatura, V. et al. Differential responses of mast cell Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 in allergy and innate immunity. J. Clin. Invest. 109, 1351–1359 (2002). One of several papers from this group that shows the crucial in vivo role of mast cell-expressed TLRs in mobilizing immune cells following exposure to microbial products. · DOI
  16. Varadaradjalou, S. et al. Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and TLR4 differentially activate human mast cells. Eur. J. Immunol. 33, 899–906 (2003). · DOI
  17. Malaviya, R., Gao, Z., Thankavel, K., van der Merwe, P. A. & Abraham, S. N. The mast cell tumor necrosis factor α response to FimH-expressing Escherichia coli is mediated by the glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored molecule CD48. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 96, 8110–8115 (1999). This study describes the identification of a unique receptor on mast cells that recognizes bacteria, triggering mast cell exocytosis of granules and uptake of bacteria. · DOI
  18. Munoz, S., Hernandez-Pando, R., Abraham, S. N. & Enciso, J. A. Mast cell activation by Mycobacterium tuberculosis: mediator release and role of CD48. J. Immunol. 170, 5590–5596 (2003). · DOI
  19. Rocha-de-Souza, C. M., Berent-Maoz, B., Mankuta, D., Moses, A. E. & Levi-Schaffer, F. Human mast cell activation by Staphylococcus aureus: interleukin-8 and tumor necrosis factor α release and the role of Toll-like receptor 2 and CD48 molecules. Infect. Immun. 76, 4489–4497 (2008). · DOI
  20. Kawakami, T. & Galli, S. J. Regulation of mast-cell and basophil function and survival by IgE. Nature Rev. Immunol. 2, 773–786 (2002). · DOI
  21. Woolhiser, M. R., Okayama, Y., Gilfillan, A. M. & Metcalfe, D. D. IgG-dependent activation of human mast cells following up-regulation of FcγRI by IFN-γ. Eur. J. Immunol. 31, 3298–3307 (2001). · DOI
  22. Gurish, M. F. et al. IgE enhances parasite clearance and regulates mast cell responses in mice infected with Trichinella spiralis. J. Immunol. 172, 1139–1145 (2004). · DOI
  23. Qiao, H., Andrade, M. V., Lisboa, F. A., Morgan, K. & Beaven, M. A. FcɛR1 and Toll-like receptors mediate synergistic signals to markedly augment production of inflammatory cytokines in murine mast cells. Blood 107, 610–618 (2006). · DOI
  24. Genovese, A. et al. Bacterial immunoglobulin superantigen proteins A and L activate human heart mast cells by interacting with immunoglobulin E. Infect. Immun. 68, 5517–5524 (2000). · DOI
  25. Hirai, Y. et al. A new mast cell degranulating peptide “mastoparan” in the venom of Vespula lewisii. Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo) 27, 1942–1944 (1979). · DOI
  26. Demeure, C. E. et al. Anopheles mosquito bites activate cutaneous mast cells leading to a local inflammatory response and lymph node hyperplasia. J. Immunol. 174, 3932–3940 (2005). This study shows how mosquito bites can trigger dermal mast cell degranulation and how this can affect the recruitment of immune cells to the site of the insect bite and to the draining lymph node. This may be highly relevant to many insect borne diseases. · DOI
  27. Johnson, D. & Krenger, W. Interactions of mast cells with the nervous system — recent advances. Neurochem. Res. 17, 939–951 (1992). · DOI
  28. Maurer, M. et al. Mast cells promote homeostasis by limiting endothelin-1-induced toxicity. Nature 432, 512–516 (2004). · DOI · Paper page
  29. Nilsson, G. et al. C3a and C5a are chemotaxins for human mast cells and act through distinct receptors via a pertussis toxin-sensitive signal transduction pathway. J. Immunol. 157, 1693–1698 (1996). · DOI
  30. Mullaly, S. C. & Kubes, P. Mast cell-expressed complement receptor, not TLR2, is the main detector of zymosan in peritonitis. Eur. J. Immunol. 37, 224–234 (2007). · DOI
  31. Ehrlich, P. Nobel Lecture, December 11, 1908 (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1967).
  32. Kunder, C. A. et al. Mast cell-derived particles deliver peripheral signals to remote lymph nodes. J. Exp. Med. 206, 2455–2467 (2009). This paper reveals a new mechanism of how peripheral mast cells can regulate distal draining lymph nodes after degranulation by long distance communication through lymphatics using particle-packaged cytokines. · DOI
  33. Thakurdas, S. M. et al. The mast cell-restricted tryptase mMCP-6 has a critical immunoprotective role in bacterial infections. J. Biol. Chem. 282, 20809–20815 (2007). · DOI
  34. Huang, C. et al. Induction of a selective and persistent extravasation of neutrophils into the peritoneal cavity by tryptase mouse mast cell protease 6. J. Immunol. 160, 1910–1919 (1998). This paper describes a role for proteases in neutrophil recruitment. · DOI
  35. Tani, K. et al. Chymase is a potent chemoattractant for human monocytes and neutrophils. J. Leukoc. Biol. 67, 585–589 (2000). · DOI
  36. Shin, K. et al. Mouse mast cell tryptase mMCP-6 is a critical link between adaptive and innate immunity in the chronic phase of Trichinella spiralis infection. J. Immunol. 180, 4885–4891 (2008). · DOI
  37. Piliponsky, A. M. et al. Neurotensin increases mortality and mast cells reduce neurotensin levels in a mouse model of sepsis. Nature Med. 14, 392–398 (2008). This study reveals a protective role for mast cells following sepsis, through decreasing levels of an endogenous peptide, neurotensin. · DOI
  38. Kalesnikoff, J. & Galli, S. J. New developments in mast cell biology. Nature Immunol. 9, 1215–1223 (2008). · DOI
  39. Galli, S. J., Nakae, S. & Tsai, M. Mast cells in the development of adaptive immune responses. Nature Immunol. 6, 135–142 (2005). · DOI
  40. Benyon, R. C., Robinson, C. & Church, M. K. Differential release of histamine and eicosanoids from human skin mast cells activated by IgE-dependent and non-immunological stimuli. Br. J. Pharmacol. 97, 898–904 (1989). · DOI
  41. Boyce, J. A. Mast cells and eicosanoid mediators: a system of reciprocal paracrine and autocrine regulation. Immunol. Rev. 217, 168–185 (2007). · DOI
  42. Datta, Y. H. et al. Peptido-leukotrienes are potent agonists of von Willebrand factor secretion and P-selectin surface expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Circulation 92, 3304–3311 (1995). · DOI
  43. McIntyre, T. M., Zimmerman, G. A. & Prescott, S. M. Leukotrienes C4 and D4 stimulate human endothelial cells to synthesize platelet-activating factor and bind neutrophils. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 83, 2204–2208 (1986). · DOI
  44. Malaviya, R. & Abraham, S. N. Role of mast cell leukotrienes in neutrophil recruitment and bacterial clearance in infectious peritonitis. J. Leukoc. Biol. 67, 841–846 (2000). · DOI
  45. Funk, C. D. Prostaglandins and leukotrienes: advances in eicosanoid biology. Science 294, 1871–1875 (2001). · DOI · Paper page
  46. Caron, G. et al. Histamine induces CD86 expression and chemokine production by human immature dendritic cells. J. Immunol. 166, 6000–6006 (2001). · DOI
  47. Nakano, N. et al. Involvement of mast cells in IL-12/23 p40 production is essential for survival from polymicrobial infections. Blood 109, 4846–4855 (2007). · DOI
  48. Malaviya, R., Ikeda, T., Ross, E. & Abraham, S. N. Mast cell modulation of neutrophil influx and bacterial clearance at sites of infection through TNF-α. Nature 381, 77–80 (1996). This was one of the first studies to provide evidence that mast cells promote survival during bacterial infections by promoting innate immune cell recruitment. It also identified TNF as a crucial mast cell-derived factor for neutrophil recruitment. · DOI
  49. Shelburne, C. P. et al. Mast cells augment adaptive immunity by orchestrating dendritic cell trafficking through infected tissues. Cell Host Microbe 6, 331–342 (2009). This paper shows the key role of mast cells in recruiting DCs to sites of bacterial infection and in the resulting protective immunity. · DOI
  50. Orinska, Z. et al. TLR3-induced activation of mast cells modulates CD8+ T-cell recruitment. Blood 106, 978–987 (2005). This report shows that mast cells can respond to virus with a chemotactic response characteristic of CD8+ T cell recruitment, suggesting pathogen-specific responses by mast cells. · DOI
  51. Ketavarapu, J. M. et al. Mast cells inhibit intramacrophage Francisella tularensis replication via contact and secreted products including IL-4. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 105, 9313–9318 (2008). · DOI
  52. Sutherland, R. E., Olsen, J. S., McKinstry, A., Villalta, S. A. & Wolters, P. J. Mast cell IL-6 improves survival from Klebsiella pneumonia and sepsis by enhancing neutrophil killing. J. Immunol. 181, 5598–5605 (2008). · DOI · Paper page
  53. Orinska, Z. et al. IL-15 constrains mast cell-dependent antibacterial defenses by suppressing chymase activities. Nature Med. 13, 927–934 (2007). This study reveals the complex intracellular interplay of various mast cell products in the regulation of mast cell activity during sepsis. · DOI
  54. Grimbaldeston, M. A., Nakae, S., Kalesnikoff, J., Tsai, M. & Galli, S. J. Mast cell-derived interleukin 10 limits skin pathology in contact dermatitis and chronic irradiation with ultraviolet B. Nature Immunol. 8, 1095–1104 (2007). · DOI
  55. Palker, T. J., Dong, G. & Leitner, W. W. Mast cells in innate and adaptive immunity to infection. Eur. J. Immunol. 40, 13–18 (2010). · DOI
  56. Peranteau, W. H. et al. IL-10 overexpression decreases inflammatory mediators and promotes regenerative healing in an adult model of scar formation. J. Invest. Dermatol. 128, 1852–1860 (2008). · DOI
  57. Boesiger, J. et al. Mast cells can secrete vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial cell growth factor and exhibit enhanced release after immunoglobulin E-dependent upregulation of Fcɛ receptor I expression. J. Exp. Med. 188, 1135–1145 (1998). · DOI
  58. Sendo, T. et al. Involvement of proteinase-activated receptor-2 in mast cell tryptase-induced barrier dysfunction in bovine aortic endothelial cells. Cell Signal 15, 773–781 (2003). · DOI
  59. Heltianu, C., Simionescu, M. & Simionescu, N. Histamine receptors of the microvascular endothelium revealed in situ with a histamine-ferritin conjugate: characteristic high-affinity binding sites in venules. J. Cell Biol. 93, 357–364 (1982). · DOI
  60. Gordon, J. R. & Galli, S. J. Mast cells as a source of both preformed and immunologically inducible TNF-α/cachectin. Nature 346, 274–276 (1990). A pivotal report showing that mast cells generate and store TNF, suggesting that they have a role in many inflammatory responses, including microbial infections. · DOI
  61. Biedermann, T. et al. Mast cells control neutrophil recruitment during T cell-mediated delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions through tumor necrosis factor and macrophage inflammatory protein 2. J. Exp. Med. 192, 1441–1452 (2000). · DOI
  62. Di Nardo, A., Vitiello, A. & Gallo, R. L. Cutting edge: mast cell antimicrobial activity is mediated by expression of cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide. J. Immunol. 170, 2274–2278 (2003). This study shows for the first time that antimicrobial actions of mast cells could also be attributable to their expression of antimicrobial peptides. · DOI
  63. Margulis, A. et al. Mast cell-dependent contraction of human airway smooth muscle cell-containing collagen gels: influence of cytokines, matrix metalloproteases, and serine proteases. J. Immunol. 183, 1739–1750 (2009). · DOI
  64. Klimpel, G. R. et al. A role for stem cell factor and c-kit in the murine intestinal tract secretory response to cholera toxin. J. Exp. Med. 182, 1931–1942 (1995). · DOI
  65. Pothoulakis, C., Castagliuolo, I. & LaMont, J. T. Nerves and intestinal mast cells modulate responses to enterotoxins. News Physiol. Sci. 13, 58–63 (1998).
  66. Bischoff, S. C. Physiological and pathophysiological functions of intestinal mast cells. Semin. Immunopathol. 31, 185–205 (2009). · DOI
  67. McLachlan, J. B. et al. Mast cell-derived tumor necrosis factor induces hypertrophy of draining lymph nodes during infection. Nature Immunol. 4, 1199–1205 (2003). This paper indicates that peripheral mast cells, and specifically their product TNF, activate distal draining lymph nodes promoting hypertrophy in response to infection. · DOI
  68. Jawdat, D. M., Rowden, G. & Marshall, J. S. Mast cells have a pivotal role in TNF-independent lymph node hypertrophy and the mobilization of Langerhans cells in response to bacterial peptidoglycan. J. Immunol. 177, 1755–1762 (2006). This is the first demonstration that mast cells can mobilize a subset of DCs to draining lymph nodes in response to bacterial products. · DOI
  69. Amaral, M. M. et al. Histamine improves antigen uptake and cross-presentation by dendritic cells. J. Immunol. 179, 3425–3433 (2007). · DOI
  70. Mazzoni, A., Siraganian, R. P., Leifer, C. A. & Segal, D. M. Dendritic cell modulation by mast cells controls the Th1/Th2 balance in responding T cells. J. Immunol. 177, 3577–3581 (2006). · DOI
  71. Stelekati, E. et al. Mast cell-mediated antigen presentation regulates CD8+ T cell effector functions. Immunity 31, 665–676 (2009). · DOI
  72. Knight, P. A., Wright, S. H., Lawrence, C. E., Paterson, Y. Y. & Miller, H. R. Delayed expulsion of the nematode Trichinella spiralis in mice lacking the mucosal mast cell-specific granule chymase, mouse mast cell protease-1. J. Exp. Med. 192, 1849–1856 (2000). · DOI · Paper page
  73. Mekori, Y. A. & Metcalfe, D. D. Mast cell-T cell interactions. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 104, 517–523 (1999). · DOI
  74. Echtenacher, B., Mannel, D. N. & Hultner, L. Critical protective role of mast cells in a model of acute septic peritonitis. Nature 381, 75–77 (1996). This study was one of the first to provide in vivo evidence of the crucial role of mast cells and TNF in promoting survival of the host during bacterial infections. · DOI
  75. Wei, O. L., Hilliard, A., Kalman, D. & Sherman, M. Mast cells limit systemic bacterial dissemination but not colitis in response to Citrobacter rodentium. Infect. Immun. 73, 1978–1985 (2005). · DOI
  76. Ohnmacht, C. & Voehringer, D. Basophils protect against reinfection with hookworms independently of mast cells and memory Th2 cells. J. Immunol. 184, 344–350 (2010). · DOI · Paper page
  77. Maurer, M. et al. Skin mast cells control T cell-dependent host defense in Leishmania major infections. FASEB J. 20, 2460–2467 (2006). · DOI · Paper page
  78. Newlands, G. F., Coulson, P. S. & Wilson, R. A. Stem cell factor dependent hyperplasia of mucosal-type mast cells but not eosinophils in Schistosoma mansoni-infected rats. Parasite Immunol. 17, 595–598 (1995). · DOI
  79. Asai, K. et al. Regulation of mast cell survival by IgE. Immunity 14, 791–800 (2001). · DOI
  80. Piliponsky, A. M. et al. Mast cell-derived TNF can exacerbate mortality during severe bacterial infections in C57BL/6–KitW-sh/W-sh mice. Am. J. Pathol. 176, 926–938 (2010). · DOI
  81. Siebenhaar, F. et al. Control of Pseudomonas aeruginosa skin infections in mice is mast cell-dependent. Am. J. Pathol. 170, 1910–1916 (2007). · DOI
  82. Wershil, B. K., Castagliuolo, I. & Pothoulakis, C. Direct evidence of mast cell involvement in Clostridium difficile toxin A-induced enteritis in mice. Gastroenterology 114, 956–964 (1998). · DOI
  83. Sugiyama, K. Histamine release from rat mast cells induced by Sendai virus. Nature 270, 614–615 (1977). One of the early suggestions of a possible role for mast cells in modulating immune responses to viruses. · DOI
  84. Patella, V., Florio, G., Petraroli, A. & Marone, G. HIV-1 gp120 induces IL-4 and IL-13 release from human FcɛRI+ cells through interaction with the VH3 region of IgE. J. Immunol. 164, 589–595 (2000). · DOI
  85. Kulka, M., Alexopoulou, L., Flavell, R. A. & Metcalfe, D. D. Activation of mast cells by double-stranded RNA: evidence for activation through Toll-like receptor 3. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 114, 174–182 (2004). · DOI
  86. Castleman, W. L., Sorkness, R. L., Lemanske, R. F. Jr & McAllister, P. K. Viral bronchiolitis during early life induces increased numbers of bronchiolar mast cells and airway hyperresponsiveness. Am. J. Pathol. 137, 821–831 (1990).
  87. Sorden, S. D. & Castleman, W. L. Virus-induced increases in bronchiolar mast cells in Brown Norway rats are associated with both local mast cell proliferation and increases in blood mast cell precursors. Lab. Invest. 73, 197–204 (1995).
  88. Sundstrom, J. B. et al. Human tissue mast cells are an inducible reservoir of persistent HIV infection. Blood 109, 5293–5300 (2007). · DOI
  89. Shirato, K. & Taguchi, F. Mast cell degranulation is induced by A549 airway epithelial cell infected with respiratory syncytial virus. Virology 386, 88–93 (2009). · DOI
  90. Legrand, L. F., Hotta, H., Hotta, S. & Homma, M. Antibody-mediated enhancement of infection by dengue virus of the P815 murine mastocytoma cell line. Biken J. 29, 51–55 (1986).
  91. McLachlan, J. B. et al. Mast cell activators: a new class of highly effective vaccine adjuvants. Nature Med. 14, 536–541 (2008). The first demonstration of small molecular activators of mast cells as highly effective vaccine adjuvants. · DOI
  92. McGowen, A. L., Hale, L. P., Shelburne, C. P., Abraham, S. N. & Staats, H. F. The mast cell activator compound 48/80 is safe and effective when used as an adjuvant for intradermal immunization with Bacillus anthracis protective antigen. Vaccine 27, 3544–3552 (2009). · DOI
  93. Dillon, S. B. & MacDonald, T. T. Limit dilution analysis of mast cell precursor frequency in the gut epithelium of normal and Trichinella spiralis infected mice. Parasite Immunol. 8, 503–511 (1986). · DOI
  94. Kasugai, T. et al. Infection with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis induces invasion of mast cell precursors from peripheral blood to small intestine. Blood 85, 1334–1340 (1995). · DOI
  95. Madden, K. B. et al. Antibodies to IL-3 and IL-4 suppress helminth-induced intestinal mastocytosis. J. Immunol. 147, 1387–1391 (1991). · DOI
  96. Lantz, C. S. et al. Role for interleukin-3 in mast-cell and basophil development and in immunity to parasites. Nature 392, 90–93 (1998). · DOI
  97. Matsuda, H. et al. Necessity of IgE antibodies and mast cells for manifestation of resistance against larval Haemaphysalis longicornis ticks in mice. J. Immunol. 144, 259–262 (1990). · DOI · Paper page
  98. Furuta, T., Kikuchi, T., Iwakura, Y. & Watanabe, N. Protective roles of mast cells and mast cell-derived TNF in murine malaria. J. Immunol. 177, 3294–3302 (2006). This study provides the first in vivo evidence of a protective role for mast cells against a blood-borne parasite. · DOI · Paper page
  99. Malaviya, R., Ikeda, T. & Abraham, S. N. Contribution of mast cells to bacterial clearance and their proliferation during experimental cystitis induced by type 1 fimbriated E. coli. Immunol. Lett. 91, 103–111 (2004). · DOI
  100. Xu, X. et al. Mast cells protect mice from Mycoplasma pneumonia. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 173, 219–225 (2006). · DOI

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Metadata

Authors
Abraham, S. N., & St. John, A. L.
Venue
Nature Reviews Immunology
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2010-06
Volume
10
Issue
6
Pages
440-452
ISSN
  • 1474-1733
  • 1474-1741
DOI
10.1038/nri2782
PMC
PMC4469150
Cited by
837
References
0
Language
en
Licence
www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review