Molecular mechanosensors in osteocytes
Open accessAbstract
Osteocytes, the most abundant and long-lived cells in bone, are the master regulators of bone remodeling. In addition to their functions in endocrine regulation and calcium and phosphate metabolism, osteocytes are the major responsive cells in force adaptation due to mechanical stimulation. Mechanically induced bone formation and adaptation, disuse-induced bone loss and skeletal fragility are mediated by osteocytes, which sense local mechanical cues and respond to these cues in both direct and indirect ways. The mechanotransduction process in osteocytes is a complex but exquisite regulatory process between cells and their environment, between neighboring cells, and between different functional mechanosensors in individual cells. Over the past two decades, great efforts have focused on finding various mechanosensors in osteocytes that transmit extracellular mechanical signals into osteocytes and regulate responsive gene expression. The osteocyte cytoskeleton, dendritic processes, Integrin-based focal adhesions, connexin-based intercellular junctions, primary cilium, ion channels, and extracellular matrix are the major mechanosensors in osteocytes reported so far with evidence from both in vitro and in vitro studies. This review aims to give a systematic introduction to osteocyte mechanobiology, provide details of osteocyte mechanosensors, and discuss the roles of osteocyte mechanosensitive signaling pathways in the regulation of bone homeostasis.
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Muscle-derived mechanical loading activates mechanosensors in osteocytes and osteoblast-lineage cells, including integrins and Piezo1, inducing Ca2+-dependent signaling and Wnt/β-catenin-associated osteogenic pathways that promote osteoblast activity.
“Muscle-derived mechanical loading activates mechanosensors in osteocytes and osteoblast-lineage cells, including integrins and Piezo1, thereby inducing Ca2+-dependent signaling and Wnt/β-catenin-associated osteogenic pathways that promote osteoblast activity [47,48]”
From Interorgan Communications in Skeletal Pathophysiology: From Molecular Pathways to Multidisciplinary Therapies (2026) · cites this paper as [47]
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Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe strain-induced flow of BEF in the lacuno-canalicular network exerts a shear stress (FFSS) on osteocyte bodies, which undergo dendrogenesis to activate several classes of mechano-sensors regulating specific gene expression patterns.
“The strain-induced flow of BEF in the lacuno-canalicular network exerts a shear stress (fluid flow shear stress, FFSS) on osteocyte bodies, which undergo dendrogenesis to activate several classes of mechano-sensors regulating specific gene expression patterns.28”
From Bone remodeling: an operational process ensuring survival and bone mechanical competence (2022) · cites this paper as [28]
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“These transgenic mice had a high bone mass phenotype, which could have been the result of reduced leptin production from fat tissue in the animals, affecting bone metabolism.(205,206) These results suggest interorgan communication between bone and distal organs, which indicates that the mechanotransductive properties…”
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Centrosome Fine Ultrastructure of the Osteocyte Mechanosensitive Primary Cilium
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Focal adhesion proteins Pinch1 and Pinch2 regulate bone homeostasis in mice
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Primary Cilia Exist in a Small Fraction of Cells in Trabecular Bone and Marrow
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Senescent and apoptotic osteocytes and aging: Exercise to the rescue?
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Ex vivo 3D osteocyte network construction with primary murine bone cells
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Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Mechanical regulation of bone remodeling
Wang, L., You, X., Zhang, L., Zhang, C., & Zou, W. (2022) · Bone Research · doi:10.1038/s41413-022-00190-4 · Cited by 641 · see citing works
Bone remodeling: an operational process ensuring survival and bone mechanical competence
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An integrated multi-omics analysis reveals osteokines involved in global regulation
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The Metabolic Features of Osteoblasts: Implications for Multiple Myeloma (MM) Bone Disease
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Qin, L., Liu, W., Cao, H., & Xiao, G.
- Affiliations
- Southern University of Science and Technology (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Cao, Huiling
- Xiao, Guozhi
- Venue
- Bone Research
- Published
- 2020-06-08
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 23-23
- ISSN
- 2095-4700 (ISSN-L)
- 2095-6231
- PMC
- PMC7280204
- OpenAlex
- W3033561017
- Cited by
- 484
- References
- 219
- Citations by year
- 2026: 87 · 2025: 91 · 2024: 87 · 2023: 81 · 2022: 69 · 2021: 51 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 6.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Bone Research (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (2017B030301018, 81991513, 81972100, 8163066, 2019YFA0906001, 81870532)
- China Postdoctoral Science Foundation
- Southern University of Science and Technology
- National Key Research and Development Program of China (2019YFA0906001, 2019YFA0906004)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Cellular Mechanics and Interactions
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Bone Metabolism and Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Bone health and osteoporosis research
- Keywords
- osteocytes, mechanosensors, mechanotransduction, mechanobiology, bone remodeling, bone homeostasis, force adaptation, primary cilia, mechanosensitive ion channels, extracellular matrix, bone fragility
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