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Human organs-on-chips for disease modelling, drug development and personalized medicine
Open accessAbstract
The failure of animal models to predict therapeutic responses in humans is a major problem that also brings into question their use for basic research. Organ-on-a-chip (organ chip) microfluidic devices lined with living cells cultured under fluid flow can recapitulate organ-level physiology and pathophysiology with high fidelity. Here, I review how single and multiple human organ chip systems have been used to model complex diseases and rare genetic disorders, to study host–microbiome interactions, to recapitulate whole-body inter-organ physiology and to reproduce human clinical responses to drugs, radiation, toxins and infectious pathogens. I also address the challenges that must be overcome for organ chips to be accepted by the pharmaceutical industry and regulatory agencies, as well as discuss recent advances in the field. It is evident that the use of human organ chips instead of animal models for drug development and as living avatars for personalized medicine is ever closer to realization. This Review discusses the types of single and multiple human organ-on-a-chip (organ chip) microfluidic devices and their diverse applications for disease modelling, drug development and personalized medicine, as well as the challenges that must be overcome for organ chips to reach their full potential.
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“most animal models poorly resemble human conditions and thus have low predictive values.”
From Human disease models in drug development (2023) · cites this paper as [6]
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“OoCs are perfused microfluidic platforms that contain bioengineered or miniaturized tissues or organs interconnected by 3D microchannels to simulate the in vivo functions, biomechanics and (patho)physiological responses of organs6,52–54.”
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“Animal models, however, often fail to filter out harmful or ineffective drugs6.”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Ingber, D. E.
- Affiliations
- Boston Children's Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ingber, Donald E.
- ORCID
- Ingber, Donald E.
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Genetics
- Published
- 2022-03-25
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 467-491
- ISSN
- 1471-0056 (ISSN-L)
- 1471-0064
- PMC
- PMC8951665
- OpenAlex
- W4220652963
- Cited by
- 1,589
- References
- 151
- Citations by year
- 2026: 457 · 2025: 440 · 2024: 389 · 2023: 215 · 2022: 87
- FWCI
- 25.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature Reviews Genetics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
- National Institutes of Health
- Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
- Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (UH3HL141797)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › 3D Printing in Biomedical Research
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Microfluidic and Capillary Electrophoresis Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
- Keywords
- organ-on-a-chip, microfluidics, disease modeling, drug development, personalized medicine, alternative to animal models, rare genetic disorders, host-microbiome interactions, drug toxicity, infectious agents, regulatory acceptance, pharmaceutical industry
- MeSH terms
- Drug Development, Animals, Humans, Rare Diseases, Lab-On-A-Chip Devices, Precision Medicine
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