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Cited by 379Antifungal resistance and susceptibilityFungal Infections and StudiesImmunodeficiency and Autoimmune Disorders

Immune responses to human fungal pathogens and therapeutic prospects

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Lionakis, Michail S., Drummond, Rebecca A., Hohl, Tobias M.·2023·Nature Reviews Immunology
DOI 10.1038/s41577-022-00826-wPMC PMC9812358
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Abstract

Pathogenic fungi have emerged as significant causes of infectious morbidity and death in patients with acquired immunodeficiency conditions such as HIV/AIDS and following receipt of chemotherapy, immunosuppressive agents or targeted biologics for neoplastic or autoimmune diseases, or transplants for end organ failure. Furthermore, in recent years, the spread of multidrug-resistant Candida auris has caused life-threatening outbreaks in health-care facilities worldwide and raised serious concerns for global public health. Rapid progress in the discovery and functional characterization of inborn errors of immunity that predispose to fungal disease and the development of clinically relevant animal models have enhanced our understanding of fungal recognition and effector pathways and adaptive immune responses. In this Review, we synthesize our current understanding of the cellular and molecular determinants of mammalian antifungal immunity, focusing on observations that show promise for informing risk stratification, prognosis, prophylaxis and therapies to combat life-threatening fungal infections in vulnerable patient populations.

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  • IL-17-producing cells could exert effects in controlling C. auris colonization through IL-17-induced signals on skin keratinocytes to promote production of antimicrobial peptides.

    “IL-17-producing cells could exert their effects in controlling C. auris colonization through IL-17-induced signals on skin keratinocytes to promote the production of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs).6,16”

    From Skin-resident T cells play an important role in controlling skin colonization of Candidozyma (Candida) auris (2026) · cites this paper as [16]

    The Introduction reports that IL-17A and IL-17F from lymphocytes curtailed C. auris skin colonization in a mouse model. The Mucocutaneous candidiasis section says IL-17 signaling induces antimicrobial peptides in epithelial cells during mucosal Candida infection, but it does not establish that this mechanism operates through skin keratinocytes during C. auris colonization. (LLM, conf=0.85)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • During C. auris skin infection, macrophages appear to facilitate, rather than restrict, fungal persistence.

    “Macrophages are pivotal in host defense against several fungal pathogens, yet during C. auris skin infection appears to facilitate, rather than restrict, fungal persistence [81].”

    From Host–Candida auris interactions in the skin (2026) · cites this paper as [81]

    The Introduction (page unavailable) describes long-term C. auris skin colonization and identifies IL-17A and IL-17F as protective, but does not say whether macrophages facilitate persistence. The Invasive candidiasis section discusses macrophages in other Candida infections; searches for macrophage involvement in C. auris skin colonization found no passage addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.75)

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Lionakis, M. S., Drummond, R. A., & Hohl, T. M.
Affiliations
  • National Institutes of Health (US)
  • University of Birmingham (GB)
  • Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (US)
Corresponding author
Lionakis, Michail S.
ORCID
Venue
Nature Reviews Immunology
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2023-01-04
Volume
23
Issue
7
Pages
433-452
ISSN
  • 1474-1733 (ISSN-L)
  • 1474-1741
DOI
10.1038/s41577-022-00826-w
PMC
PMC9812358
OpenAlex
W4313546552
Cited by
379
References
34
Citations by year
2026: 108 · 2025: 123 · 2024: 103 · 2023: 44 · 2022: 1
FWCI
17.93
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Nature reviews. Immunology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (ZIA-AI001175)
  • Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (CA008748, P30 CA008748)
  • Academy of Medical Sciences (SBF004/1008)
  • National Institutes of Health (CA008748)
  • Medical Research Council (MR/S024611/1, MR/S024611, MR/T029137/1)
  • National Cancer Institute (P30CA008748)
  • National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01AI139632, R21AI156157, R01AI093808, K11AI001175, AI001175, AI093808, R37AI093808, ZIAAI001175)
  • NHLBI Division of Intramural Research
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Antifungal resistance and susceptibility
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Fungal Infections and Studies
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunodeficiency and Autoimmune Disorders
Keywords
antifungal immunity, fungal pathogens, primary immunodeficiency, Candida auris, multidrug resistance, immunodeficiency, HIV/AIDS, immunosuppressive therapy, adaptive immune response, fungal recognition, host defense, prophylaxis, antifungal therapy, risk stratification
MeSH terms
Animals, Antifungal Agents, Fungi, Humans, Immunity, Mammals, Mycoses

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