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The effect of graded levels of exercise on energy intake and balance in free-living women
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Aim We assessed the effect of graded increases in exercised-induced energy expenditure (EE) on appetite, daily energy intake (EI), total daily EE and body weight in six lean women using a within-subject, repeated measures design.Method Subjects were each studied three times during 7 day treatments, corresponding to no-exercise (control; Nex; 0 MJ/day), medium exercise level (Mex; approximately 1.9 MJ/day) and high exercise level (Hex; approximately 3.4 MJ/day), with 2 day maintenance beforehand. Subjects self-weighed ad libitum food intake. EE was assessed by continual heart rate monitoring. During waking hours subjects recorded hourly sensations of hunger and appetite.Results EE amounted to 9.2, 11.0 and 12.1 MJ/day (F (2, 10)=5.67; P=0.023 (s.e.d.=0.87)) on the Nex, Mex and Hex treatments, respectively. The corresponding values for EI were 8.9, 9.2 and 10.0 MJ/day (F (2, 10)=4.80; P=0.035 (s.e.d.=0.36)). There were very weak treatment effects on hunger. Weight loss was significantly different from zero on the Mex and Hex treatments.Conclusion Markedly increasing EE through exercise produced significant but partial compensations in EI ( approximately 33% of EE due to exercise). Accurate adjustments of El to acute increases in EE are likely to take weeks rather than days.
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Fauzi, N. F. M., Malkova, D., & Gill, J. M. R. (2010) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e3181e0d186 · Cited by 28
“Further study is also needed to determine whether the present findings extend to women, who may alter energy intake in response to exercise in a different manner from that in men (29,30).”
ResultCan short-term high-intensity intermittent training reduce adiposity?
Panissa, V. L. G., Alves, E. D., Salermo, G. P., Franchini, É., & Takito, M. Y. (2016) · Sport Sciences for Health · doi:10.1007/s11332-016-0260-6 · Cited by 28
“Typically, moderate intensity continuous training (MICT) has been recommended [4], but high-intensity intermittent training (HIIT) are also able to promote reduction in fat mass [5, 6].”
BackgroundQuist, J. S., Blond, M. B., Gram, A. S., Steenholt, C. B., Janus, C., Holst, J. J., Rehfeld, J. F., Sjödin, A. M., Stallknecht, B. M., & Rosenkilde, M. (2019) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00239.2018 · Cited by 28
Influence of physiological and subjective arousal on food intake in humans
Stroebele, N., & de Castro, J. M. (2006) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2006.07.003 · Cited by 28
Exercise and energy intake in overweight, sedentary individuals
Schneider, K. L., Spring, B. J., & Pagoto, S. (2008) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2008.10.009 · Cited by 28
“Conversely, studies that examined intake of highly palatable, high fat foods by sedentary, overweight individuals suggest a link between exercise and increased energy intake (George & Morganstein, 2003; Pi-Sunyer, 1985; Stubbs et al., 2002).”
BackgroundFisher, G., Hunter, G., & Allison, D. B. (2013) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyt163 · Cited by 24
The Chronic Effect of Interval Training on Energy Intake: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Taylor, J. L., Keating, S. E., Holland, D. J., Coombes, J. S., & LEVERITT, M. D. (2018) · Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1155/2018/6903208 · Cited by 25
“with chronic exercise has been demonstrated following 7 days [14] and 14 days [15].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialRumbold, P. L. S., Gibson, A. S. C., Stevenson, E., King, J. A., Stensel, D. J., & Dodd-Reynolds, C. J. (2013) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2012-0466 · Cited by 22
“The partial EI compensation value of 27% is similar to a previous finding in which a partial EI compensation value of 30% for cycling exercise was identified in adult females (Stubbs et al. 2002).”
MethodResultHow can physical activity facilitate a sustainable future? Reducing obesity and chronic disease
Stensel, D. J. (2023) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1017/s0029665123002203 · Cited by 23
Lark, D. S., Kwan, J. R., McClatchey, P. M., James, M. N., James, F. D., Lighton, J. R. B., Lantier, L., & Wasserman, D. H. (2018) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db17-1293 · Cited by 20
“2 weeks) includes increased food intake (6,7), reduced resting metabolic rate (8–10), and decreased nonexercise physical activity (11).”
BackgroundDifferences in fat loss in response to physical activity among severely obese men and women
Aadland, E., Jepsen, R., Andersen, J. R., & Anderssen, S. A. (2014) · Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine · doi:10.2340/16501977-1786 · Cited by 20
“thirdly, clustering or interaction between a host of factors may make weight loss extremely difficult for some individuals (26), especially women, as indicated by their more restrictive energy conservation (31, 32).”
BackgroundFauzi, N. F. M., Brunstrom, J. M., & Gill, J. M. R. (2011) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2011.09.008 · Cited by 20
“Dietary restraint was measured by the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ) (Stunkard & Messick, 1985), with restrained eaters classified by a score of above 11 (Stubbs et al., 2002b).”
BackgroundMethodLack of Effect of Exercise Time of Day on Acute Energy Intake in Healthy Men
O’Donoghue, K., Fournier, P. A., & Guelfi, K. J. (2010) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.20.4.350 · Cited by 20
Negative energy balance during military training: The role of contextual limitations
Charlot, K. (2021) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2021.105263 · Cited by 21
The effects of acute exercise on appetite and energy intake in men and women
Tobin, S. Y., Cornier, M., White, M. H., Hild, A., Simonsen, S. E., Melanson, E. L., & Halliday, T. M. (2021) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113562 · Cited by 18
“Although these studies differed slightly in their study design, these studies showed that women compensated for 33% of their energy expenditure with increased EI over the course of 7 days (37), while men did not show compensatory increases in EI (36).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialFlack, K. D., Anderson, R. E., McFee, K. F., Kryscio, R., & Rush, C. R. (2022) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113711 · Cited by 17
Oppert, J.-M., Ciangura, C., & Bellicha, A. (2025) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/s41366-024-01632-1 · Cited by 17
“Putting adherence to the exercise protocol aside, compensation may indeed fi rst occur through increased energy intake [11].”
Duckworth, L. C., Backhouse, S. H., O'Hara, J. P., & Stevenson, E. (2015) · Journal of the American College of Nutrition · doi:10.1080/07315724.2014.994790 · Cited by 17
“Previous research has demonstrated that moderate intensity exercise does not influence immediate energy intake [57–59], yet others have reported the possibility of the existence of a delay in the compensatory augmentation of energy intake in response to exercise over 3 days [18] or 7 days [60,61].”
Exercise and Weight Loss: What Is the Evidence of Sex Differences?
Hagobian, T. A., & Evero, N. (2012) · Current Obesity Reports · doi:10.1007/s13679-012-0035-6 · Cited by 17
“In a series of studies, Stubbs and colleagues [71, 72] showed that there was no compensation in energy intake with 7 days of exercise in men.”
BackgroundEffect of High Cardiorespiratory Fitness and High Body Fat on Insulin Resistance
Gerson, L., & Braun, B. (2006) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000228365.31821.22 · Cited by 17
Performance nutrition for cold-weather military operations
Margolis, L. M., & Pasiakos, S. M. (2023) · International Journal of Circumpolar Health · doi:10.1080/22423982.2023.2192392 · Cited by 16
“The lack of hunger ques when energy deficit is induced by increases in energy expenditure agrees with controlled laboratory studies [36,37].”
BackgroundResultObesity and energy balance: What is the role of physical activity?
Shook, R. P. (2016) · Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1080/17446651.2016.1243465 · Cited by 18
“This is in agreement with other studies using non-DLW measures of TDEE such as indirect calorimetry or accelerometry [37,46,47].”
BackgroundResultGender dimorphism of body mass perception and regulation in mice
Wiedmer, P., Boschmann, M., & Klaus, S. (2004) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.01120 · Cited by 16
“Despite an increased daily energy expenditure, men did not increase energy intake to compensate for the energy loss (Stubbs et al., 2002a), while women at least partially increased their energy intake (Stubbs et al., 2002b).”
BackgroundBurton, F. L., Malkova, D., CASLAKE, M. J., & Gill, J. M. R. (2010) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114510002023 · Cited by 16
“Over more prolonged periods of time, evidence suggests that some degree of dietary compensation for the exercise-induced energy expenditure may occur, at least in women((18)).”
BackgroundEvaluation of Step-Counting Interventions Differing on Intensity Messages
Tudor-Locke, C. E., Schuna, J. M., Swift, D. L., Dragg, A. T., Davis, A. B., Martin, C. K., Johnson, W. D., & Church, T. S. (2019) · Journal of Physical Activity and Health · doi:10.1123/jpah.2018-0439 · Cited by 15
Engler, D. (2007) · Acta bio-medica dell'Ateneo parmense/Acta biomedica · Cited by 15
Blundell, J. E., & Beaulieu, K. (2023) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2023.106482 · Cited by 15
Self-citationBoone‐Heinonen, J., Markwardt, S., Fortmann, S. P., & Thornburg, K. L. R. (2015) · Pediatric Obesity · doi:10.1111/ijpo.12040 · Cited by 13
“Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) increases energy expenditure and improves energy regulation (3).”
BackgroundDietary recommendations for persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Skurk, T., Bosy‐Westphal, A., Grünerbel, A., Kabisch, S., Keuthage, W., Kleinridders, A., Kronsbein, P., Müssig, K., Nussbaumer, H., Pfeiffer, A. F. H., et al. (2022) · Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes · doi:10.1055/a-1624-5095 · Cited by 13
Metadata
- Authors
- Stubbs, R., Sepp, A., Hughes, D., Johnstone, A., King, N., Horgan, G., & Blundell, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Aberdeen (GB)
- University of Leeds (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Stubbs, RJ
- Venue
- International Journal of Obesity
- Published
- 2002-05-30
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 866-869
- ISSN
- 0307-0565 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-5497
- OpenAlex
- W106110455
- Cited by
- 180
- References
- 11
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 1.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- eprints.qut.edu.au
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- International Journal of Obesity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- QUT ePrints (Queensland University of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Centre for Health Research; Faculty of Health; Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Keywords
- energy intake, appetite, hunger, energy balance, compensatory eating, weight loss, heart rate monitoring, lean women
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Appetite, Basal Metabolism, Body Weight, Energy Intake, Diet, Eating, Energy Metabolism, Female, Heart Rate, Humans, Hunger, Oxygen Consumption, Regression Analysis, Weight Loss, Exercise, Body Mass Index, Patient Satisfaction
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