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The Relative Value of Fat and Carbohydrate as Sources of Muscular Energy
Open accessAbstract
The high quotient certainly due to over-ventilation. 2 Oxygen determination in intermediate sample 3 obviously erroneous.Value obtained by interpolation. 3 Caloric value of oxygen by extrapolation in Zuntz's table.
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“Thus, under aerobic conditions, carbohydrate combustion is a more efficient fuel yielding approximately 21.1 kJ/L O2, whereas fat oxidation yields ~19.6 kJ/L O2 [5].”
From Carbohydrate Storage and Supplementation Strategies for Peak Performance in Cross-Country Skiing (2026) · cites this paper as [5]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“However, it was also observed that subjects felt more fatigued [47] and exercise capacity was reduced with this practice [48].”
From Periodized Nutrition for Athletes (2017) · cites this paper as [47]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Carbohydrates are efficient, costing 11% less oxygen during steady-state exercise [22].”
From Regulation of Energy Substrate Metabolism in Endurance Exercise (2021) · cites this paper as [22]
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Women tend to favor the utilization of exogenous carbohydrates, leading to an increase in carbohydrate oxidation (175, 188, 197).”
From Sex differences in the metabolism of glucose and fatty acids by adipose tissue and skeletal muscle in humans (2025) · cites this paper as [188]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Isotopic studies involving moderately fit and athletic participants engaged in endurance cycling exercise confirmed that women exhibit greater glycerol Ra during exercise while in a fasting state. (188, 191, 198).”
From Sex differences in the metabolism of glucose and fatty acids by adipose tissue and skeletal muscle in humans (2025) · cites this paper as [188]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Most of the studies have shown greater plasma glycerol concentrations in women (79, 81, 165, 167, 174, 180, 188, 196, 198 , 220–222), while few studies reported no difference between sexes (26, 169, 172, 176, 178).”
From Sex differences in the metabolism of glucose and fatty acids by adipose tissue and skeletal muscle in humans (2025) · cites this paper as [188]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Studies comparing exercise responses in fasting and fed states show that sex differences in FFA and glycerol concentrations during fasting disappear after carbohydrate ingestion (188, 196).”
From Sex differences in the metabolism of glucose and fatty acids by adipose tissue and skeletal muscle in humans (2025) · cites this paper as [188]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Wallis et al. reported that increased glycerol concentration and flux in women during exercise in fasting vanished when the exercise was repeated alongside oral glucose ingestion (188).”
From Sex differences in the metabolism of glucose and fatty acids by adipose tissue and skeletal muscle in humans (2025) · cites this paper as [188]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Studies examining sex differences in exercise-induced lipolysis reported greater plasma FFA concentrations in women (79, 81, 165, 167, 172, 180, 188, 191, 196–198, 222), while some others found similar concentrations between sexes (26, 93, 161, 176, 178).”
From Sex differences in the metabolism of glucose and fatty acids by adipose tissue and skeletal muscle in humans (2025) · cites this paper as [188]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Studies examining sex differences in exercise-induced lipolysis are not consistent; some reported greater plasma FFA concentrations in women (166, 188), others found similar concentrations between sexes (162, 179, 213).”
From Sex differences in the metabolism of glucose and fatty acids by adipose tissue and skeletal muscle in humans (2025) · cites this paper as [188]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Regarding glucose appearance/production rates, research findings vary, with some studies reporting similar rates in athletic men and women (188, 189), while others indicate greater rates in moderately fit athletic men during endurance cycling (168, 176, 181).”
From Sex differences in the metabolism of glucose and fatty acids by adipose tissue and skeletal muscle in humans (2025) · cites this paper as [188]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Most of the studies indicate similar plasma glucose concentrations between sexes during exercise in a fasting state (82, 161, 167, 168, 172, 174, 176, 180, 181, 188, 197, 200, 240).”
From Sex differences in the metabolism of glucose and fatty acids by adipose tissue and skeletal muscle in humans (2025) · cites this paper as [188]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Research on oral glucose intake concurrent with exercise yields conflicting results on plasma glucose concentrations, with findings indicating lower (241) or greater (175) concentrations in women, or similar levels with men (188, 197).”
From Sex differences in the metabolism of glucose and fatty acids by adipose tissue and skeletal muscle in humans (2025) · cites this paper as [188]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“It was demonstrated in the 1920s that reducing carbohydrate intake and increasing fat intake will result in higher rates of fat oxidation [47].”
From Periodized Nutrition for Athletes (2017) · cites this paper as [47]
In the citing paper
“Empirically derived data from over a century ago [57, 58] or more recently [59] have demonstrated the higher oxygen cost of deriving adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from fat rather than CHO fuels; this can be explained by an appreciation of the stoichiometry of oxidative phosphorylation from different substrates [60].”
In the citing paper
“CHO oxidation produces 5–8% higher energy yield per litre of oxygen consumed through oxidative phosphorylation.”
From Neither beetroot juice supplementation nor increased carbohydrate oxidation enhance economy of prolonged exercise in elite race walkers (2021) · cites this paper as [31]
In the citing paper
“It is plausible to attribute this loss of economy to the substantial increase in the contribution of fat oxidation to exercise substrate needs in the LCHF group, noting the longstanding recognition that CHO oxidation is slightly more economical in generating ATP than fat oxidation per unit of oxygen utilization [23].”
From Analysis of the Effects of Dietary Pattern on the Oral Microbiome of Elite Endurance Athletes (2019) · cites this paper as [23]
In the citing paper
“This contrasts with claims that a low CHO, high-fat diet is the “future of elite endurance sport” but is supported by empirical (Krogh & Lindhard, 1920) and theoretical (Leverve et al., 2007) evidence of better exercise economy with CHO-dependent generation of adenosine triphosphate than fat oxidation pathways”
From Contemporary Nutrition Strategies to Optimize Performance in Distance Runners and Race Walkers (2019) · cites this paper as Krogh & Lindhard, 1920
In the citing paper
“increasing the respiratory quotient (RQ) from 0.85 to 0.90 (49% to 66% contribution from CHO) results in a 5% increment in released energy (4.967 vs. 4.921; Krogh & Lindhard, 1920).”
From Contemporary Nutrition Strategies to Optimize Performance in Distance Runners and Race Walkers (2019) · cites this paper as Krogh & Lindhard, 1920
In the citing paper
“Krogh and Lindhard (1920) reported that energy derived from the metabolic consumption of O 2 depends on whether fat or CHO is the primary source of carbon substrate.”
From Contemporary Nutrition Strategies to Optimize Performance in Distance Runners and Race Walkers (2019) · cites this paper as Krogh & Lindhard, 1920
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Citations
Cites
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- Benedict and Cathcart (1913). Carnegie Publication, No. 181. and Roth (1918). Proc. National Acad. Sc., 4, 149.
- Fletcher and Hopkins (1917). Proc. Roy. Soc. B., 89, 444.
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II. Untersuchungen über die Verbrennungsvorgänge bei langdauernder, schwerer Muskelarbeit1
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Metadata
- Authors
- Krogh, A., & Lindhard, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- Venue
- Biochemical Journal
- Publisher
- Portland Press Ltd.
- Published
- 1920-07-01
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 3-4
- Pages
- 290-363
- ISSN
- 0306-3283 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC1263890
- OpenAlex
- W9862503
- Cited by
- 411
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 19.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Biochemical Journal (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Adipose Tissue and Metabolism
- Keywords
- fats, carbohydrates, calorific value, oxygen consumption, energy metabolism, respiratory quotient, over-ventilation
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