Considerations for ultra-endurance activities: part 1- nutrition

Costa, Ricardo J.S.; Hoffman, Martin D.; Stellingwerff, Trent

doi:10.1080/15438627.2018.1502188

Cited by 83Muscle metabolism and nutritionSports Performance and TrainingThermoregulation and physiological responses

Considerations for ultra-endurance activities: part 1- nutrition

Costa, Ricardo J.S., Hoffman, Martin D., Stellingwerff, Trent·2019·Research in Sports Medicine

DOI 10.1080/15438627.2018.1502188

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Abstract

Ultra-endurance activities (≥ 4h) present unique challenges that, beyond fatigue, may be exacerbated by sub-optimal nutrition during periods of increased requirements and compromised gastrointestinal function. The causes of fatigue during ultra-endurance exercise are multi-factorial. However, mechanisms can potentially include central or peripheral fatigue, thermal stress, dehydration, and/or endogenous glycogen store depletion; of which optimising nutrition and hydration can partially attenuate. If exercise duration is long enough (e.g. ≥ 10h) and exercise intensity low enough (e.g. 45-60% of maximal oxygen uptake), it is bio-energetically plausible that ketogenic adaptation may enhance ultra-endurance performance, but this requires scientific substantiation. Conversely, the scientific literature has consistently demonstrated that daily dietary carbohydrates (3-12g/kg/day) and carbohydrate intake (30-110g/h) during ultra-endurance events can enhance performance at individually tolerable intake rates. Considering gastrointestinal symptoms are common in ultra-endurance activities, effective dietary prevention and management strategies may provide functional, histological, systemic, and symptomatic benefits. Taken together, a well-practiced and individualized fuelling approach is required to optimize performance in ultra-endurance events.

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From International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing (2019) · cites this paper as [105]

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Authors: Costa, R. J. S., Hoffman, M. D., & Stellingwerff, T.
Affiliations: Monash University (AU)
VA Northern California Health Care System (US)
Canadian Sport Centre Pacific (CA)
Corresponding author: Hoffman, Martin D.
ORCID: Costa, Ricardo J.S.
Hoffman, Martin D.
Stellingwerff, Trent
Venue: Research in Sports Medicine
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2018-07-28
Volume: 27
Issue: 2
Pages: 166-181
ISSN: 1543-8627 (ISSN-L)
1543-8635
DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2018.1502188
OpenAlex: W4238958672
Cited by: 83
References: 68
Citations by year: 2026: 6 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 5
FWCI: 1.01
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Research in Sports Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Thermoregulation and physiological responses
Keywords: ultra-endurance exercise, sports nutrition, carbohydrate intake, hydration, gastrointestinal symptoms, fatigue, glycogen depletion, dehydration, endurance performance
MeSH terms: Dehydration, Dietary Carbohydrates, Energy Metabolism, Fatigue, Gastrointestinal Diseases, Humans, Nutritional Requirements, Physical Endurance, Exercise, Athletic Performance, Diet, Ketogenic, Athletes, Sports Nutritional Physiological Phenomena

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