From pre-diabetes to diabetes: diagnosis, treatments and translational research
Open accessAbstract
Diabetes, a silent killer, is one of the most widely prevalent conditions of the present time. According to the 2017 International Diabetes Federation (IDF) statistics, the global prevalence of diabetes among the age group of 20–79 years is 8.8%. In addition, 1 in every 2 persons is unaware of the condition. This unawareness and ignorance lead to further complications. Pre-diabetes is the preceding condition of diabetes, and in most of the cases, this ultimately leads to the development of diabetes. Diabetes can be classified into three types, namely type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and gestational diabetes. The diagnosis of both pre-diabetes and diabetes is based on glucose criteria; the common modalities used are fasting plasma glucose (FPG) test and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). A glucometer is commonly used by diabetic patients to measure blood glucose levels with fast and rather accurate measurements. A few of the more advanced and minimally invasive modalities include the glucose-sensing patch, SwEatch, eyeglass biosensor, breath analysis, etc. Despite a considerable amount of data being collected and analyzed regarding diabetes, the actual molecular mechanism of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is still unknown. Both genetic and epigenetic factors are associated with T2DM. The complications of diabetes can predominantly be classified into two categories: microvascular and macrovascular. Retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy are grouped under microvascular complications, whereas stroke, cardiovascular disease, and peripheral artery disease (PAD) belong to macrovascular complications. Unfortunately, until now, no complete cure for diabetes has been found. However, the treatment of pre-diabetes has shown significant success in preventing the further progression of diabetes. To prevent pre-diabetes from developing into T2DM, lifestyle intervention has been found to be very promising. Various aspects of diabetes, including the aforementioned topics, have been reviewed in this paper.
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More than 50% of diabetics are obese.
“it has been shown that more than 50% of the diabetics are obese (10).”
From Diabetes and Sarcopenic Obesity: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatments (2020) · cites this paper as [10]
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PREVALENCE AND NATURAL HISTORY OF DIABETES IN TRINIDAD
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Diabetes and Sarcopenic Obesity: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatments
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Self-citationRole of Cellular Senescence in Type II Diabetes
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Self-citationA Nudge-Inspired AI-Driven Health Platform for Self-Management of Diabetes
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- Authors
- Khan, R., Chua, Z., Tan, J., Yang, Y., Liao, Z., & Zhao, Y.
- Affiliations
- Nanyang Technological University (SG)
- Tongji University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Liao, Zehuan
- Zhao, Yan
- Venue
- Medicina
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2019-08-29
- Volume
- 55
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 546
- ISSN
- 1010-660X (ISSN-L)
- 1648-9144
- PMC
- PMC6780236
- OpenAlex
- W2971340278
- Cited by
- 484
- References
- 244
- Citations by year
- 2026: 40 · 2025: 94 · 2024: 100 · 2023: 106 · 2022: 70 · 2021: 49 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 3
- FWCI
- 5.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- dx.doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Medicina (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Nanyang Technological University (SBS18005)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Keywords
- prediabetes, type 2 diabetes, diabetes diagnosis, fasting blood glucose, oral glucose tolerance test, blood glucose monitoring, diabetes complications, microvascular complications, macrovascular complications, genetic and epigenetic factors, lifestyle intervention, diabetes prevention, gestational diabetes mellitus, type 1 diabetes
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Blood Glucose, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Female, Glucose Tolerance Test, Humans, Hyperglycemia, Insulin Resistance, Male, Middle Aged, Prediabetic State, Risk Factors, Diabetes Complications, Translational Research, Biomedical
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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