The DOI matches its Crossref record; 19 of the 19 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 2 of the 5 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus by Changes in Lifestyle among Subjects with Impaired Glucose Tolerance
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is increasingly common, primarily because of increases in the prevalence of a sedentary lifestyle and obesity. Whether type 2 diabetes can be prevented by interventions that affect the lifestyles of subjects at high risk for the disease is not known. METHODS: We randomly assigned 522 middle-aged, overweight subjects (172 men and 350 women; mean age, 55 years; mean body-mass index [weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters], 31) with impaired glucose tolerance to either the intervention group or the control group. Each subject in the intervention group received individualized counseling aimed at reducing weight, total intake of fat, and intake of saturated fat and increasing intake of fiber and physical activity. An oral glucose-tolerance test was performed annually; the diagnosis of diabetes was confirmed by a second test. The mean duration of follow-up was 3.2 years. RESULTS: The mean (+/-SD) amount of weight lost between base line and the end of year 1 was 4.2+/-5.1 kg in the intervention group and 0.8+/-3.7 kg in the control group; the net loss by the end of year 2 was 3.5+/-5.5 kg in the intervention group and 0.8+/-4.4 kg in the control group (P<0.001 for both comparisons between the groups). The cumulative incidence of diabetes after four years was 11 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 6 to 15 percent) in the intervention group and 23 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 17 to 29 percent) in the control group. During the trial, the risk of diabetes was reduced by 58 percent (P<0.001) in the intervention group. The reduction in the incidence of diabetes was directly associated with changes in lifestyle. CONCLUSIONS: Type 2 diabetes can be prevented by changes in the lifestyles of high-risk subjects.
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24 Own result · 14 Own method · 5 Own interpretation · 2 Sources not found · 1 Supported · 1 Supported so far
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The cumulative incidence of diabetes after four years was 11 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 6 to 15 percent) in the intervention group and 23 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 17 to 29 percent) in the control group.”
- Also stated in: § T ABLE 1. B ASE -L INE C HARACTERISTICS OF THE S UBJECTS IN THE I NTERVENTION AND C · plain
“At four years, the cumulative incidence was 11 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 6 to 15 percent) in the intervention group and 23 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 17 to 29 percent) in the control group.”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § T ABLE 1. B ASE -L INE C HARACTERISTICS OF THE S UBJECTS IN THE I NTERVENTION AND C · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“During the trial, the risk of diabetes was reduced by 58 percent (P<0.001) in the intervention group.”
- Also stated in: § T ABLE 1. B ASE -L INE C HARACTERISTICS OF THE S UBJECTS IN THE I NTERVENTION AND C · plain
“the cumulative incidence of diabetes was 58 percent lower in the intervention group than in the control group (hazard ratio, 0.4; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.3 to 0.7; P<0.001).”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § T ABLE 1. B ASE -L INE C HARACTERISTICS OF THE S UBJECTS IN THE I NTERVENTION AND C · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The reduction in the incidence of diabetes was directly associated with changes in lifestyle.”
- Also stated in: § T ABLE 1. B ASE -L INE C HARACTERISTICS OF THE S UBJECTS IN THE I NTERVENTION AND C · boosted
“There was a strong inverse correlation between the success score and the incidence of diabetes.”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > Abstract
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Rests on an assumption: The success score computed from grades for intervention goals validly reflects the extent of lifestyle changes achieved.
- Also stated in: § T ABLE 1. B ASE -L INE C HARACTERISTICS OF THE S UBJECTS IN THE I NTERVENTION AND C · boosted
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Diabetes had not developed in any of the subjects who reached four or five of the goals (49 subjects in the intervention group and 15 in the control group).”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > T ABLE 2. C HANGES IN S ELECTED C LINICAL AND M ETABOLIC V ARIABLES FROM B ASE -L INE TO THE E ND OF Y EAR 1 IN THE S UBJECTS IN THE I NTERVENTION AND C
plainn = 49- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“According to a univariate analysis, the odds ratio for diabetes in subjects in the intervention group who had lost more than 5 percent of their initial weight by the one-year follow-up visit was 0.3 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.1 to 0.7) as compared with those in the intervention group who had lost less weight or none at all;”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > T ABLE 2. C HANGES IN S ELECTED C LINICAL AND M ETABOLIC V ARIABLES FROM B ASE -L INE TO THE E ND OF Y EAR 1 IN THE S UBJECTS IN THE I NTERVENTION AND C
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among the subjects in the intervention group who did not reach the goal of losing 5 percent of their initial weight, the odds ratio for diabetes in those who had achieved the goal with respect to exercise (more than four hours per week) during the first year was 0.2 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.1 to 0.6) as compared with those in the intervention group who maintained a sedentary lifestyle;”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > T ABLE 2. C HANGES IN S ELECTED C LINICAL AND M ETABOLIC V ARIABLES FROM B ASE -L INE TO THE E ND OF Y EAR 1 IN THE S UBJECTS IN THE I NTERVENTION AND C
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“on the other hand, the failure to make any changes resulted in an incidence of diabetes that was close to the estimate of 35 percent for this high-risk population.”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > DISCUSSION
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The proportion of subjects in the intervention group who succeeded in achieving a particular goal varied from 25 percent (fiber intake) to 86 percent (exercise).”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the corresponding odds ratio in the control group was 0.4 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.1 to 1.2).”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > T ABLE 2. C HANGES IN S ELECTED C LINICAL AND M ETABOLIC V ARIABLES FROM B ASE -L INE TO THE E ND OF Y EAR 1 IN THE S UBJECTS IN THE I NTERVENTION AND C
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Achieving a relatively conservative target of more than four hours of exercise per week was associated with a significant reduction in the risk of diabetes in the subjects who did not lose weight.”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > DISCUSSION
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 21
- Probably not a substantial claim. 14
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The changes in lifestyle in our study not only improved glucose tolerance but also reduced the magnitude of several other cardiovascular risk factors.13”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [13] source
The Results report lower fasting and 2-hour plasma glucose after one year in the lifestyle-intervention group. They also report improved anthropometric measures, lower triglycerides, and greater reductions in blood pressure than in the control group. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“The results from previous studies in Sweden 17 and China 18 also provide evidence that changes in lifestyle are effective in preventing diabetes, and the magnitude of the benefit in these studies was similar to that in our study.”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [17] source
The paper’s ‘Prevalence of Type 2 diabetes and IGT at follow-up’ section reports diabetes in 10.6% of the Swedish lifestyle-intervention group versus 28.6% of the untreated IGT reference group, supporting the cited point that lifestyle changes may prevent or postpone diabetes. The comparison with ‘our study’ is the citing authors’ own assessment, not a finding attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.92)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [18] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the net loss by the end of year 2 was 3.5±5.5 kg in the intervention group and 0.8±4.4kg in the control group (P<0.001 for both comparisons between the groups).”
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
“At two years, the decrease in weight remained significantly greater in the intervention group (3.5±5.5 kg) than in the control group (0.8±4.4 kg) (P<0.001).”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The mean (±SD) amount of weight lost be- tween base line and the end of year 1 was 4.2±5.1 kg in the intervention group and 0.8±3.7 kg in the control group”
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
“During the first year, the mean (±SD) body weight decreased by 4.2±5.1 kg (4.7±5.4 percent) in the intervention group and by 0.8±3.7 kg (0.9±4.2 percent) in the control group (P<0.001)”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The incidence of diabetes was 63 percent lower among men in the intervention group (95 percent confidence interval, 18 to 79 percent; P=0.01) and 54 percent lower among women (95 percent confidence interval, 26 to 81 percent; P=0.008).”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > T ABLE 1. B ASE -L INE C HARACTERISTICS OF THE S UBJECTS IN THE I NTERVENTION AND C
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Waist circumference, the fasting plasma glucose concentration, the plasma glucose concentration two hours after oral glucose challenge, and the serum insulin concentration two hours after glucose challenge decreased significantly more among subjects in the intervention group than among those in the control group.”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > RESULTS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The average proportion of subjects in whom impaired glucose tolerance progressed to diabetes was 3 percent per year in the intervention group and 6 percent per year in the control group.”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > RESULTS
plainn = 86- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Diabetes was diagnosed in a total of 86 subjects -27 in the intervention group and 59 in the control group.”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > RESULTS
plainn = 86- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At this time, the mean change from base line in the fasting plasma glucose concentration was -2±12 mg per deciliter (-0.1±0.7 mmol per liter) in the intervention group and +3±14 mg per deciliter (+0.2±0.8 mmol per liter) in the control group (P<0.001);”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“According to our results, 22 subjects with impaired glucose tolerance must be treated in this way for one year -or 5 subjects for five years -to prevent one case of diabetes.”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > DISCUSSION
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the corresponding odds ratio in the control group was 0.6 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.3 to 1.1).”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > T ABLE 2. C HANGES IN S ELECTED C LINICAL AND M ETABOLIC V ARIABLES FROM B ASE -L INE TO THE E ND OF Y EAR 1 IN THE S UBJECTS IN THE I NTERVENTION AND C
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The subjects in the intervention group were more likely to report changes in dietary and exercise habits.”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > RESULTS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported dietary and exercise habits accurately reflect actual lifestyle changes.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The absolute incidence of diabetes was 32 cases per 1000 person-years in the intervention group and 78 per 1000 personyears in the control group.”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > RESULTS
plainn = 86- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were also significantly greater decreases in the intervention group than in the control group in the serum insulin concentration two hours after oral glucose challenge, as well as in the triglyceride concentration and blood pressure (data not shown).”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > RESULTS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“We required confirmation of the diagnosis of diabetes by a second oral glucose-tolerance test; if the diagnosis was not confirmed by the second test, the subject followed the program according to the original random assignment.”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > Assessment of the End Points
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The end-points committee excluded one subject who had diabetes at base line whose diagnosis of diabetes was confirmed at her two-year visit.”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > Study Design
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The study protocol was approved by the ethics committee of the National Public Health Institute in Helsinki, Finland, and all the study subjects gave written informed consent.”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > Study Design
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All analyses of end points were based on the intention-to-treat principle.”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > Statistical Analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The reasonably low dropout rate in our study also indicates that subjects with impaired glucose tolerance are willing and able to participate in a demanding intervention program if it is made available to them.”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > DISCUSSION
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In March 2000, an independent statistician completed the first analysis of data, which included all cases of diabetes diagnosed before that date.On the basis of the results of this analysis, the endpoints committee recommended that the trial be ended.”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > Statistical Analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The independent end-points committee confirmed all newly diagnosed cases of diabetes.”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > Assessment of the End Points
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Subjects who withdrew from the study were considered to be at risk for diabetes until their last oral glucosetolerance test, at which point data were censored.”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > Statistical Analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Rests on an assumption: Withdrawal from the study and censoring at the last oral glucose-tolerance test do not bias the estimated intervention effect.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Laboratory staff did not know the subjects' group assignments, and the subjects were not informed of their plasma glucose concentrations during follow-up unless diabetes was diagnosed.”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > Study Design
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The study centers did not exchange information concerning the number of subjects who reached the end point, and the end-point data were linked to the group assignment at the study center only after a total of 80 subjects had reached the end point, as stated in the study plan.”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > Assessment of the End Points
plainn = 80- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The glucose measurements were standardized by the central laboratory in Helsinki, whose staff analyzed 60 to 80 plasma samples from each center in duplicate.A linear-regression equation was calculated for each center, with the use of the plasma glucose measurement determined at the Helsinki laboratory as the standard.These equations were used to correct the locally measured plasma glucose values.”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > Biochemical Assessments
plainn = 80- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Subjects who enrolled in the study were randomly assigned to the intervention group or the control group by the study physician, with the use of a randomization list, with stratification according to center, sex, and the mean plasma glucose concentration two hours after oral glucose challenge (140 to 169 mg per deciliter or 170 to 200 mg per deciliter [7.8 to 9.4 mmol per liter or 9.5 to 11.0 mmol”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > Study Design
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the staff members involved in the intervention had to be aware of the group assignment; thus, the study was only partly blinded.”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > Study Design
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“During the study, 40 subjects (8 percent) withdrew -23 in the intervention group and 17 in the control group.”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > Cumulative Probability of Remaining Free of Diabetes
plainn = 40- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Many also have hypertension and an atherogenic serum lipid profile.[19][20][21][22]”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [19][20][21][22]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper relies on this without support.
The success score computed from grades for intervention goals validly reflects the extent of lifestyle changes achieved.
“subjects were given a grade for each goal of the intervention at the one-year visit (with 0 indicating that it was not achieved or 1 indicating that it was achieved), and a success score was computed as the sum of these grades.”
“At the one-year visit, each subject received a grade of 0 for each intervention goal that had not been achieved and a grade of 1 for each goal that had been achieved; the success score was computed as the sum of the grades.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Withdrawal from the study and censoring at the last oral glucose-tolerance test do not bias the estimated intervention effect.
“Subjects who withdrew from the study were considered to be at risk for diabetes until their last oral glucosetolerance test, at which point data were censored.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The study subjects with impaired glucose tolerance are representative of the high-risk subjects to whom the prevention conclusion generalizes.
“middle-aged, overweight subjects (172 men and 350 women; mean age, 55 years; mean body-mass index [weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters], 31) with impaired glucose tolerance”
“high-risk subjects”
The paper relies on this without support.
Self-reported dietary and exercise habits accurately reflect actual lifestyle changes.
“The study subjects were asked about their healthrelated behavior at base line and subsequently at each annual follow-up examination (Table 3).”
“They completed a three-day food diary at base line and at each annual visit, using a booklet illustrating the sizes of portions of food.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Although lifestyle interventions393 and weight loss394 reverse T2DM in early stages, when insulin is still secreted, T2DM patients may become dependent on anti-diabetic drugs in later stages.”
From Pancreatic regulation of glucose homeostasis. (2016) · cites this paper as [393]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In four of these studies ( 2 – 5 ), diabetes rates decreased in relation to substantial reductions in body weight, whereas in the Indian trial ( 6 ) lifestyle intervention was successful despite no weight loss.”
From Reduction in the Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes With the Mediterranean Diet (2011) · cites this paper as [3]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Lifestyle modification in both studies reduced incident diabetes by 58% and, in the DPP, had a greater effect than metformin (31%).”
From Exercise and Type 2 Diabetes (2010) · cites this paper as [260]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The most robust research available related to eating patterns for prediabetes or type 2 diabetes prevention are Mediterranean-style, low-fat, or lowcarbohydrate eating plans (26,69,74,75).”
From Nutrition Therapy for Adults With Diabetes or Prediabetes: A Consensus Report (2019) · cites this paper as [74]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In addition, physical training can play a significant role in the prevention of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes [22–25].”
From Patients with type 2 diabetes have normal mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle (2007) · cites this paper as [25]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Randomized controlled trials have shown that individuals at high risk for developing diabetes (those with IFG, IGT, or both) can be given interventions that significantly decrease the rate of onset of diabetes (10–16).”
From Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2009 (2009) · cites this paper as [11]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Interventions that focussed on physical activity during early pregnancy have been shown to reduce the development of GDM [23, 27] and type 2 diabetes in at risk individuals [16, 56].”
From Effectiveness of pre-pregnancy lifestyle in preventing gestational diabetes mellitus—a systematic review and meta-analysis of 257,876 pregnancies (2023) · cites this paper as [16]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Diet-induced fat loss is recommended for obese patients who have these cardiometabolic risk factors, because even moderate (e.g., 10%) weight loss improves all risk factors simultaneously (1-3).”
From Long-term Effects of Large-volume Liposuction on Metabolic Risk Factors for Coronary Heart Disease (2008) · cites this paper as [3]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Small long-term reductions in body weight (fat) improve glucose tolerance and the other metabolic CHD risk factors evaluated in the present study (2,3,12-14).”
From Long-term Effects of Large-volume Liposuction on Metabolic Risk Factors for Coronary Heart Disease (2008) · cites this paper as [3]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The composite outcome, as defined by the CDC in its 2021 standards,29 comprises elements that have each been associated with reduced risk of progression to diabetes.30-34”
From An AI-Powered Lifestyle Intervention vs Human Coaching in the Diabetes Prevention Program: A Randomized Clinical Trial (2025) · cites this paper as [30]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Regular physical activity, which can contribute to both weight loss and prevention of weight regain, and behavioral strategies are also important components of lifestyle therapy for weight management (26,74,83,135 -137).”
From Nutrition Therapy for Adults With Diabetes or Prediabetes: A Consensus Report (2019) · cites this paper as [74]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Moreover, the ef fi cacy of interventions for primary prevention of type 2 diabetes has mainly been demonstrated among individuals who have impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) with or without elevated fasting glucose, not for individuals with isolated impaired fasting glucose (IFG) or for those with prediabetes de fi ned by A1C criteria (5 -8).”
From 2. Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2024 (2024) · cites this paper as [6]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The DPP and other clinical trials12–16 have established the feasibility of interruption of the worsening of hyperglycaemia in overweight people who have raised fasting or postload glycaemia.”
From 10-year follow-up of diabetes incidence and weight loss in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study (2009) · cites this paper as [13]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Similar to the DPP trial, the FDPS also demonstrated a 70% reduction in diabetes incidence after adjustment for baseline confounders in individuals who met their PA activity goal (>4 hr-week) but did not meet the accompanying weight loss goal (>5% weight loss) [95] .”
From Physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, and cardiovascular health: A clinical practice statement of the American Society for Preventive Cardiology Part II: Physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, minimum and goal intensities for exercise training, prescriptive methods, and special patient populations (2022) · cites this paper as [95]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Five clinical trials that examined the effects of reputedly healthy, energy-restricted diets together with increased physical activity in individuals with impaired glucose tolerance, a prediabetic stage, showed risk reductions between 30 and 70% ( 2 – 6 ).”
From Reduction in the Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes With the Mediterranean Diet (2011) · cites this paper as [3]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The results of these studies provide convincing evidence that lifestyle modification reduces the incidence of diabetes among high-risk individuals.”
From Reduction in the Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes With the Mediterranean Diet (2011) · cites this paper as [3]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Regular physical activity by itself (155,156) or as part of a comprehensive lifestyle plan (26,74,83,151) can prevent progression to type 2 diabetes in highrisk individuals.”
From Nutrition Therapy for Adults With Diabetes or Prediabetes: A Consensus Report (2019) · cites this paper as [74]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In both the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study (60) and the U.S. Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) (61), lifestyle intervention significantly reduced diabetes incidence by 58%.”
From Globalization of Diabetes (2011) · cites this paper as [60]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“These interventions include intensive lifestyle modification programs that have been shown to be very effective (≥58% reduction after 3 years) and use of the pharmacologic agents metformin, acarbose, orlistat, and thiazolidinediones (TZDs), each of which has been shown to decrease incident diabetes to various degrees.”
From Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2009 (2009) · cites this paper as [11]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Lifestyle interventions are proven to effectively prevent type-2 diabetes [16].”
From Effectiveness of pre-pregnancy lifestyle in preventing gestational diabetes mellitus—a systematic review and meta-analysis of 257,876 pregnancies (2023) · cites this paper as [16]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Although interventions can clearly reduce diabetes incidence over a period of a few years,1–5 it is not well known how long their effects persist, especially when interventions cease or become less intensive.”
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Several large type 2 diabetes prevention RCTs (26,74,83,84) used low-fat eating plans to achieve weight loss and improve glucose tolerance, and some demonstrated decreased incidence of diabetes (26,74,83).”
From Nutrition Therapy for Adults With Diabetes or Prediabetes: A Consensus Report (2019) · cites this paper as [74]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Intensive lifestyle intervention has also been shown to prevent or delay the development of type 2 diabetes in other studies.15, 26”
From Cardiovascular effects of intensive lifestyle intervention in type 2 diabetes (2013) · cites this paper as [26]
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Combination therapy with insulin and oral glucose‐lowering agents (SUs 13 , 14 , fast‐acting insulin secretagogues [glinides] 15 , 16 , 17 ), biguanides 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , α‐glucosidase inhibitors 22 , 23 , insulin sensitizers 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , and, DPP‐4 inhibitors 28 , and SGLT2 inhibitors 29 or GLP‐1 receptor agonists 30 are shown to improve glycemic control and reduce the insulin dose being”
From Japanese clinical practice guideline for diabetes 2019 (2020) · cites this paper as [15]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“In the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) and the Finnish trials, lifestyle intervention including modest weight loss was effective in preventing the development of diabetes in a high risk population [15,16].”
From The case for low carbohydrate diets in diabetes management (2005) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“All three of these large intervention studies showed a reduction in risk to develop Type 2 diabetes by up to 58% compared to placebo.”
From The relative contributions of insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction to the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes (2003) · cites this paper as [159]
In the citing paper
“Despite these recommendations and the demonstration that interventions can delay and sometimes prevent the onset of type 2 diabetes in individuals with impaired glucose tolerance (26,27), there is as yet no published evidence that treatment based on screening has an effect on long-term complications.”
From Guidelines and recommendations for laboratory analysis in the diagnosis and management of diabetes mellitus (2011) · cites this paper as [27]
In the citing paper
“Clearly lifestyle interventions, including exercise training and at least mild weight reduction with caloric restriction, showed a nearly 60% reduction in the risk of developing DM, which was considerably better than that noted in patients treated with metformin (73,74).”
From Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease (2009) · cites this paper as [74]
In the citing paper
“Clearly lifestyle interventions, including exercise training and at least mild weight reduction with caloric restriction, showed a nearly 60% reduction in the risk of developing DM, which was considerably better than that noted in patients treated with metformin (73,74).”
From Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease (2009) · cites this paper as [74]
In the citing paper
“Both microalbuminuria and retinopathy increase with diabetes duration and severity is related to glycaemic control163,164.”
From Pathophysiology and treatment of type 2 diabetes: perspectives on the past, present, and future (2014) · cites this paper as [164]
In the citing paper
“Several trials have demonstrated reductions in the risk of developing diabetes among prediabetic individuals after lifestyle and drug-based interventions.15,24–28”
From Prediabetes: a high-risk state for diabetes development (2012) · cites this paper as [28]
In the citing paper
“In the first trial, the benefits were dependent on the number of goals achieved by the participant (weight reduction >5%, fat intake< 30%, saturated fat intake < 10%, fiber intake >15g/1000 kcal, exercise > 4h/week),28 while in the DPP the most important determinant of risk reduction was weight loss (each 1-kg decrease reduced the risk by 16%).90”
From Prediabetes: a high-risk state for diabetes development (2012) · cites this paper as [28]
In the citing paper
“The Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study and, the largest to date, the US DPP with a 3-year follow-up found a 58% risk reduction after interventions aimed at weight loss, dietary change and increase in physical activity.25,28”
From Prediabetes: a high-risk state for diabetes development (2012) · cites this paper as [28]
In the citing paper
“The accretion of lean tissue with exercise has a potentially beneficial effect in preventing diabetes and metabolic syndrome [330], functional dependency, falls, and fractures as well as in the treatment of chronic diseases and disabilities that are often accompanied by disuse, catabolism, and sarcopenia.”
From Global consensus on optimal exercise recommendations for enhancing healthy longevity in older adults (ICFSR) (2025) · cites this paper as [330]
In the citing paper
“The accretion of lean tissue with exercise has a potentially beneficial effect in preventing diabetes and metabolic syndrome [330], functional dependency, falls, and fractures as well as in the treatment of chronic diseases and disabilities that are often accompanied by disuse, catabolism, and sarcopenia.”
From Global consensus on optimal exercise recommendations for enhancing healthy longevity in older adults (ICFSR) (2025) · cites this paper as [330]
In the citing paper
“There is good evidence that complex interventions, including dietary changes, can prevent the progression of impaired glucose tolerance to diabetes (1,2).”
From Systematic review and meta-analysis of different dietary approaches to the management of type 2 diabetes (2013) · cites this paper as [1]
In the citing paper
“Given the availability of effective interventions for delaying or preventing the onset of type 2 diabetes and the increasing burden of the condition worldwide, earlier identification of individuals at risk is particularly important3-6.”
From Metabolite profiles and the risk of developing diabetes (2011) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“In metabolic syndrome patients with IFG (or IGT if assessed), weight reduction, increased physical activity, or both will delay (or prevent) the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus.145,174”
From Diagnosis and Management of the Metabolic Syndrome: An American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement (2005) · cites this paper as [174]
In the citing paper
“However, they should abstain from sucrose‐rich sweets and juices, which are thought likely to worsen glycemic control and promote the metabolic syndrome 15 , 16 .”
From Japanese clinical practice guideline for diabetes 2019 (2020) · cites this paper as [15]
In the citing paper
“Despite lack of consensus on its role in improving glycemic control in patients with type 1 diabetes, long‐term exercise is shown to reduce risk factors for cardiovascular disease and improve quality of life (QOL) 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 (grade B: 100% agreement).”
From Japanese clinical practice guideline for diabetes 2019 (2020) · cites this paper as [15]
In the citing paper
“While the risk of hypoglycemia with DPP‐4 inhibitor monotherapy is small, combination therapy with an SU or insulin often increases the risk of hypoglycemia, suggesting the rationale for reducing the dose of either partnering agent 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 .”
From Japanese clinical practice guideline for diabetes 2019 (2020) · cites this paper as [15]
In the citing paper
“While the risk of hypoglycemia with DPP‐4 inhibitor monotherapy is small, combination therapy with an SU or insulin often increases the risk of hypoglycemia, suggesting the rationale for reducing the dose of either partnering agent 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 .”
From Japanese clinical practice guideline for diabetes 2019 (2020) · cites this paper as [15]
In the citing paper
“A number of reports in the literature suggest that real‐time continuous glucose monitoring (rt‐CGM) may be more effective than self‐monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) in improving glycemic control not only in pediatric and adult patients with type 1 diabetes but in adult patients with type 2 diabetes 13 , 14 , 15 .”
From Japanese clinical practice guideline for diabetes 2019 (2020) · cites this paper as [15]
In the citing paper
“Diabetic retinopathy is a risk factor for diabetic nephropathy and macroangiopathy 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 .”
From Japanese clinical practice guideline for diabetes 2019 (2020) · cites this paper as [15]
In the citing paper
“Anti‐dyslipidemic agents (e.g., fibrates, statins) are shown likely to be effective in inhibiting the progression of diabetic nephropathy in patients with intact renal function 14 , 15 , 16 (grade B: 81% agreement).”
From Japanese clinical practice guideline for diabetes 2019 (2020) · cites this paper as [15]
In the citing paper
“Foot ulcer treatment has been shown to be effective in maintaining the QOL of affected patients 14 , 15 (grade A: 100% agreement).”
From Japanese clinical practice guideline for diabetes 2019 (2020) · cites this paper as [15]
In the citing paper
“Lipid control has been shown to be effective in the primary and secondary prevention of diabetic macroangiopathy 14 , 15 (grade A: 100% agreement).”
From Japanese clinical practice guideline for diabetes 2019 (2020) · cites this paper as [15]
In the citing paper
“Given that mental/psychological factors have been shown to significantly affect the patient’s diabetes management and prognosis, mental/psychological counseling is to be offered with sufficient care given to addressing individual differences in mental/psychological maturity 14 , 15 .”
From Japanese clinical practice guideline for diabetes 2019 (2020) · cites this paper as [15]
In the citing paper
“Not only aerobic exercise but muscle training is associated with a reduced risk of type 2 diabetes, with their combination shown to markedly decrease the risk further 14 , 15 .”
From Japanese clinical practice guideline for diabetes 2019 (2020) · cites this paper as [15]
In the citing paper
“which may have important therapeutic implications for prevention and treatment of T2DM in this ethnic group and possibly explain the lower efficacy of lifestyle intervention in the Indian diabetes prevention study compared with the U.S. and Finnish diabetes prevention studies (33-35).”
From Increased prevalence of insulin resistance and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in Asian-Indian men (2006) · cites this paper as [33]
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, randomized controlled clinical trials have shown that weight loss and increased physical activity reduce the incidence of type 2 diabetes in high-risk individuals, including American Indians, who have IGT (27,28).”
From Effects of Traditional and Western Environments on Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes in Pima Indians in Mexico and the U.S. (2006) · cites this paper as [27]
In the citing paper
“However, randomized controlled trial evidence of dietary interventions and diabetes prevention only exists for low-fat, low-calorie, plus/minus high-fiber diets (22,32).”
From Diabetes and Cancer (2010) · cites this paper as [32]
In the citing paper
“In the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Program, weight loss counseling targeted to 5% total body weight, decreased total and saturated fat consumption, increased fiber consumption and increased activity to 30 min/day resulted in a 58% reduction in incident T2DM in individuals with IGT and BMI greater than 25 kg/m2.”
From The Vasculature in Prediabetes (2018) · cites this paper as [188]
In the citing paper
“In adults at risk for diabetes, a program of diet and physical activity reduced the risk of diabetes by 58%, with size of the decrease related to the extent of change in lifestyle.159”
From Obesity‐Related Hypertension: Pathogenesis, Cardiovascular Risk, and Treatment: A Position Paper of The Obesity Society and the American Society of Hypertension (2013) · cites this paper as [159]
In the citing paper
“The efficacy of interventions for primary prevention of type 2 diabetes (10–16) has primarily been demonstrated among individuals with IGT, not individuals with IFG (who do not also have IGT).”
From Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2009 (2009) · cites this paper as [11]
In the citing paper
“These interventions include intensive lifestyle modification programs that have been shown to be very effective (≥58% reduction after 3 years) and use of the pharmacologic agents metformin, acarbose, orlistat, and thiazolidinediones (TZDs), each of which has been shown to decrease incident diabetes to various degrees.”
From Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2009 (2009) · cites this paper as [11]
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, regular exercise may prevent type 2 diabetes in high-risk individuals (10–12).”
From Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2009 (2009) · cites this paper as [11]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > T ABLE 2. C HANGES IN S ELECTED C LINICAL AND M ETABOLIC V ARIABLES FROM B ASE -L INE TO THE E ND OF Y EAR 1 IN THE S UBJECTS IN THE I NTERVENTION AND C
“Change in serum insulin (mg/ml) Fasting 2 Hr after oral glucose challenge”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > T ABLE 1. B ASE -L INE C HARACTERISTICS OF THE S UBJECTS IN THE I NTERVENTION AND C
“Serum insulin ( m U/ml) Fasting 2 Hr after oral glucose challenge”
Citations
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Liao, W., Tu, Y., Wu, M., Lin, J.-T., Wang, C., & Chien, K. (2015) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.g7371 · Cited by 175
Improving Urinary Incontinence in Overweight and Obese Women Through Modest Weight Loss
Wing, R. R., Creasman, J. M., West, D. S., Richter, H. E., Myers, D. L., Burgio, K. L., Franklin, F. A., Gorin, A. A., Vittinghoff, E., Macer, J. L., et al. (2010) · Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1097/aog.0b013e3181e8fb60 · Cited by 171
“6-mo visit Total 47 (15) 84 (28) 89 (29) 84 (28) 304 (100) Intervention 15 (7) 49 (23) 68 (32) 82 (38) 214 (100) Control 32 (36) 35 (39) 21 (23) 2 (2) 90 (100) 12-mo visit Total 64 (22) 72 (24) 73 (25) 85 (29) 294 (100) Intervention 28 (14) 43 (21) 58 (28) 78 (38) 207 (100) Control 36 (41) 29 (33) 15 (17) 7 (8) 87 (10…”
Metabolomics and Diabetes: Analytical and Computational Approaches
Sas, K. M., Karnovsky, A., Michailidis, G. C., & Pennathur, S. (2015) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db14-0509 · Cited by 171
SCreening for Occult REnal Disease (SCORED)
Bang, H. (2007) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.167.4.374 · Cited by 163
Lindström, J., Peltonen, M., Eriksson, J. G., Aunola, S., Hämäläinen, H., Ilanne‐Parikka, P., Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi, S. M., Uusitupa, M. I. J., Tuomilehto, J. O., & for the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study (DPS) Group (2008) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc07-2162 · Cited by 163
Self-citationThe role of stearoyl-CoA desaturase in the control of metabolism
Dobrzyń, A., & Ntambi, J. M. (2005) · Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids · doi:10.1016/j.plefa.2005.04.011 · Cited by 169
Merlotti, C., Morabito, A., & Pontiroli, A. E. (2014) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.12270 · Cited by 169
Why are Indians more prone to diabetes?
Mohan, V. (2004) · PubMed · Cited by 165
Shibano, M., Kakutani, K., Taniguchi, M., Yasuda, M., & Baba, K. (2008) · Journal of Natural Medicines · doi:10.1007/s11418-008-0244-1 · Cited by 167
“A key strategy is ‘‘lifestyle modification,’’ involving changes in diet and exercise, which was shown to reduce the incidence of type 2 diabetes by 58% [3].”
BackgroundReach and use of diabetes prevention services in the United States, 2016-2017.
Ali, M. K., McKeever Bullard, K., Imperatore, G., Benoit, S. R., Rolka, D. B., Albright, A. L., & Gregg, E. W. (2019) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.3160 · Cited by 153
Adiposity and Alzheimer's disease
Luchsinger, J. A., & Gustafson, D. (2008) · Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care · doi:10.1097/mco.0b013e32831c8c71 · Cited by 181
Combining Weight‐Loss Counseling with the Weight Watchers Plan for Obese Breast Cancer Survivors
Djurić, Z., DiLaura, N. M., Jenkins, I., Darga, L. L., Jen, C., Mood, D., Bradley, E., & Hryniuk, W. M. (2002) · Obesity Research · doi:10.1038/oby.2002.89 · Cited by 164
“2-kg weight loss in persons at risk for diabetes (”
BackgroundWeight-Loss Diets for the Prevention and Treatment of Obesity
Katan, M. (2009) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejme0810291 · Cited by 166
Alcohol and type 2 diabetes. A review
Pietraszek, A., Gregersen, S., & Hermansen, K. (2010) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2010.05.001 · Cited by 175
Franco, M., Ordúñez, P., Caballero, B. H., Granados, J. A. T., Lazo, M., Bernal, J. L., Güallar, E., & Cooper, R. (2007) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwm226 · Cited by 169
Betts, P. R., Mulligan, J., Ward, P., Smith, B., & Wilkin, T. J. (2004) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2004.01368.x · Cited by 161
Franz, M. J., Bantle, J. M., Beebe, C., Brunzell, J. D., Chiasson, J. ‐., Garg, A., Holzmeister, L. A., Hoogwerf, B. J., Mayer‐Davis, E. J., Mooradian, A. D., et al. (2002) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/s0002-8223(02)90031-3 · Cited by 165
Tinker, L. F. (2008) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.168.14.1500 · Cited by 165
Impaired glucose tolerance and neuropathy
Smith, A. G., & Singleton, J. R. (2008) · The Neurologist · doi:10.1097/nrl.0b013e31815a3956 · Cited by 165
“23%).(32) These studies established diet and exercise as the standard of therapy for IGT.”
BackgroundPsychological predictors of physical activity in the Diabetes Prevention Program
Delahanty, L. M., Conroy, M. B., & Nathan, D. M. (2006) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/j.jada.2006.02.011 · Cited by 165
Battling Insulin Resistance in Elderly Obese People With Type 2 Diabetes
Willey, K. A., & Singh, M. A. F. (2003) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.26.5.1580 · Cited by 165
Insulin signaling and glucose transport in insulin resistant human skeletal muscle
Karlsson, H. K. R., & Zierath, J. R. (2007) · Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics · doi:10.1007/s12013-007-0030-9 · Cited by 159
Mahady, S. E., Webster, A. C., Walker, S. L., Sanyal, A. J., & George, J. (2011) · Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2011.03.016 · Cited by 168
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Ansari, W. E., Stock, C., John, J., Deeny, P., Phillips, C. J., Snelgrove, S. R., Adetunji, H. A., Hu, X., Parke, S., Stoate, M., et al. (2011) · Central European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.21101/cejph.a3684 · Cited by 165
Grace, C., Begum, R., Subhani, S., Kopelman, P., & Greenhalgh, T. (2008) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.a1931 · Cited by 173
“In the United States and Finland, intensive diet and exercise programmes have achieved a 58% reduction in incidence of diabetes in high risk groups,”
BackgroundLittle, P. S., Stuart, B. L., Hobbs, R. F., Kelly, J., Smith, E., Bradbury, K. J., Hughes, S. F., Smith, P. W. F., Moore, M. V., Lean, M. E. J., et al. (2016) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(16)30099-7 · Cited by 178
Acanthosis Nigricans Associated with Insulin Resistance
Hermanns‐Lê, T., Scheen, A., & rard, G. R. E. P. (2004) · American Journal of Clinical Dermatology · doi:10.2165/00128071-200405030-00008 · Cited by 162
Effects of Obesity Surgery on the Metabolic Syndrome
Lee, W., Huang, M., Wang, W., Lin, C.-M., Chen, T.-C., & Lai, I. (2004) · Archives of Surgery · doi:10.1001/archsurg.139.10.1088 · Cited by 165
Cholesterol as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease - epidemiological evidence
Kivipelto, M., & Solomon, A. (2006) · Acta Neurologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0404.2006.00685.x · Cited by 132
Dietary approaches that delay age-related diseases
Everitt, A. V., Hilmer, S. N., Brand-Miller, J. C., Jamieson, H. A., Truswell, A. S., Sharma, A. P., Mason, R. S., Morris, B. J., & Couteur, D. G. L. (2006) · Clinical Interventions in Aging · doi:10.2147/ciia.2006.1.1.11 · Cited by 168
“Lifestyle interventions of diet and exercise Although the primary cause of the disease is still unknown, randomized controlled trials have unequivocally proven that preventing type 2 diabetes is possible (Pan et al 1997; Tuomilehto et al 2001; Diabetes Prevention Program 2002).”
BackgroundLeptin and the Control of Metabolism: Role for Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase-1 (SCD-1)
Cohen, P., & Friedman, J. M. (2004) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/134.9.2455s · Cited by 165
Diabetes: The Pandemic and Potential Solutions
Narayan, K. M. V., Zhang, P., Kanaya, A. M., Williams, D. E., Engelgau, M. M., Imperatore, G., & Ramachandran, A. (2006) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 167
Lenzen, M. J., Rydén, L., Öhrvik, J., Bartnik, M., Malmberg, K., Reimer, W. J. M. S. O., Simoons, M. L., & on behalf of the Euro Heart Survey Investigators (2006) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehl363 · Cited by 164
“7 — — Diagnosis (%) Acute coronary syndrome 1693 (36) 323 (34) 442 (40) 264 (58) 491 (35) 173 (24) Stable CAD 2040 (44) 469 (50) 474 (43) 143 (32) 539 (38) 415 (56) Heart failure 885 (19) 150 (16) 184 (17) 41 (9) 373 (26) 137 (19) Other 58 (1) 5 (1) 16 (1) 4 (1) 22 (2) 11 (2) Medication at discharge (%) ASA/anti-throm…”
Translating the Diabetes Prevention Program Into an Urban Medically Underserved Community
Seidel, M. C., Powell, R. O., Zgibor, J. C., Siminerio, L. M., & Piatt, G. A. (2008) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc07-1869 · Cited by 164
“Substantial evidence demonstrates that intensive lifestyle intervention (ILI) can reduce the incidence of T2D in individuals at risk [4-6].”
Physical Activity and Metabolic Risk in Individuals With a Family History of Type 2 Diabetes
Ekelund, U., Griffin, S. J., & Wareham, N. J. (2007) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc06-1883 · Cited by 167
Dwyer, T., Magnussen, C. G., Schmidt, M. D., Ukoumunne, O. C., Ponsonby, A., Raitakari, O. T., Zimmet, P., Blair, S. N., Thomson, R. J., Cleland, V. J., et al. (2008) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc08-1638 · Cited by 164
“Trials indicate that the prevalence of obesity and incidence of type 2 diabetes can be reduced by physical activity interventions in adulthood even over 3 years (1).”
BackgroundNormal Fasting Plasma Glucose and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Diagnosis
Nichols, G. A., Hillier, T. A., & Brown, J. B. (2008) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2008.02.026 · Cited by 170
Is South Asian ethnicity an independent cardiovascular risk factor?
Gupta, M., Brister, S., & Verma, S. (2006) · Canadian Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0828-282x(06)70895-9 · Cited by 180
A Systematic Review of Drug Therapy to Delay or Prevent Type 2 Diabetes
Padwal, R. S., Majumdar, S. R., Johnson, J. A., Varney, J., & McAlister, F. A. (2005) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.28.3.736 · Cited by 164
Steinberg, G. R., O'Neill, H. M., Dzamko, N. L., Galic, S., Naim, T., Koopman, R., Jørgensen, S. B., Honeyman, J., Hewitt, K., Chen, Z.-P., et al. (2010) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m110.102434 · Cited by 164
Stringhini, S., Tabák, Á. G., Akbaraly, T. N., Sabia, S., Shipley, M. J., Marmot, M. G., Brunner, E. J., Batty, G. D., Bovet, P., & Mika Kivimaki, B. (2012) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.e5452 · Cited by 163
Annis, A., Caulder, M. S., Cook, M. L., & Duquette, D. A. (2005) · PubMed Central · Cited by 162
Periodontitis and implant complications in diabetes
Nibali, L., Gkranias, N., Mainas, G., & Pino, A. D. (2022) · Periodontology 2000 · doi:10.1111/prd.12451 · Cited by 187
Goldhaber‐Fiebert, J. D., Goldhaber-Fiebert, S. N., Tristán, M. L., & Nathan, D. M. (2003) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.26.1.24 · Cited by 163
Epidemiological support for the protection of whole grains against diabetes
Murtaugh, M. A., Jacobs, D. R., Jacob, B., Steffen, L. M., & Marquart, L. F. (2003) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1079/pns2002223 · Cited by 162
“2001; Tuomilehto et al .”
Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Diabetic Kidney Disease
Harjutsalo, V., & Groop, P. (2014) · Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease · doi:10.1053/j.ackd.2014.03.009 · Cited by 165
Lipid Composition of Cell Membranes and Its Relevance in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Weijers, R. N. M. (2012) · Current Diabetes Reviews · doi:10.2174/157339912802083531 · Cited by 165
Ectopic fat and cardiovascular disease: What is the link?
Gastaldelli, A., & Basta, G. (2010) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2010.05.005 · Cited by 164
“Among non-genetic factors influencing the development of obesity and fat distribution there are age, diet, low physical activity [85].”
BackgroundKjeldsen, S. E., Julius, S., Mancia, G., McInnes, G. T., Hua, T. A., Weber, M. A., Coca, A., Ekman, S., Girerd, X. J., Jamerson, K., et al. (2006) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/01.hjh.0000234122.55895.5b · Cited by 161
Epidemiology of diabetes in India--three decades of research.
Ramachandran, A. (2005) · PubMed · Cited by 161
Association between antipsychotic medication use and diabetes
Holt, R. I. G. (2019) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-019-1220-8 · Cited by 162
The influence of dietary fat on insulin resistance
Lovejoy, J. C. (2002) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-002-0098-y · Cited by 164
“The recent Diabetes Prevention Program [22] in the United States, as well as studies in Europe and Asia, have shown that a low-fat diet in conjunction with exercise and weight regulation are effective in preventing diabetes in individuals with impaired glucose tolerance [ 23 ,24].”
Cost-Effectiveness of the Interventions in the Primary Prevention of Diabetes Among Asian Indians
Ramachandran, A., Snehalatha, C., Yamuna, A., Simon, M., & Ping, Z. (2007) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc07-0150 · Cited by 164
Ardisson Korat, A. V., Willett, W. C., & Hu, F. B. (2014) · Current Nutrition Reports · doi:10.1007/s13668-014-0103-5 · Cited by 162
Prevenção do diabetes mellitus tipo 2
Lyra, R., de Oliveira, M., Lins, D. D. C., & Cavalcanti, N. (2006) · Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia & Metabologia · doi:10.1590/s0004-27302006000200010 · Cited by 164
Association of Serum Irisin with Metabolic Syndrome in Obese Chinese Adults
Yan, B., Shi, X., Zhang, H., Pan, L., Ma, Z., Liu, S., Liu, Y., Li, X., Yang, S., & Li, Z. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0094235 · Cited by 165
“Physical exercise, as a lifestyle intervention approach, has been consistently shown to be effective in reducing incidence of type 2 diabetes [4,5] and MetS [6], which made the discovery that physical exercise provokes increases in a number of cytokines from skeletal muscle as a potential mechanism sound plausible.”
BackgroundAnti-inflammatory effect of lifestyle changes in the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study
Herder, C., Peltonen, M., Köenig, W., Sütfels, K., Lindström, J., Martin, S., Ilanne‐Parikka, P., Eriksson, J. G., Aunola, S., Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi, S. M., et al. (2009) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-008-1243-1 · Cited by 163
“Concentrations of plasma glucose, serum insulin, total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol were assessed by means of standard methods in the central laboratory in Helsinki as described in detail previously [4, 25].”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationNew Drug Targets for the Treatment of Obesity
Powell, A. G., Apovian, C. M., & Aronne, L. J. (2011) · Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1038/clpt.2011.82 · Cited by 160
Torréns, J. I., Skurnick, J., Davidow, A. L., Korenman, S. G., Santoro, N. F., Soto‐Greene, M. L., Lasser, N. L., & Weiss, G. (2004) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.27.2.354 · Cited by 161
“Type 2 diabetes can be prevented or delayed with lifestyle modification (37,38) and pharmacologic therapy (38).”
BackgroundMechanick, J. I., Garber, A. J., Handelsman, Y., Garvey, W. T., Beir, D. M., Bohannon, N. J. V., Bray, G. A., Bush, M. A., Evans, J., Hurley, D. L., et al. (2012) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.4158/ep12160.ps · Cited by 161
Food Polyphenols and Type II Diabetes Mellitus: Pharmacology and Mechanisms
Naz, R., Saqib, F., Awadallah, S. M., Wahid, M., Latif, M. F., Iqbal, I., & Mubarak, M. S. (2023) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules28103996 · Cited by 178
on behalf of the SHARE Investigators, Razak, F. A., Anand, S. S., Vuksan, V. V. V., Davis, B., Jacobs, R., Teo, K. K., & Yusuf, S. (2005) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0802937 · Cited by 161
Lord, J., Thomas, R., Fox, B., Acharya, U., & Wilkin, T. (2006) · BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2006.00973.x · Cited by 158
Franciosi, M., De Berardis, G., Rossi, M. C. E., Sacco, M., Belfiglio, M., Pellegrini, F., Tognoni, G., Valentini, M., Nicolucci, A., & for the IGLOO Study Group (2005) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.28.5.1187 · Cited by 161
Wilkin, T. J. (2009) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2009.97 · Cited by 158
Siitonen, N., Pulkkinen, L., Lindström, J., Kolehmainen, M., Eriksson, J. G., Venojärvi, M., Ilanne‐Parikka, P., Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi, S. M., Tuomilehto, J. O., & Uusitupa, M. I. J. (2011) · BMC Medical Genetics · doi:10.1186/1471-2350-12-5 · Cited by 163
Self-citationTreatment of Obese Adolescents with Sibutramine: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Controlled Study
Godoy‐Matos, A. F., Carraro, L., Vieira, A., Oliveira, J., Guedes, E. P., Mattos, L., Rangel, C., Moreira, R. O., Coutinho, W. F., & Appolinário, J. C. (2005) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2004-0263 · Cited by 158
Use of HbA1c in Predicting Progression to Diabetes in French Men and Women
Droumaguet, C., Balkau, B., Simon, D., Caces, E., Tichet, J., Charles, M. A., Eschwege, E., & the DESIR Study Group (2006) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc05-2525 · Cited by 159
Prevalence, predisposition and prevention of type II diabetes
Cheng, D. (2005) · Nutrition & Metabolism · doi:10.1186/1743-7075-2-29 · Cited by 164
“In the Finnish trial [58], 522 middle-aged, overweight with impaired glucose tolerance subjects were randomly assigned to either the intervention group or the control group.”
Waist Circumference, Visceral Obesity, and Cardiovascular Risk
Poirier, P., & Després, J. (2003) · Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/00008483-200305000-00001 · Cited by 158
Preeclampsia as a Risk Factor for Diabetes: A Population-Based Cohort Study
Feig, D. S., Shah, B. R., Lipscombe, L. L., Wu, C. F., Ray, J. G., LOWE, J. M., Hwee, J., & Booth, G. L. (2013) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001425 · Cited by 164
“Randomized trials have shown that type 2 diabetes can be prevented or delayed in high-risk groups by a variety of lifestyle and therapeutic interventions [3,4].”
BackgroundOpportunistic Screening for Diabetes in Routine Clinical Practice
Ealovega, M. W., Tabaei, B. P., Brändle, M., Burke, R., & Herman, W. H. (2004) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.27.1.9 · Cited by 159
Petersen, J. L., & McGuire, D. K. (2005) · Diabetes and Vascular Disease Research · doi:10.3132/dvdr.2005.007 · Cited by 159
“The Finnish Diabetes Prevention study evaluated diet modification and routine exercise in patients with 12 DIABETES AND VASCULAR DISEASE RESEARCH IGT.58 In the intervention group there was a statistically significant mean weight reduction of 3.5 (SD+5.5) kg and a –14 (+37) mg/dL (–0.7 [+2.0] mmol/L) decrease in OGTT t…”
BackgroundInfluentialDiabetes and ethnic minorities
Oldroyd, J. C., Banerjee, M., Heald, A. H., & Cruickshank, K. J. (2005) · Postgraduate Medical Journal · doi:10.1136/pgmj.2004.029124 · Cited by 162
Kempf, K., Altpeter, B., Berger, J., Reuß, O., Fuchs, M., Schneider, M., Gärtner, B., Niedermeier, K., & Martin, S. (2017) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc17-0303 · Cited by 164
“During the prediabetes stages, lifestyle interventions can prevent or delay the development of the disease (1,2).”
BackgroundEvolving Trends in the Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes: A Review
Weisman, A., Fazli, G. S., Johns, A., & Booth, G. L. (2018) · Canadian Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.cjca.2018.03.002 · Cited by 167
3. Foundations of Care and Comprehensive Medical Evaluation
American Diabetes Association (2016) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc16-s006 · Cited by 159
Effect of High-Dose Vitamin E on Insulin Resistance and Associated Parameters in Overweight Subjects
Manning, P. J., Sutherland, W. H. F., Walker, R. J., Williams, S., de Jong, S. A., Ryalls, A. R., & Berry, E. A. (2004) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.27.9.2166 · Cited by 158
Effects of a tailored lifestyle self-management intervention in patients with type 2 diabetes
Clark, M., Hampson, S. E., Avery, L., & Simpson, R. (2004) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1348/1359107041557066 · Cited by 156
“Several intervention studies have suggested that changing diet and/or exercise behaviours reduces the risk of developing diabetes in those at risk (Eriksson & Lindgarde, 1991; Knowler, Barret-Connor, & Fowler, 2002; Pan et al., 1997; Tuomilehto et al., 2001).”
BackgroundImpact of Obesity on Cardiovascular Disease
Zalesin, K. C., Franklin, B. A., Miller, W. M., Peterson, E. D., & McCullough, P. A. (2008) · Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2008.06.004 · Cited by 157
Personalized risk prediction for type 2 diabetes: the potential of genetic risk scores
Läll, K., Mägi, R., Morris, A. P., Metspalu, A., & Fischer, K. (2016) · Genetics in Medicine · doi:10.1038/gim.2016.103 · Cited by 157
Cannon, M. J., Masalovich, S., Ng, B. P., Soler, R. E., Jabrah, R., Ely, E. K., & Smith, B. D. (2020) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc19-2366 · Cited by 150
Prediabetes and associated disorders
Buysschaert, M., Medina, J. L., Bergman, M., Shah, A., & Lonier, J. (2014) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-014-0436-2 · Cited by 164
Eckardt, K., Taube, A., & Eckel, J. (2011) · Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1007/s11154-011-9168-2 · Cited by 160
“However, obesity is often accompanied by physical inactivity, which has been shown to increase the risk of T2DM [83].”
BackgroundTranslating the Diabetes Prevention Program Into American Indian and Alaska Native Communities
Jiang, L., Manson, S. M., Beals, J., Henderson, W. G., Huang, H., Acton, K. J., Roubideaux, Y. D., & the Special Diabetes Program for Indians Diabetes Prevention Demonstration Project (2012) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc12-1250 · Cited by 155
Metabolite Profiles During Oral Glucose Challenge
Ho, J. E., Larson, M. G., Vasan, R. S., Ghorbani, A., Cheng, S. C., Rhee, E. P., Florez, J. C., Clish, C. B., Gerszten, R. E., & Wang, T. J. (2013) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db12-0754 · Cited by 160
“Characterizing early metabolic changes may also lead to the early identification of atrisk individuals, and may prompt the initiation of proven preventive strategies (5).”
BackgroundPolygenic Type 2 Diabetes Prediction at the Limit of Common Variant Detection
Vassy, J. L., Hivert, M., Porneala, B., Dauriz, M., Florez, J. C., Dupuis, J., Siscovick, D. S., Fornage, M., Rasmussen‐Torvik, L. J., Bouchard, C., et al. (2014) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db13-1663 · Cited by 153
Chronic non-communicable diseases
Unwin, N. C., & Alberti, K. G. M. M. (2006) · Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology · doi:10.1179/136485906x97453 · Cited by 159
“In China (Pan et al., 1997) and India (Ramachandran et al., 2006), as well as in the richer areas of Europe (Tuomilehto et al., 2001) and North America (Knowler et al., 2002), clinical trials of life-style or pharmacological interventions reduced the incidence of type-2 diabetes in people with impaired glucose toleran…”
BackgroundBray, G. A. (2003) · Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0889-8529(03)00067-7 · Cited by 156
“In studies from Finland [24] and the United States [25], conversion rates from impaired glucose tolerance to diabetes were reduced by 58%.”
BackgroundMetabolic Syndrome and Risk of Cardiovascular Events After Myocardial Infarction
Levantesi, G., Macchia, A., Marfisi, R., Franzosi, M. G., Maggioni, A. P., Nicolosi, G. L., Schweiger, C., Tavazzi, L., Tognoni, G., Valagussa, F., et al. (2005) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2005.03.062 · Cited by 157
Apolzan, J. W., Venditti, E. M., Edelstein, S. L., Knowler, W. C., Dabelea, D., Boyko, E. J., Pi-Sunyer, X., Kalyani, R. R., Franks, P. W., Srikanthan, P., et al. (2019) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m18-1605 · Cited by 156
Durán, A., MARTÍN, P., Rünkle, I., PÉREZ, N., Abad, R., Fernández, M. L. A., del Valle, L., Sanz, F., & Calle‐Pascual, A. L. (2010) · Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.1111/j.1753-0407.2010.00081.x · Cited by 156
“Increased consumption of nuts 16 (26) 68 (69) 0.”
BackgroundSuccurro, E., Marini, M. A., Arturi, F., Grembiale, A., Lugarà, M., Andreozzi, F., Sciacqua, A., Lauro, R. D., Hribal, M. L., Perticone, F., et al. (2009) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.04.006 · Cited by 155
Dietary hyperglycemia, glycemic index and metabolic retinal diseases
Chiu, C., & Taylor, A. (2010) · Progress in Retinal and Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2010.09.001 · Cited by 166
“However, studies aimed at diabetes management or prevention by life style modifications indicate that an increase in fiber consumption, which is often associated with a low-GI diet, can reduce the risk for diabetes (Knowler et al., 2002; Tuomilehto et al., 2001).”
Type 2 Diabetes Genetics: Beyond GWAS
Sanghera, D. K., & Blackett, P. R. (2012) · Journal of Diabetes & Metabolism · doi:10.4172/2155-6156.1000198 · Cited by 167
“Lifestyle modifications (weight reduction and physical activity) delay or even prevent the development of T2D [34,35], such changes are exceedingly difficult to sustain outside the research setting and seem to have contributed little to control the diabetes epidemic [36].”
BackgroundVistisen, D., Witte, D. R., Brunner, E. J., Mika Kivimaki, B., Tabák, Á. G., Jørgensen, M. E., & Færch, K. (2018) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc17-2530 · Cited by 161
“The major diabetes prevention trials performed so far have included individuals with IGT and not people identified as having high risk by FPG or HbA1c (32-34).”
The role of interleukin-18 in the metabolic syndrome
Trøseid, M., Seljeflot, I., & Arnesen, H. (2010) · Cardiovascular Diabetology · doi:10.1186/1475-2840-9-11 · Cited by 155
“Lifestyle interventions consisting of diet and exercise have been shown to improve several cardiovascular risk factors including the metabolic syndrome and to reduce the risk of developing type 2 diabetes [89,90].”
BackgroundOverviews of Pathogen Emergence: Which Pathogens Emerge, When and Why?
Cleaveland, S., Haydon, D. T., & Taylor, L. H. (2007) · Current topics in microbiology and immunology · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-70962-6_5 · Cited by 161
Gene-Environment and Gene-Treatment Interactions in Type 2 Diabetes
Franks, P. W., Pearson, E. R., & Florez, J. C. (2013) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc12-2211 · Cited by 154
Metadata
- Authors
- Tuomilehto, J., Lindström, J., Eriksson, J. G., Valle, T. T., Hämäläinen, H., Ilanne-Parikka, P., Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi, S., Laakso, M., Louheranta, A., Rastas, M., Salminen, V., Aunola, S., Cepaitis, Z., Moltchanov, V., Hakumäki, M., Mannelin, M., Martikkala, V., Sundvall, J., & Uusitupa, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Helsinki (FI)
- University of Oulu (FI)
- Social Insurance Institution (FI)
- Oulu University Hospital (FI)
- University of Eastern Finland (FI)
- Oulu Deaconess Institute (FI)
- Venue
- New England Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Massachusetts Medical Society
- Published
- 2001-05-03
- Volume
- 344
- Issue
- 18
- Pages
- 1343-1350
- ISSN
- 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-4406
- OpenAlex
- W2332951586
- Cited by
- 10,873
- References
- 19
- Citations by year
- 2026: 152 · 2025: 198 · 2024: 256 · 2023: 223 · 2022: 289 · 2021: 341 · 2020: 346 · 2019: 336 · 2018: 430 · 2017: 402 · 2016: 441 · 2015: 476 · 2014: 549 · 2013: 566 · 2012: 553
- FWCI
- 320.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Keywords
- type 2 diabetes prevention, impaired glucose tolerance, lifestyle intervention, weight loss, nutrition counseling, saturated fat intake, dietary fiber, physical activity, overweight adults, diabetes incidence
- MeSH terms
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Dietary Fiber, Female, Glucose Tolerance Test, Humans, Life Style, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity, Risk, Weight Loss, Exercise, Incidence, Glucose Intolerance, Diet, Fat-Restricted
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-11, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-11 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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