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Behavioral tagging is a general mechanism of long-term memory formation
Open accessAbstract
In daily life, memories are intertwined events. Little is known about the mechanisms involved in their interactions. Using two hippocampus-dependent (spatial object recognition and contextual fear conditioning) and one hippocampus-independent (conditioned taste aversion) learning tasks, we show that in rats subjected to weak training protocols that induce solely short term memory (STM), long term memory (LTM) is promoted and formed only if training sessions took place in contingence with a novel, but not familiar, experience occurring during a critical time window around training. This process requires newly synthesized proteins induced by novelty and reveals a general mechanism of LTM formation that begins with the setting of a "learning tag" established by a weak training. These findings represent the first comprehensive set of evidences indicating the existence of a behavioral tagging process that in analogy to the synaptic tagging and capture process, need the creation of a transient, protein synthesis-independent, and input specific tag.
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Immediate Early Genes, Memory and Psychiatric Disorders: Focus on c-Fos, Egr1 and Arc
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Learning by the Dendritic Prediction of Somatic Spiking
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Influence of reward motivation on human declarative memory
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BackgroundReset of hippocampal–prefrontal circuitry facilitates learning
Park, A. J., Harris, A. Z., Martyniuk, K. M., Chang, C., Abbas, A. I., Lowes, D. C., Kellendonk, C., Gogos, J. A., & Gordon, J. A. (2021) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03272-1 · Cited by 153
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Long‐term plasticity in the hippocampus: maintaining within and ‘tagging’ between synapses
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Behavioral Tagging: A Translation of the Synaptic Tagging and Capture Hypothesis
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“Rats that received a low dose of LiCl (weak training) induced a negligible CTA-LTM but expressed a strong CTASTM measured 30 minutes after the acquisition session [53].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialMemory consolidation as an adaptive process
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Behavioral tagging of extinction learning
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“Novelty, as used here and in related experiments on behavioral tagging, refers to exposure to an open field (OF) (15, 18, 19) or a holeboard (12), the exploration of which causes habituation learning and engenders hippocampal biochemical changes (42–44) that usually lead to protein synthesis.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialDopaminergic innervation and modulation of hippocampal networks
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“…be relevant for the formation of hippocampus-dependent long-term memory (LTM) induced by so-called behavioral tagging (e.g., Moncada and Viola 2007; Ballarini et al. 2009; Rogerson et al. 2014; Moncada et al. 2015; Nomoto et al. 2016; Vishnoi et al. 2016; Moncada 2017), where a weak training…”
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Locus Coeruleus and Dopamine-Dependent Memory Consolidation
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Memory in Elementary School Children Is Improved by an Unrelated Novel Experience
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“In this regard, previous work in rodents has demonstrated that a novel behavioral experience can promote the formation of a long-lasting memory for another task when novelty occurs within a restricted time window around the learning task [11,12,13,14,15].”
BackgroundCellular tagging as a neural network mechanism for behavioural tagging
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“In addition, recent studies also proposed that novelty exploration may promote LTM formation through the mechanism of behavioral tagging and capture processes (Moncada and Viola, 2007; Ballarini et al., 2009).”
BackgroundA predictive account of how novelty influences declarative memory
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“, from novelty) has to be experienced to cause long-lasting memory change (Ballarini et al., 2009; Moncada & Viola, 2007).”
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“Because many learned behaviors rely on hippocampal LTP or LTD (7–9), among them the processing of novelty (9, 10) and the making of extinction (11–13), interactions between consecutive learnings can also be explained by the “tagging-and-capture” hypothesis (9, 10, 13), whose application to behavior became known as “be…”
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“Such an account would also be difficult to reconcile with substantial data, which implicate the dorsal HPC preferentially in novelty processing (Lisman and Grace 2005; Moncada and Viola 2007; Honey et al., 2008; Hunsaker et al., 2008; Ballarini et al., 2009; Wells et al., 2013).”
ResultSynaptic tagging and capture in the living rat
Shires, K. L., Silva, B. M. D., Hawthorne, J. P., Morris, R., & Martin, S. J. (2012) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms2250 · Cited by 72
Initial memory consolidation and the synaptic tagging and capture hypothesis
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“Infusion of the protein synthesis inhibitor anisomycin before or immediately after novelty has been shown to impair consolidation of a transient weak memory into LTM (Moncada & Viola, 2007; Ballarini et al., 2009; Wang et al., 2010).”
BackgroundInfluentialHippocampal ripples as a mode of communication with cortical and subcortical areas
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“In order to determine whether this could potentially improve memory consolidation, they used a modified version (Ballarini et al., 2009) of a classical spatial memory task: rats were first placed in a rectangular arena with two identical objects in adjacent corners (sampling); on the following day…”
MethodTag and capture: how salient experiences target and rescue nearby events in memory
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“The control group was not exposed to novelty, whereas the groups exposed to novelty 30 min before the first extinction training session received bilateral intrahippocampal infusion of vehicle (VEH) or of the protein synthesis inhibitor ANI (80 μg/μL–1 μL per side) immediately after the exposure to OF.”
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Synaptic consolidation: an approach to long-term learning
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“E stands for the energy landscape of the late-weight, showing the two stable states unless the tag and the plasticity-related proteins are presents, then E only has one stable state. d–f Consolidation Model by Barrett et al. (2009).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialEvent segmentation protects emotional memories from competing experiences encoded close in time
Dunsmoor, J. E., Kroes, M. C. W., Moscatelli, C. M., Evans, M. D., Davachi, L., & Phelps, E. A. (2018) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-018-0317-4 · Cited by 77
Hypothesized mechanisms through which acute exercise influences episodic memory
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“expression from exercise; and (6) exercise enhancing dendritic spine growth.”
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Behavioral specifications of reward-associated long-term memory enhancement in humans
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“These studies report lasting effects of novelty on subsequent hippocampal plasticity (Li et al., 2003; Ballarini et al., 2009) and hippocampus-dependent memory for stimuli occurring within 30 minutes after exposure to novelty (Fenker et al.”
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“To be influenced by synaptic tagging, weakly encoded events must occur within specific time windows, roughly 0.5 – 3 hr before or after the more memorable event (Ballarini et al., 2009; Frey Box 2 Synopsis of the Neural Substrates of Human Learning and Memory.”
BackgroundInfluentialTransient Astrocytic Gq Signaling Underlies Remote Memory Enhancement
Iwai, Y., Ozawa, K., Yahagi, K., Mishima, T., Akther, S., Vo, C. T., Lee, A. B., Tanaka, M., Itohara, S., & Hirase, H. (2021) · Frontiers in Neural Circuits · doi:10.3389/fncir.2021.658343 · Cited by 57
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“" Following this framework, Ballarini et al. (2009) found that the persistence of a memory induced by weak training could be enhanced by concurrent strong training in another task.”
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Johnson, A. C., Miller, J. E., & Cipolla, M. J. (2019) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1177/0271678x19848510 · Cited by 60
“The acquisition phase consisted of each rat being placed in the arena with two identical objects and allowed to explore for 10min, an exposure time of sufficient duration to induce, and therefore test, long-term memory.(27) After the acquisition phase, rats were returned to their home cages.”
MethodSynaptic Consolidation: From Synapses to Behavioral Modeling
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“Thispredictionmaylooksur-prisinginviewoftheexistingliterature(cf.Ballarinietal.,2009vs MoncadaandViola,2007).”
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“…memory persistence of inhibitory avoidance (Moncada and Viola 2007; Lu et al. 2011), contextual fear conditioning and spatial object recognition (Ballarini et al. 2009), spatial memory in the event arena (Wang et al. 2010), spatial memory in the water maze (Almaguer-Melian et al. 2012), and…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialThe Tagging and Capture Hypothesis from Synapse to Memory
Viola, H., Ballarini, F., Martínez, M. C., & Moncada, D. (2014) · Progress in molecular biology and translational science · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-420170-5.00013-1 · Cited by 60
Selective Memory Generalization by Spatial Patterning of Protein Synthesis
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“…memories for events occurring within the same environment but that it can act as a powerful mechanism for selective consolidation of hippocampal memories for events occurring in distinct environments, as observed experimentally (Ballarini et al., 2009; Moncada and Viola, 2007; Wang et al., 2010).”
Influential‘Tagging’ along memories in aging: Synaptic tagging and capture mechanisms in the aged hippocampus
Shetty, M. S., & Sajikumar, S. (2017) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2016.12.008 · Cited by 54
Large-Scale Fluorescence Calcium-Imaging Methods for Studies of Long-Term Memory in Behaving MammalsPreprint
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“Similarly, behavioral (Ballarini et al. 2009) and cell biological (Frey and Morris 1997) phenomena in which one set of events impacts the encoding of other temporally separated events indicate that memories are not encoded in isolation, but rather in relation to prior and subsequent events (Moncada…”
BackgroundOn the transition from reconsolidation to extinction of contextual fear memories
Cassini, L. F., Flavell, C. R., Amaral, O. B., & Lee, J. L. C. (2017) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.045724.117 · Cited by 47
Actin remodeling, the synaptic tag and the maintenance of synaptic plasticity
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Evidence of VTA and LC control of protein synthesis required for the behavioral tagging process
Moncada, D. (2017) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2016.06.003 · Cited by 50
“For three days animals were submitted to these recording boxes during 30 min in order to make them familiar and avoid any spatial novelty during the stimulation in the experimental day (Ballarini et al., 2009; Moncada & Viola, 2007).”
Clewett, D., Dunsmoor, J. E., Bachman, S. L., Phelps, E. A., & Davachi, L. (2020) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2021.107572 · Cited by 49
“…While the neural processes supporting this memory benefit are unknown, one compelling neurobiological mechanism is ‘synaptic tagging ’ (Frey & Morris 1997) and its behavioral counterpart ‘behavioral tagging ’ (Ballarini et al., 2009; Moncada et al., 2011; Moncada & Viola, 2007; Wang et al., 2010).”
Modulation of the extinction of fear learning
Myskiw, J. D. C., Izquierdo, I., & Furini, C. R. G. (2014) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2014.04.006 · Cited by 44
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“…in rats how weak episodes of training, which would be forgotten, may be stored in long-term memory if then associated to a novel, salient experience, the so-called synaptic-behavioral tagging (Ballarini, Moncada, Martinez, Alen, & Viola, 2009; Moncada, Ballarini, & Viola, 2015; Wang et al., 2010).”
BackgroundLiu, J., Yang, C., Deng, J., Yan, W., Wang, H.-M., Luo, Y., Shi, H., Meng, S., Chai, B.-S., Fang, Q., et al. (2015) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0005-15.2015 · Cited by 43
“Cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element binding protein (CREB) may also be involved in the synthesis of PRPs (Ballarini et al., 2009).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialNovelty Improves the Formation and Persistence of Memory in a Naturalistic School Scenario
Butavand, D. R., Hirsch, I., Tomaiuolo, M., Moncada, D., Viola, H., & Ballarini, F. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00048 · Cited by 41
Memory allocation mechanisms underlie memory linking across time
Sehgal, M., Zhou, M., Lavi, A., Huang, S., Zhou, Y., & Silva, A. J. (2018) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2018.02.021 · Cited by 41
Bridging Synaptic and Epigenetic Maintenance Mechanisms of the Engram
Kyrke‐Smith, M., & Williams, J. M. (2018) · Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnmol.2018.00369 · Cited by 43
“This tagging phenomenon has also been identified in relation to memory, called instead behavioral tagging, where weak memories can become long-term memories when associated with a strong learning experience which would elicit this central gene response (Bear, 1997; Ballarini et al., 2009; Lesburguères et al., 2011; Re…”
BackgroundBehavioral tagging underlies memory reconsolidation
Orlandi, I. R., Fullio, C. L., Schroeder, M. N., Giurfa, M., Ballarini, F., & Moncada, D. (2020) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2009517117 · Cited by 44
Memory consolidation and improvement by synaptic tagging and capture in recurrent neural networks
Luboeinski, J., & Tetzlaff, C. (2021) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-021-01778-y · Cited by 41
Martínez, M. C., Alen, N., Ballarini, F., Moncada, D., & Viola, H. (2012) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2012.05.007 · Cited by 40
Medial prefrontal cortex dopamine controls the persistent storage of aversive memories
González, M. C., Kramar, C. P., Tomaiuolo, M., Katche, C., Weisstaub, N., Cammarota, M., & Medina, J. H. (2014) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00408 · Cited by 42
“Experiments were conducted in male Wistar rats (UBA, Argentina and UFRN, Brazil) weighting 220–250 g. Animals were housed five to a cage and kept at a constant temperature of 23◦C, with water and food ad libitum, under a 12-h light/dark cycle (lights on at 7:00 a.m.).”
MethodEmotional learning retroactively enhances item memory but distorts source attributionPreprint
Hennings, A. C., Lewis‐Peacock, J. A., & Dunsmoor, J. E. (2021) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.053371.120 · Cited by 46
“For example, the behavioral tagging hypothesis (derived from the synaptic tagging hypothesis; Frey and Morris 1997) proposes that weak learning is strengthened in memory if it is encoded within a critical time window of a more salient event and if the two events share overlapping neural ensembles (Moncada and Viola 20…”
BackgroundQuinlan, M. A. L., Strong, V., Skinner, D. M., Martin, G. M., Harley, C. W., & Walling, S. G. (2019) · Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnsys.2018.00067 · Cited by 38
Hippocampal neurons with stable excitatory connectivity become part of neuronal representations
Castello-Waldow, T. P., Weston, G., Ulivi, A. F., Chenani, A., Loewenstein, Y., Chen, A., & Attardo, A. (2020) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3000928 · Cited by 33
Cassini, L. F., Sierra, R. O., Haubrich, J., Crestani, A. P., Santana, F., de Oliveira Alvares, L., & Quillfeldt, J. A. (2013) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.22149 · Cited by 36
“The possibility that this protein synthesis was induced by the wSOR is negligible since Ballarini et al. (2009) have shown that inhibition of protein synthesis have no effect when administered right before the very same weak training (wSOR).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialEngram mechanisms of memory linking and identity
Choucry, A., Nomoto, M., & Inokuchi, K. (2024) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41583-024-00814-0 · Cited by 41
“Synaptic tagging and capture mechanisms can therefore explain the potentiation of weak memories that can occur when they are temporally proximate to stronger events 46,136,137 (but also see ref.”
The neuroscience of positive memory deficits in depression
Dillon, D. G. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01295 · Cited by 40
“This confirms a central prediction of STC: once PRPs are made available—here, by novelty exposure—they can be captured by tags that are set shortly afterward, even if PRP production is blocked during tag setting (see also Moncada and Viola, 2007; Ballarini et al., 2009).”
BackgroundDifferential Contribution of Hippocampal Subfields to Components of Associative Taste Learning
Adaikkan, C., Wintzer, M. E., McHugh, T. J., & Rosenblum, K. (2014) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0956-14.2014 · Cited by 34
“…learning and memory, following pharmacologically mediated inactivation or hippocampal lesions (Murphy and Brown, 1974; Miller et al., 1975, 1986; Bakner et al., 1991; Reilly et al., 1993; Purves et al., 1995; Yamamoto et al., 1995; Stone et al., 2005; De la Cruz et al., 2008; Ding et al., 2008;…”
BackgroundInfluentialBehavioral tagging: A novel model for studying long-term memory
Vishnoi, S., Raisuddin, S., & Parvez, S. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.05.017 · Cited by 35
Sharma, M., Razali, N. B., & Sajikumar, S. (2016) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhw170 · Cited by 32
Awad, W., Ferreira, G., & Maroun, M. (2015) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2015.103 · Cited by 35
Behavioral and neural mechanisms by which prior experience impacts subsequent learning
Parsons, R. G. (2017) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2017.11.008 · Cited by 35
“Weak conditioned taste aversion training can be transformed into LTM if rats were exposed to a novel taste an hour before training (Ballarini et al., 2009).”
InfluentialThe Quest for the Hippocampal Memory Engram: From Theories to Experimental Evidence
Miry, O., Li, J., & Chen, L. (2021) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2020.632019 · Cited by 40
“Specifically, when an animal is acquiring a weak memory of a non-salient experience, and a neuron involved in the acquisition of this memory has recently participated in the acquisition of a strong memory of a salient experience, the synapses activated during weak-memory acquisition are expected to utilize the PRPs pr…”
BackgroundFragile X mental retardation protein regulates heterosynaptic plasticity in the hippocampusPreprint
Connor, S. A., Hoeffer, C. A., Klann, E., & Nguyen, P. (2011) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.2043811 · Cited by 32
“likely to involve “behavioral tagging” (Moncada and Viola 2007; Ballarini et al. 2009).”
BackgroundMemory of Conditioned Taste Aversion Is Erased by Inhibition of PI3K in the Insular Cortex
Slouzkey, I., Rosenblum, K., & Maroun, M. (2013) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2013.20 · Cited by 30
Shetty, M. S., Gopinadhan, S., & Sajikumar, S. (2015) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.22497 · Cited by 31
“…tagging and capture have gained a lot of supportive evidence recently with studies demonstrating such mechanisms in anesthetized and freely moving animals, both from electrophysiological recordings and behavioral paradigms (Ballarini et al., 2009; Redondo and Morris, 2011; Shires et al., 2012).”
BackgroundBehavioral, cellular, and synaptic tagging frameworks
Nomoto, M., & Inokuchi, K. (2018) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2018.03.010 · Cited by 31
Behavioral tagging and capture: long-term memory decline in middle-aged rats
Gros, A., & Wang, S. (2018) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.02.023 · Cited by 30
Exploration of a novel virtual environment improves memory consolidation in ADHD
Baumann, V., Birnbaum, T., Breitling-Ziegler, C., Tegelbeckers, J., Dambacher, J., Edelmann, E., Bergado-Acosta, J. R., Flechtner, H., & Krauel, K. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-78222-4 · Cited by 33
Hippocampal NMDA receptors and the previous experience effect on memory
Cercato, M. C., Colettis, N. C., Snitcofsky, M., Aguirre, A. I., Kornisiuk, E. E., Báez, M. V., & Jerusalinsky, D. A. (2014) · Journal of Physiology-Paris · doi:10.1016/j.jphysparis.2014.08.001 · Cited by 30
“…2008) generated by the previous (OF) experience, which would contribute to encoding the 2nd task (IA), leading to consolidation whenever the traces of both tasks are processed (at least partially) in the same structure (sharing some circuits) (Ballarini et al., 2009; Moncada and Viola, 2007).”
BackgroundEffects of active exploration on novelty-related declarative memory enhancement
Schomaker, J., & Wittmann, B. C. (2021) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2021.107403 · Cited by 29
Metadata
- Authors
- Ballarini, F., Moncada, D., Martinez, M. C., Alen, N., & Viola, H.
- Affiliations
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (AR)
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Paraguay 2155, 3° Piso, CP 1121, Buenos Aires, Argentina; and
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2009-08-25
- Volume
- 106
- Issue
- 34
- Pages
- 14599-14604
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC2732837
- OpenAlex
- W2146205533
- Cited by
- 301
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 4.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Repositorio Digital Institucional de la Universidad de Buenos Aires (Universidad de Buenos Aires) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Keywords
- long-term memory formation, synaptic tagging and capture, short-term memory, hippocampal-dependent memory, contextual fear conditioning, conditioned taste aversion, protein synthesis, memory consolidation, rats
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Behavior, Animal, Conditioning, Psychological, Discrimination Learning, Fear, Hippocampus, Learning, Male, Memory, Memory, Short-Term, Neuronal Plasticity, Psychomotor Performance, Saccharin, Sodium Chloride, Spatial Behavior, Taste, Time Factors, Rats, Wistar, Long-Term Potentiation, Neocortex, Rats
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