The learning of fear extinction

Furini, Cristiane; Myskiw, Jociane; Izquierdo, Ivan

doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.10.016

Cited by 124Memory and Neural MechanismsNeuroscience and Neuropharmacology ResearchPosttraumatic Stress Disorder Research

The learning of fear extinction

Furini, Cristiane, Myskiw, Jociane, Izquierdo, Ivan·2014·Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

DOI 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.10.016

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Abstract

Recent work on the extinction of fear-motivated learning places emphasis on its putative circuitry and on its modulation. Extinction is the learned inhibition of retrieval of previously acquired responses. Fear extinction is used as a major component of exposure therapy in the treatment of fear memories such as those of the posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It is initiated and maintained by interactions between the hippocampus, basolateral amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex, which involve feedback regulation of the latter by the other two areas. Fear extinction depends on NMDA receptor activation. It is positively modulated by d-serine acting on the glycine site of NMDA receptors and blocked by AP5 (2-amino-5-phosphono propionate) in the three structures. In addition, histamine acting on H2 receptors and endocannabinoids acting on CB1 receptors in the three brain areas mentioned, and muscarinic cholinergic fibers from the medial septum to hippocampal CA1 positively modulate fear extinction. Importantly, fear extinction can be made state-dependent on circulating epinephrine, which may play a role in situations of stress. Exposure to a novel experience can strongly enhance the consolidation of fear extinction through a synaptic tagging and capture mechanism; this may be useful in the therapy of states caused by fear memory like PTSD.

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There is still a consensus that the amygdala, hippocampus, vmPFC, and ACC are central to fear learning and, especially, fear extinction.
“there is still a consensus that the Am, Hip, vmPFC, and ACC are central to fear learning [review in Ref. (193, 194)] and, especially, fear extinction [reviews in Ref. (187, 188, 195)].”
From The Stress Acceleration Hypothesis of Nightmares (2017) · cites this paper as [195]

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Fear memory
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Emotional Modulation of Learning and Memory
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Authors: Furini, C., Myskiw, J., & Izquierdo, I.
Affiliations: Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (BR)
ORCID: Furini, Cristiane
Myskiw, Jociane
Venue: Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2014-11
Volume: 47
Pages: 670-683
ISSN: 0149-7634 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.10.016
OpenAlex: W2069283025
Cited by: 124
References: 250
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 5
FWCI: 1.16
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Research Council of Brazil
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
Keywords: fear extinction, fear memory, post-traumatic stress disorder, exposure therapy, hippocampus, basolateral amygdala, ventromedial prefrontal cortex, NMDA receptor, D-serine, glycine site, AP5, histamine H2 receptor, endocannabinoids, CB1 receptor, medial septum, epinephrine, synaptic tagging and capture, extinction consolidation
MeSH terms: Amygdala, Extinction, Psychological, Fear, Hippocampus, Humans, Inhibition, Psychological, Learning, Motivation

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