Regulation of fatty acid homeostasis in cells: Novel role of leptin
Open accessAbstract
It is proposed that an important function of leptin is to confine the storage of triglycerides (TG) to the adipocytes, while limiting TG storage in nonadipocytes, thus protecting them from lipotoxicity. The fact that TG content in nonadipocytes normally remains within a narrow range, while that of adipocytes varies enormously with food intake, is consistent with a system of TG homeostasis in normal nonadipocytes. The facts that when leptin receptors are dysfunctional, TG content in nonadipocytes such as islets can increase 100-fold, and that constitutively expressed ectopic hyperleptinemia depletes TG, suggest that leptin controls the homeostatic system for intracellular TG. The fact that the function and viability of nonadipocytes is compromised when their TG content rises above or falls below the normal range suggests that normal homeostasis of their intracellular TG is critical for optimal function and to prevent lipoapoptosis. Thus far, lipotoxic diabetes of fa/fa Zucker diabetic fatty rats is the only proven lipodegenerative disease, but the possibility of lipotoxic disease of skeletal and/or cardiac muscle may require investigation, as does the possible influence of the intracellular TG content on autoimmune and neoplastic processes.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Taken together, the data suggest that the intrahepatic and intramyocellular lipid lowering effects of leptin were mediated mostly by a reduction in energy intake, as opposed to a leptin-induced increase in energy expenditure, although a lipolytic effect of leptin on these tissues cannot be ruled out.
“Taken together, these data suggest that intrahepatic and intramyocellular lipid lowering effects of leptin were mediated mostly by a reduction in energy intake, as opposed to a leptininduced increase in energy expenditure, although a lipolytic effect of leptin on these tissues cannot be ruled out (4, 28).”
From Leptin reverses insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis in patients with severe lipodystrophy (2002) · cites this paper as [28]
Cites
Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue
Zhang, Y., Proenca, R., Maffei, M., Barone, M., Leopold, L., & Friedman, J. M. (1994) · Nature · doi:10.1038/372425a0 · Cited by 13,419 · see citing works
Serum Immunoreactive-Leptin Concentrations in Normal-Weight and Obese Humans
Considine, R. V., Sinha, M. K., Heiman, M. L., Kriauciunas, A., Stephens, T. W., Nyce, M. R., Ohannesian, J. P., Marco, C. C., McKee, L. J., Bauer, T. L., et al. (1996) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199602013340503 · Cited by 6,326 · see citing works
Weight-Reducing Effects of the Plasma Protein Encoded by the <i>obese</i> Gene
Halaas, J. L., Gajiwala, K. S., Maffei, M., Cohen, S. L., Chait, B. T., Rabinowitz, D., Lallone, R. L., Burley, S. K., & Friedman, J. M. (1995) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.7624777 · Cited by 4,451 · see citing works
Effects of the <i>obese</i> Gene Product on Body Weight Regulation in <i>ob</i> / <i>ob</i> Mice
Pelleymounter, M. A., Cullen, M. J., Baker, M. B., Hecht, R., Winters, D., Boone, T., & Collins, F. (1995) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.7624776 · Cited by 4,017 · see citing works
Maffei, M., Halaas, J., Ravussin, E., Pratley, R. E., Lee, G. H., Zhang, Y., Fei, H., Kim, S., Lallone, R., Ranganathan, S., et al. (1995) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm1195-1155 · Cited by 3,725 · see citing works
Activation of a member of the steroid hormone receptor superfamily by peroxisome proliferators
Issemann, I., & Green, S. (1990) · Nature · doi:10.1038/347645a0 · Cited by 3,519 · see citing works
Campfield, L. A., Smith, F. J., Guisez, Y., Devos, R., & Burn, P. (1995) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.7624778 · Cited by 3,243 · see citing works
Diabetes mellitus: a "thrifty" genotype rendered detrimental by "progress"?
Neel, J. V. (1962) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 3,147 · see citing works
Congenital leptin deficiency is associated with severe early-onset obesity in humans
Montague, C. T., Farooqi, I. S., Whitehead, J. P., Soos, M. A., Rau, H., Wareham, N. J., Sewter, C. P., Digby, J. E., Mohammed, S. N., Hurst, J. A., et al. (1997) · Nature · doi:10.1038/43185 · Cited by 2,936 · see citing works
Chen, H., Charlat, O., Tartaglia, L. A., Woolf, E. A., Weng, X., Ellis, S. J., Lakey, N. D., Culpepper, J., More, K. J., Breitbart, R. E., et al. (1996) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81294-5 · Cited by 2,214 · see citing works
Diabetes mellitus: a "thrifty" genotype rendered detrimental by "progress"?
(1962) · PubMed Central · Cited by 2,182 · see citing works
Programmed Cell Death Induced by Ceramide
Obeid, L. M., Linardic, C. M., Karolak, L. A., & Hannun, Y. A. (1993) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.8456305 · Cited by 1,794 · see citing works
Obese and diabetes: Two mutant genes causing diabetes-obesity syndromes in mice
Coleman, D. L. (1978) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/bf00429772 · Cited by 1,307 · see citing works
Fatty acid-induced β cell apoptosis: A link between obesity and diabetes
Shimabukuro, M., Zhou, Y.-T., Levi, M., & Unger, R. H. (1998) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.95.5.2498 · Cited by 1,142 · see citing works
Self-citationLipotoxicity in the Pathogenesis of Obesity-Dependent NIDDM: Genetic and Clinical Implications
Unger, R. H. (1995) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.44.8.863 · Cited by 1,100 · see citing works
Self-citationTransient increase in obese gene expression after food intake or insulin administration
Saladin, R., Vos, P. D., Guerre-Millo, M., Leturque, A., Girard, J. R., Staels, B., & Auwerx, J. H. (1995) · Nature · doi:10.1038/377527a0 · Cited by 1,093 · see citing works
Lee, Y., Hirose, H., Ohneda, M., Johnson, J. H., McGarry, J., & Unger, R. H. (1994) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.91.23.10878 · Cited by 832 · see citing works
Self-citationLeptin receptor missense mutation in the fatty Zucker rat
Phillips, M. S., Liu, Q., Hammond, H. A., Dugan, V., Hey, P. J., Caskey, C. T., & Hess, J. F. (1996) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng0596-18 · Cited by 822 · see citing works
Shimomura, I., Hammer, R. E., Richardson, J. A., Ikemoto, S., Bashmakov, Y., Goldstein, J. L., & Brown, M. S. (1998) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.12.20.3182 · Cited by 790 · see citing works
Life without white fat: a transgenic mousePreprint
Moitra, J., Mason, M. M., Olive, M., Krylov, D. Y., Gavrilova, O., Marcus‐Samuels, B., Feigenbaum, L., Lee, E., Aoyama, T., Eckhaus, M., et al. (1998) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.12.20.3168 · Cited by 776 · see citing works
Direct antidiabetic effect of leptin through triglyceride depletion of tissues
Shimabukuro, M., Koyama, K., Chen, G., Wang, M.-Y., Trieu, F., Lee, Y., Newgard, C. B., & Unger, R. H. (1997) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.94.9.4637 · Cited by 646 · see citing works
Self-citationLefebvre, A., Chen, I., Desreumaux, P., Najïb, J., Fruchart, J., Geboes, K. J., Briggs, M., Heyman, R. A., & Auwerx, J. H. (1998) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/2036 · Cited by 611 · see citing works
Activators of the nuclear receptor PPARγ enhance colon polyp formation
Sáez, E., Tontonoz, P., Nelson, M. C., Alvarez, J. G. A., Tze Ming, U., Baird, S. M., Thomázy, V. A., & Evans, R. M. (1998) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/2042 · Cited by 587 · see citing works
Expression of ob mRNA and its encoded protein in rodents. Impact of nutrition and obesity.
Frederich, R. C., Löllmann, B., Hamann, A., Napolitano-Rosen, A., Kahn, B. B., Lowell, B. B., & Flier, J. S. (1995) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci118206 · Cited by 549 · see citing works
Lipoapoptosis in Beta-cells of Obese Prediabeticfa/fa Rats
Shimabukuro, M., Higa, M., Zhou, Y.-T., Wang, M.-Y., Newgard, C. B., & Unger, R. H. (1998) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.273.49.32487 · Cited by 394 · see citing works
Self-citationEssentiality of circulating fatty acids for glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in the fasted rat.
Stein, D. T., Esser, V., Stevenson, B. E., Lane, K. E., Whiteside, J. H., Daniels, M. B., Chen, S., & McGarry, J. (1996) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci118727 · Cited by 367 · see citing works
Troglitazone action is independent of adipose tissue.
Burant, C., Sreenan, S., Hirano, K., Tai, T. A., Lohmiller, J. J., Lukens, J. N., Davidson, N. O., Ross, S. R., & Graves, R. A. (1997) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci119839 · Cited by 333 · see citing works
Milburn, J. L., Hirose, H., Lee, Y. H., Nagasawa, Y., Ogawa, A., Ohneda, M., BeltrandelRio, H., Newgard, C. B., Johnson, J. H., & Unger, R. H. (1995) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.270.3.1295 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Self-citationRashid, A., Pizer, E. S., Moga, M., Milgraum, L. Z., Zahurak, M., Pasternack, G. R., Kuhajda, F. P., & Hamilton, S. R. (1997) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 262 · see citing works
The nuclear eicosanoid receptor, PPARgamma, is aberrantly expressed in colonic cancers
Dubois, R. N. (1998) · Carcinogenesis · doi:10.1093/carcin/19.1.49 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Koyama, K., Chen, G., Lee, Y., & Unger, R. H. (1997) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1997.273.4.e708 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Self-citationProtection against lipoapoptosis of β cells through leptin-dependent maintenance of Bcl-2 expression
Shimabukuro, M., Wang, M.-Y., Zhou, Y.-T., Newgard, C. B., & Unger, R. H. (1998) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.95.16.9558 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Self-citationLieber, C. S., Spritz, N., & DeCarli, L. M. (1966) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci105323 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Iida, M., Murakami, T., Ishida, K., Mizuno, A., Kuwajima, M., & Shima, K. (1996) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1006/bbrc.1996.1070 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Increased Lipogenic Capacity of the Islets of Obese Rats: A Role in the Pathogenesis of NIDDM
Lee, Y., Hiros, H., Zhou, Y.-T., Esser, V., McGarry, J., & Unger, R. H. (1997) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.46.3.408 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Self-citationRole of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α in disease of pancreatic β cells
Zhou, Y.-T., Shimabukuro, M., Wang, M.-Y., Lee, Y., Higa, M., Milburn, J. L., Newgard, C. B., & Unger, R. H. (1998) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.95.15.8898 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Self-citationPahan, K., Sheikh, F. G., Khan, M., Namboodiri, A. M., & Singh, I. (1998) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.273.5.2591 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Orci, L., Ravazzola, M., Baetens, D., Inman, L. R., AMHERDT, M., Peterson, R. G., Newgard, C. B., Johnson, J. H., & Unger, R. H. (1990) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.87.24.9953 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Self-citationβ-Cell Function in Normal Rats Made Chronically Hyperleptinemic by Adenovirus-Leptin Gene Therapy
Koyama, K., Chen, G., Wang, M.-Y., Lee, Y., Shimabukuro, M., Newgard, C. B., & Unger, R. H. (1997) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.46.8.1276 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Self-citationDefective Fatty Acid-mediated β-Cell Compensation in Zucker Diabetic Fatty Rats
Hirose, H., Lee, Y. H., Inman, L. R., Nagasawa, Y., Johnson, J. H., & Unger, R. H. (1996) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.271.10.5633 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Self-citationOB-Rb gene transfer to leptin-resistant islets reverses diabetogenic phenotype
Wang, M.-Y., Koyama, K., Shimabukuro, M., Newgard, C. B., & Unger, R. H. (1998) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.95.2.714 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Self-citationWang, M.-Y., Koyama, K., Shimabukuro, M., Mangelsdorf, D. J., Newgard, C. B., & Unger, R. H. (1998) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.95.20.11921 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Self-citationLeptin- or troglitazone-induced lipopenia protects islets from interleukin 1beta cytotoxicity.
Shimabukuro, M., Koyama, K., Lee, Y., & Unger, R. H. (1997) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci119700 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Self-citationO’Rahilly, S. (1998) · Nature · doi:10.1038/32769 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Koyama, K., Shimabukuro, M., Chen, G., Wang, M. Y., Lee, Y., Kalra, P. S., Dube, M. G., Kalra, S. P., Newgard, C. B., & Unger, R. H. (1998) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci3353 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citationFree radicals as mediators of pancreatic islet beta-cell injury in autoimmune diabetes.
Rabinovitch, A. (1992) · PubMed · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Comments on the epidemiology of large bowel cancer.
Correa, P. (1975) · PubMed · Cited by 23 · see citing works
A case of generalized lipodystrophy.
Miyahara, R., Tsutamura, C., & SUGIHARA, M. (1965) · PubMed · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Fontán, A., Jj, B., Kermarec, J., et al. (1965) · PubMed · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Oxidative Stress and Stress-Activated Signaling Pathways: A Unifying Hypothesis of Type 2 Diabetes
Evans, J. L., Goldfine, I. D., Maddux, B. A., & Grodsky, G. M. (2002) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2001-0039 · Cited by 2,232 · see citing works
Leptin stimulates fatty-acid oxidation by activating AMP-activated protein kinase
Minokoshi, Y., Kim, Y.-B., Peroni, O. D., Fryer, L. G. D., Müller, C., Carling, D., & Kahn, B. B. (2002) · Nature · doi:10.1038/415339a · Cited by 2,053 · see citing works
Lipotoxic heart disease in obese rats: Implications for human obesity
Zhou, Y.-T., Grayburn, P., Karim, A., Shimabukuro, M., Higa, M., Baetens, D., Orci, L., & Unger, R. H. (2000) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.97.4.1784 · Cited by 1,265 · see citing works
Self-citationLeptin-Replacement Therapy for Lipodystrophy
Oral, E. A., Simha, V., Ruiz, E., Andewelt, A., Premkumar, A., Snell, P., Wagner, A. J., DePaoli, A. M., Reitman, M. L., Taylor, S. I., et al. (2002) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa012437 · Cited by 1,247 · see citing works
Leptin reverses insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus in mice with congenital lipodystrophy
Shimomura, I., Hammer, R. E., Ikemoto, S., Brown, M. S., & Goldstein, J. L. (1999) · Nature · doi:10.1038/43448 · Cited by 1,038 · see citing works
Unger, R. H. (2002) · Annual Review of Medicine · doi:10.1146/annurev.med.53.082901.104057 · Cited by 875 · see citing works
Self-citationAdipose tissue as a buffer for daily lipid flux
Frayn, K. (2002) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-002-0873-y · Cited by 752 · see citing works
Leptin reverses insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis in patients with severe lipodystrophy
Petersen (2002) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci0215001 · Cited by 622 · see citing works
Failure of adipocyte differentiation causes type II diabetes mellitus?
Danforth, E. (2000) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/79111 · Cited by 487 · see citing works
Diabetes and apoptosis: lipotoxicity
Kusminski, C. M., Shetty, S., Orci, L., Unger, R. H., & Scherer, P. E. (2009) · Apoptosis · doi:10.1007/s10495-009-0352-8 · Cited by 302 · see citing works
Self-citationCytokines and abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism
Shi, J., Fan, J., Su, Q., & Yang, Z. (2019) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2019.00703 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
Regulation of leptin production: sympathetic nervous system interactions
Rayner, D. V., & Trayhurn, P. (2001) · Journal of Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1007/s001090100198 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Leptin in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A narrative review
Polyzos, S. A., Kountouras, J., & Mantzoros, C. S. (2015) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2014.10.012 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Sugars, hypertriglyceridemia, and cardiovascular disease
Fried, S. K., & Rao, S. P. (2003) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/78.4.873s · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Critical role of STAT3 in leptin's metabolic actions
Buettner, C., Pocai, A., Muse, E. D., Etgen, A. M., Myers, M. G., & Rossetti, L. (2006) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2006.04.014 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Weekly Subcutaneous Pegylated Recombinant Native Human Leptin (PEG-OB) Administration in Obese Men
Hukshorn, C. J., Saris, W. H. M., Westerterp-Plantenga, M. S., Farid, A. R., Smith, F. J., & Campfield, L. A. (2000) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.85.11.6955 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Steinberg, G. R., Parolin, M. L., Heigenhauser, G. J. F., & Dyck, D. J. (2002) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00542.2001 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Barouch, L. A., Gao, D., Chen, L., Miller, K. L., Xu, W., Phan, A. C., Kittleson, M. M., Minhas, K. M., Berkowitz, D. E., Wei, C., et al. (2006) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/01.res.0000199348.10580.1d · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Relling, D. P., Esberg, L. B., Fang, C. X., Johnson, W. T., Murphy, E. J., Carlson, E. C., Saari, J. T., & Ren, J. (2006) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/01.hjh.0000203846.34314.94 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Colombo, C., Cutson, J. J., Yamauchi, T., Vinson, C., Kadowaki, T., Gavrilova, O., & Reitman, M. L. (2002) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.51.9.2727 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Fatty Acids - Induced Lipotoxicity and Inflammation
Savary, S., Trompier, D., Andreoletti, P., Le Borgne, F., Demarquoy, J., & Lizard, G. (2012) · Current Drug Metabolism · doi:10.2174/138920012803762729 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Commins, S. P., Marsh, D. J., Thomas, S. A., Watson, P. M., Padgett, M. A., Palmiter, R., & Gettys, T. W. (1999) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo.140.10.7043 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Lynn, F. C., Thompson, S. A., Pospisilik, J. A., Ehses, J. A., Hinke, S. A., Pamir, N., McIntosh, C. H. S., & Pederson, R. A. (2003) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.02-0243fje · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Steinberg, G. R., Dyck, D. J., Calles-Escandon, J., Tandon, N. N., Luiken, J. J. F. P., Glatz, J. F. C., & Bonen, A. (2002) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m107683200 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Vivar, J. C., Pemu, P., McPherson, R., & Ghosh, S. (2013) · OMICS: A Journal of Integrative Biology · doi:10.1089/omi.2012.0083 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Leptin as a Potential Treatment for Obesity: Progress to Date
Bell-Anderson, K. S., & Bryson, J. M. (2004) · Treatments in Endocrinology · doi:10.2165/00024677-200403010-00002 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Momken, I., Chabowski, A., Dirkx, E., Nabben, M., Jain, S. S., McFarlan, J. T., Glatz, J. F. C., Luiken, J. J. F. P., & Bonen, A. (2017) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bcj20160804 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Gender-dependent effects of high-fat lard diet on cardiac function in C57Bl/6J mice
Louwe, M. C., van der Hoorn, J. W. A., van den Berg, S. A. A., Jukema, J. W., Romijn, J. A., Willems van Dijk, K., Rensen, P. C. N., Smit, J. W. A., & Steendijk, P. (2012) · Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/h11-153 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Chen, H., Cao, T., Zhang, B., & Cai, H. (2023) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1097284 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
- Authors
- Unger, R. H., Zhou, Y.-T., & Orci, L.
- Affiliations
- University of Geneva (CH)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 1999-03-02
- Volume
- 96
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 2327-2332
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC26783
- OpenAlex
- W2024936045
- Cited by
- 435
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 14.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (SMI 821-109)
- Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung
- Novo Nordisk
- National Institutes of Health (DK02700-37)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK0270037, K08DK002700, R01DK002700)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Lipid metabolism and biosynthesis
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Keywords
- leptin, fatty acid homeostasis, triglyceride homeostasis, lipotoxicity, lipoapoptosis, adipocytes, pancreatic islets, Zucker diabetic fatty rats, skeletal muscle, myocardium, adipose tissue
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Animals, Energy Intake, Cell Transformation, Neoplastic, Diabetes Mellitus, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Fatty Acids, Fatty Acids, Nonesterified, Homeostasis, Humans, Islets of Langerhans, Liver Diseases, Models, Biological, Obesity, Proteins, Rats, Zucker, Risk Factors, Triglycerides, Colorectal Neoplasms, Adipocytes, Leptin, Rats
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
