Histone H2AX is phosphorylated in an ATR-dependent manner in response to replicational stress
Open accessAbstract
H2AX, a member of the histone H2A family, is rapidly phosphorylated in response to ionizing radiation. This phosphorylation, at an evolutionary conserved C-terminal phosphatidylinositol 3-OH-kinase-related kinase (PI3KK) motif, is thought to be critical for recognition and repair of DNA double strand breaks. Here we report that inhibition of DNA replication by hydroxyurea or ultraviolet irradiation also induces phosphorylation and foci formation of H2AX. These phospho-H2AX foci colocalize with proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), BRCA1, and 53BP1 at the arrested replication fork in S phase cells. This response is ATR-dependent but does not require ATM or Hus1. Our findings suggest that, in addition to its role in the recognition and repair of double strand breaks, H2AX also participates in the surveillance of DNA replication.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
H2AX is phosphorylated at serine 139 (γH2AX) in the vicinity of ssDNA, single-strand breaks, and double-strand breaks.
“The variant histone H2AX is phosphorylated at serine 139 (forming ␥H2AX) in the vicinity of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), DNA single-or double-strand breaks (SSBs and DSBs, respectively) [38][39][40].”
From Gap-filling and bypass at the replication fork are both active mechanisms for tolerance of low-dose ultraviolet-induced DNA damage in the human genome (2014) · cites this paper as [40]
UVC irradiation induces γH2AX formation.
“Because UVC irradiation induces ␥H2AX formation [39][40][41][42][43]”
From Gap-filling and bypass at the replication fork are both active mechanisms for tolerance of low-dose ultraviolet-induced DNA damage in the human genome (2014) · cites this paper as [40]
UVC-induced γH2AX in Polη-deficient cells is associated with ssDNA generated by uncoupling of replicative DNA polymerase and helicase at stalled forks.
“UVC-induced ␥H2AX in Pol-deficient cells has also been previously associated with the generation of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) caused by the uncoupling between the replicative DNA polymerase and the helicase at stalled replication forks [23,40,48]”
From Gap-filling and bypass at the replication fork are both active mechanisms for tolerance of low-dose ultraviolet-induced DNA damage in the human genome (2014) · cites this paper as [40]
4-Hydroxynonenal-induced double-strand breaks enhance comet tail formation and H2AX phosphorylation in hepatocellular carcinoma cells, suggesting ATM activation.
“4-Hydroxynonenal (HNE)-induced DSBs enhance comet tail formation and H2AX phosphorylation in hepatocellular carcinoma cells, suggesting ATM activation [147–149].”
From Functional interplay between ATM/ATR-mediated DNA damage response and DNA repair pathways in oxidative stress (2014) · cites this paper as [148]
Cites
DNA double-stranded breaks induce histone H2AX phosphorylation on serine 139
Rogakou, E. P., Pilch, D. R., Orr, A. H., Ivanova, V. S., & Bonner, W. M. (1998) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.273.10.5858 · Cited by 5,438 · see citing works
The DNA damage response: putting checkpoints in perspective
Zhou, B.-B. S., & Elledge, S. J. (2000) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35044005 · Cited by 3,213 · see citing works
Megabase Chromatin Domains Involved in DNA Double-Strand Breaks in Vivo
Rogakou, E. P., Boon, C., Redon, C., & Bonner, W. M. (1999) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.146.5.905 · Cited by 2,422 · see citing works
A critical role for histone H2AX in recruitment of repair factors to nuclear foci after DNA damage
Paull, T. T., Rogakou, E. P., Yamazaki, V., Kirchgessner, C. U., Gellert, M., & Bonner, W. M. (2000) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/s0960-9822(00)00610-2 · Cited by 2,098 · see citing works
Association of BRCA1 with Rad51 in Mitotic and Meiotic Cells
Scully, R., Chen, J., Plug, A., Xiao, Y., Weaver, D., Feunteun, J., Ashley, T., & Livingston, D. M. (1997) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81847-4 · Cited by 1,459 · see citing works
Self-citation<i>ATR</i> disruption leads to chromosomal fragmentation and early embryonic lethality
Brown, E. J., & Baltimore, D. (2000) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.14.4.397 · Cited by 951 · see citing works
Schultz, L. B., Chehab, N. H., Malikzay, A., & Halazonetis, T. D. (2000) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.151.7.1381 · Cited by 897 · see citing works
Recombinational DNA double-strand breaks in mice precede synapsis
Mahadevaiah, S. K., Turner, J. M. A., Baudat, F., Rogakou, E. P., de Boer, P., Blanco‐Rodríguez, J., Jasin, M., Keeney, S., Bonner, W. M., & Burgoyne, P. S. (2001) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/85830 · Cited by 852 · see citing works
Rogakou, E., Nieves-Neira, W., Boon, C., Pommier, Y., & Bonner, W. (2000) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.275.13.9390 · Cited by 747 · see citing works
A role for Saccharomyces cerevisiae histone H2A in DNA repair
Downs, J. A., Lowndes, N. F., & Jackson, S. P. (2000) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35050000 · Cited by 650 · see citing works
Cliby, W. A., Roberts, C. J., Cimprich, K. A., Stringer, C. M., Lamb, J. R., Schreiber, S. L., & Friend, S. H. (1998) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1093/emboj/17.1.159 · Cited by 534 · see citing works
Functional interactions between BRCA1 and the checkpoint kinase ATR during genotoxic stress
Tibbetts, R. S., Cortez, D., Brumbaugh, K. M., Scully, R., Livingston, D., Elledge, S. J., & Abraham, R. T. (2000) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.851000 · Cited by 512 · see citing works
Allen, J. B., Zhou, Z. Y., Siede, W., Friedberg, E. C., & Elledge, S. J. (1994) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.8.20.2401 · Cited by 497 · see citing works
Tumor Suppressor P53 Binding Protein 1 (53bp1) Is Involved in DNA Damage–Signaling Pathways
Rappold, I., Iwabuchi, K., Date, T., & Chen, J. (2001) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.153.3.613 · Cited by 487 · see citing works
Self-citationTargeted disruption of the cell-cycle checkpoint gene ATR leads to early embryonic lethality in mice
de Klein, A., Muijtjens, M., van Os, R. P., Verhoeven, Y., Smit, B., Carr, A. M., Lehmann, A. R., & Hoeijmakers, J. H. J. (2000) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/s0960-9822(00)00447-4 · Cited by 437 · see citing works
Response to RAG-Mediated V(D)J Cleavage by NBS1 and γ-H2AX
Chen, H. T., Bhandoola, A., Difilippantonio, M. J., Zhu, J., Brown, M. J., Tai, X., Rogakou, E. P., Brotz, T. M., Bonner, W. M., Ried, T., et al. (2000) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.290.5498.1962 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
Inactivation of mouse Hus1 results in genomic instability and impaired responses to genotoxic stressPreprint
Weiss, R. S., Enoch, T., & Leder, P. (2000) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.14.15.1886 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Chen, J. (2000) · PubMed · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Self-citationHang, H., & Lieberman, H. B. (2000) · Genomics · doi:10.1006/geno.2000.6142 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Roadblocks and detours during DNA replication: Mechanisms of mutagenesis in mammalian cells
Naegeli, H. (1994) · BioEssays · doi:10.1002/bies.950160809 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
ATM and related protein kinases: safeguarding genome integrity
Shiloh, Y. (2003) · Nature Reviews Cancer · doi:10.1038/nrc1011 · Cited by 2,577 · see citing works
Bonner, W. M., Redon, C. E., Dickey, J. S., Nakamura, A. J., Sedelnikova, O. A., Solier, S., & Pommier, Y. (2008) · Nature reviews. Cancer · doi:10.1038/nrc2523 · Cited by 1,623 · see citing works
DNA Damage Sensing by the ATM and ATR Kinases
Marechal, A., & Zou, L. (2013) · Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology · doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a012716 · Cited by 1,514 · see citing works
γH2AX: a sensitive molecular marker of DNA damage and repair
Mah, L.-J., El-Osta, A., & Karagiannis, T. C. (2010) · Leukemia · doi:10.1038/leu.2010.6 · Cited by 1,557 · see citing works
Dynamics of DNA damage response proteins at DNA breaks: a focus on protein modifications
Polo, S. E., & Jackson, S. P. (2011) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.2021311 · Cited by 1,092 · see citing works
DNA damage-induced cell death: From specific DNA lesions to the DNA damage response and apoptosis
Roos, W. P., & Kaina, B. (2013) · Cancer Letters · doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2012.01.007 · Cited by 879 · see citing works
Riballo, E., Kühne, M., Rief, N., Doherty, A., Smith, G. C. M., Recio, M.-J., Reis, C., Dahm, K., Fricke, A., Krempler, A., et al. (2004) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2004.10.029 · Cited by 837 · see citing works
Mitochondrial dysfunction accounts for the stochastic heterogeneity in telomere-dependent senescence
Passos, J. F., Saretzki, G., Ahmed, S., Nelson, G., Richter, T., Peters, H., Wappler, I., Birket, M. J., Harold, G., Schaeuble, K., et al. (2007) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0050110 · Cited by 796 · see citing works
O'Driscoll, M., Ruiz-Perez, V. L., Woods, C. G., Jeggo, P. A., & Goodship, J. A. (2003) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng1129 · Cited by 794 · see citing works
Selective killing of ATM- or p53-deficient cancer cells through inhibition of ATR
Reaper, P. M., Griffiths, M. R., Long, J. M., Charrier, J.-D., MacCormick, S., Charlton, P. A., Golec, J. M. C., & Pollard, J. R. (2011) · Nature Chemical Biology · doi:10.1038/nchembio.573 · Cited by 633 · see citing works
Quantitative Detection of<sup>125</sup>IdU-Induced DNA Double-Strand Breaks with γ-H2AX Antibody
Sedelnikova, O. A., Rogakou, E. P., Panyutin, I. G., & Bonner, W. M. (2002) · Radiation Research · doi:10.1667/0033-7587(2002)158[0486:qdoiid]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 611 · see citing works
p53: traffic cop at the crossroads of DNA repair and recombination
Sengupta, S., & Harris, C. C. (2005) · Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/nrm1546 · Cited by 544 · see citing works
ARID1A Deficiency Impairs the DNA Damage Checkpoint and Sensitizes Cells to PARP Inhibitors
Shen, J., Peng, Y., Wei, L., Zhang, W., Yang, L., Lan, L., Kapoor, P., Ju, Z., Mo, Q., Shih, I.-M., et al. (2015) · Cancer Discovery · doi:10.1158/2159-8290.cd-14-0849 · Cited by 522 · see citing works
The Human LINE-1 Retrotransposon Creates DNA Double-strand Breaks
Gasior, S. L., Wakeman, T. P., Xu, B., & Deininger, P. L. (2006) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2006.01.089 · Cited by 519 · see citing works
Furuta, T., Takemura, H., Liao, Z.-Y., Aune, G. J., Redon, C., Sedelnikova, O. A., Pilch, D. R., Rogakou, E. P., Celeste, A., Chen, H. T., et al. (2003) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m300198200 · Cited by 449 · see citing works
Recombinational DNA repair and human disease
Thompson, L. H., & Schild, D. (2002) · Mutation Research - Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis · doi:10.1016/s0027-5107(02)00224-5 · Cited by 417 · see citing works
γH2AX and MDC1: Anchoring the DNA-damage-response machinery to broken chromosomes
Stucki, M., & Jackson, S. P. (2006) · DNA Repair · doi:10.1016/j.dnarep.2006.01.012 · Cited by 412 · see citing works
The Role of SIRT1 on DNA Damage Response and Epigenetic Alterations in Cancer
Alves-Fernandes, D. K., & Jasiulionis, M. G. (2019) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms20133153 · Cited by 385 · see citing works
Marti, T. M., Hefner, E., Feeney, L., Natale, V., & Cleaver, J. E. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0603779103 · Cited by 359 · see citing works
The role of nuclear architecture in genomic instability and ageing.
Oberdoerffer, P., & Sinclair, D. A. (2007) · Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/nrm2238 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
Telomere damage induced by the G-quadruplex ligand RHPS4 has an antitumor effect
Salvati, E., Leonetti, C., Rizzo, A., Scarsella, M., Mottolese, M., Galati, R., Sperduti, I., Stevens, M. F. G., D’Incalci, M., Blasco, M., et al. (2007) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci32461 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
Yan, S., Sorrell, M., & Berman, Z. (2014) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-014-1666-4 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Crosstalk between chromatin state and DNA damage response in cellular senescence and cancer.
Sulli, G., Di Micco, R., & di Fagagna, F. D. (2012) · Nature Reviews Cancer · doi:10.1038/nrc3344 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Hanasoge, S., & Ljungman, M. (2007) · Carcinogenesis · doi:10.1093/carcin/bgm157 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Cancer predisposition and hematopoietic failure in <i> Rad50 <sup>S/S</sup> </i> mice
Bender, C. F., Sikes, M. L., Sullivan, R., Huye, L. E., Le Beau, M. M., Roth, D. B., Mirzoeva, O. K., Oltz, E. M., & Petrini, J. H. J. (2002) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.1007902 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Activation of DNA Damage Response Signaling by Condensed Chromatin
Burgess, R. C., Burman, B., Kruhlak, M. J., & Misteli, T. (2014) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2014.10.060 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Nijmegen breakage syndrome gene, NBS1, and molecular links to factors for genome stability
Tauchi, H., Matsuura, S., Kobayashi, J., Sakamoto, S., & Komatsu, K. (2002) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1206136 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Does γH2AX foci formation depend on the presence of DNA double strand breaks?
Takahashi, A., & Ohnishi, T. (2005) · Cancer Letters · doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2005.07.016 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Fu, S., Li, Z., Xiao, L., Hu, W., Zhang, L., Xie, B., Zhou, Q., He, J., Qiu, Y., Wen, M., et al. (2019) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2019.07.002 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
BACH1/FANCJ Acts with TopBP1 and Participates Early in DNA Replication Checkpoint Control
Gong, Z., Kim, J.-E., Leung, C. C. Y., Glover, J. N. M., & Chen, J. (2010) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2010.01.002 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Self-citationCell fitness screens reveal a conflict between LINE-1 retrotransposition and DNA replication
Ardeljan, D., Steranka, J. P., Liu, C., Li, Z., Taylor, M. S., Payer, L. M., Gorbounov, M., Sarnecki, J. S., Deshpande, V., Hruban, R. H., et al. (2020) · Nature Structural & Molecular Biology · doi:10.1038/s41594-020-0372-1 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Matsumoto, M., Yaginuma, K., Igarashi, A., Imura, M., Hasegawa, M., Iwabuchi, K., Date, T., Mori, T., Ishizaki, K., Yamashita, K., et al. (2007) · Journal of Cell Science · doi:10.1242/jcs.03391 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
53BP1: function and mechanisms of focal recruitment
FitzGerald, J. E., Grenon, M., & Lowndes, N. F. (2009) · Biochemical Society Transactions · doi:10.1042/bst0370897 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
ATR and H2AX cooperate in maintaining genome stability under replication stress
Chanoux, R. A., Yin, B., Urtishak, K. A., Asare, A., Bassing, C. H., & Brown, E. J. (2009) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m806739200 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Eukaryotic DNA damage checkpoint activation in response to double-strand breaks
Finn, K., Lowndes, N. F., & Grenon, M. (2012) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-011-0875-3 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Recruitment of the Cell Cycle Checkpoint Kinase ATR to Chromatin during S-phase
Dart, D. A., Adams, K. E., Akerman, I., & Lakin, N. D. (2004) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m314212200 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Nbs1 promotes ATM dependent phosphorylation events including those required for G1/S arrest
Girard, P.-M., Riballo, E., Begg, A. C., Waugh, A., & Jeggo, P. A. (2002) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1205596 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
MDC1 collaborates with TopBP1 in DNA replication checkpoint control
Wang, J., Gong, Z., & Chen, J. (2011) · Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.201010026 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Self-citationMre11 Assembles Linear DNA Fragments into DNA Damage Signaling Complexes
Costanzo, V., Paull, T., Gottesman, M., & Gautier, J. (2004) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0020110 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Vrouwe, M. G., Pines, A., Overmeer, R. M., Hanada, K., & Mullenders, L. H. F. (2011) · Journal of Cell Science · doi:10.1242/jcs.075325 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
DNA double-strand breaks: Their production, recognition, and repair in eukaryotes
Ohnishi, T., Mori, E., & Takahashi, A. (2009) · Mutation Research - Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis · doi:10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2009.06.010 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Wu, X., Yang, Z., Liu, Y., & Zou, Y. (2005) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj20050379 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Quinet, A., Vessoni, A. T., Rocha, C. R. R., Gottifredi, V., Biard, D., Sarasin, A., Menck, C. F. M., & Stary, A. (2014) · DNA Repair · doi:10.1016/j.dnarep.2013.12.005 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Gilljam, K. M., Müller, R., Liabakk, N. B., & Otterlei, M. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0049199 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Xie, A., Odate, S., Chandramouly, G., & Scully, R. A. (2010) · Cell Cycle · doi:10.4161/cc.9.17.12884 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Loss of Slug Compromises DNA Damage Repair and Accelerates Stem Cell Aging in Mammary Epithelium
Gross, K. M., Zhou, W., Breindel, J. L., Ouyang, J., Jin, D. X., Sokol, E. S., Gupta, P. B., Huber, K., Zou, L., & Kuperwasser, C. (2019) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2019.06.043 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Kulkarni, A., & Das, K. C. (2008) · American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajplung.00004.2008 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Chaudhary, P., Sharma, R., Sahu, M., Vishwanatha, J. K., Awasthi, S., & Awasthi, Y. C. (2013) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m113.467662 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Wakasugi, M., Sasaki, T., Matsumoto, M., Nagaoka, M., Inoue, K., Inobe, M., Horibata, K., Tanaka, K., & Matsunaga, T. (2014) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m114.589747 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Ray, A., Blevins, C., Wani, G., & Wani, A. A. (2016) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0159344 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Parisotto, M., Grelet, E., El Bizri, R., Dai, Y., Terzic, J., Eckert, D., Gargowitsch, L., Bornert, J.-M., & Metzger, D. (2018) · Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20171207 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Mansilla, S. F., Bertolin, A. P., Bergoglio, V., Pillaire, M.-J., González Besteiro, M. A., Luzzani, C., Miriuka, S. G., Cazaux, C., Hoffmann, J.-S., & Gottifredi, V. (2016) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.18020 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Fungal KATs/KDACs: A New Highway to Better Antifungal Drugs?
Kuchler, K., Jenull, S., Shivarathri, R., & Chauhan, N. (2016) · PLOS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1005938 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Litwin, I., Bocer, T., Dziadkowiec, D., & Wysocki, R. (2013) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1003640 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
- Authors
- Ward, I. M., & Chen, J.
- Affiliations
- Mayo Clinic (US)
- Corresponding author
- Chen, Junjie
- ORCID
- Chen, Junjie
- Venue
- Journal of Biological Chemistry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2001-12
- Volume
- 276
- Issue
- 51
- Pages
- 47759-47762
- ISSN
- 0021-9258 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1564224574
- Cited by
- 1,150
- References
- 20
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 48 · 2022: 49 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 44 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 47 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 54 · 2015: 42 · 2014: 62 · 2013: 52 · 2012: 52
- FWCI
- 13.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Biological Chemistry (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › DNA Repair Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Chromatin Dynamics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Effects of Radiation Exposure
- Keywords
- histone H2AX, H2AX phosphorylation, ATR kinase, DNA replication arrest, hydroxyurea, UV irradiation, DNA double-strand break repair, replication fork, PCNA, BRCA1, 53BP1, DNA damage response, S phase
- MeSH terms
- Cell Line, DNA Replication, Histones, Humans, Hydroxyurea, Phosphorylation, Ultraviolet Rays, Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases, Cell Cycle Proteins, Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
