ATR disruption leads to chromosomal fragmentation and early embryonic lethality
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Although a small decrease in survival and increase in tumor incidence was observed in ATR +/− mice, ATR −/− embryos die early in development, subsequent to the blastocyst stage and prior to 7.5 days p.c. In culture, ATR −/− blastocysts cells continue to cycle into mitosis for 2 days but subsequently fail to expand and die of caspase-dependent apoptosis. Importantly, caspase-independent chromosome breaks are observed in ATR −/− cells prior to widespread apoptosis, implying that apoptosis is caused by a loss of genomic integrity. These data show that ATR is essential for early embryonic development and must function in processes other than regulation of p53.
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ATR is an essential gene for nucleotide excision repair initiation and regulation and for genome maintenance.
“ATR is an essential gene for the initiation and regulation of NER and for genome maintenance 17, 36, 37.”
From Xeroderma Pigmentosa Group A (XPA), Nucleotide Excision Repair and Regulation by ATR in Response to Ultraviolet Irradiation (2017) · cites this paper as [36]
ATR is essential for early embryonic development.
“ATR was originally cloned as a member of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase–related kinase (PIKK) family and is essential for early embryonic development [32, 80, 81].”
From Functional interplay between ATM/ATR-mediated DNA damage response and DNA repair pathways in oxidative stress (2014) · cites this paper as [81]
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ATR phosphorylates SMARCAL1 to prevent replication fork collapsePreprint
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DNA repair mechanisms in cancer development and therapy
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Targeting the checkpoint kinases: chemosensitization versus chemoprotection
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The G2-phase DNA-damage checkpoint
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ATR and ATM regulate the timing of DNA replication origin firing
Shechter, D., Costanzo, V., & Gautier, J. (2004) · Nature Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/ncb1145 · Cited by 383 · see citing works
ATR/CHK1 inhibitors and cancer therapy
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TopBP1 activates ATR through ATRIP and a PIKK regulatory domainPreprint
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A mouse model of ATR-Seckel shows embryonic replicative stress and accelerated aging
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DNA-Damage Response in Tissue-Specific and Cancer Stem Cells
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RAS/MAPK signaling functions in oxidative stress, DNA damage response and cancer progression
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DNA repair deficiency and neurological disease
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DNA damage checkpoint kinases in cancer
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Myung, K., Datta, A., & Kolodner, R. D. (2001) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(01)00227-6 · Cited by 322 · see citing works
Hypoxia Links ATR and p53 through Replication Arrest
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Activation of mammalian Chk1 during DNA replication arrest
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Checkpoint kinase 1 in DNA damage response and cell cycle regulation
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Buisson, R., Boisvert, J. L., Benes, C. H., & Zou, L. (2015) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2015.07.029 · Cited by 316 · see citing works
ATR signalling: more than meeting at the fork
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Sørensen, C. S., & Syljuåsen, R. G. (2011) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkr697 · Cited by 316 · see citing works
A mitosis-specific and R loop–driven ATR pathway promotes faithful chromosome segregation
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The combined status of ATM and p53 link tumor development with therapeutic responsePreprint
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Repair of and checkpoint response to topoisomerase I-mediated DNA damage
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An intrinsic S/G 2 checkpoint enforced by ATR
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Self-citationCENTROSOMES IN CELLULAR REGULATION
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ATR: a master conductor of cellular responses to DNA replication stress
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Programmed induction of endoreduplication by DNA double-strand breaks in Arabidopsis
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ATR Regulates a G2-Phase Cell-Cycle Checkpoint in Arabidopsis thaliana
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ATR autophosphorylation as a molecular switch for checkpoint activation
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- Authors
- Brown, E. J., & Baltimore, D.
- Affiliations
- California Institute of Technology (US)
- Venue
- Genes & Development
- Publisher
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
- Published
- 2000-02-15
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 397-402
- ISSN
- 0890-9369 (ISSN-L)
- 1549-5477
- PMC
- PMC316378
- OpenAlex
- W2167196101
- Cited by
- 951
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 38 · 2016: 39 · 2015: 46 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 46 · 2012: 34
- Type
- posted content
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Genes & Development (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Cancer Research Institute
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › DNA Repair Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Developmental Biology and Gene Regulation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer-related Molecular Pathways
- Keywords
- ATR kinase, early embryonic lethality, chromosomal fragmentation, caspase-dependent apoptosis, blastocyst, genome stability, p53-independent function, mitotic cycle
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Blastocyst, Cell Transformation, Neoplastic, Chromosome Aberrations, DNA Repair, Fetal Death, Genotype, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mitosis, Neoplasm Proteins, Neoplasms, Experimental, Transcription Factors, Apoptosis, Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases, Mice, Knockout, Gene Targeting, Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental, Cell Cycle Proteins, BRCA1 Protein, Caspases, BRCA2 Protein, Mice, Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins
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