Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Induces Neurotoxicity via Glutamate Release from Hemichannels of Activated Microglia in an Autocrine Manner
Open accessAbstract
Glutamate released by activated microglia induces excitoneurotoxicity and may contribute to neuronal damage in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and multiple sclerosis. In addition, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) secreted from activated microglia may elicit neurodegeneration through caspase-dependent cascades and silencing cell survival signals. However, direct neurotoxicity of TNF-alpha is relatively weak, because TNF-alpha also increases production of neuroprotective factors. Accordingly, it is still controversial how TNF-alpha exerts neurotoxicity in neurodegenerative diseases. Here we have shown that TNF-alpha is the key cytokine that stimulates extensive microglial glutamate release in an autocrine manner by up-regulating glutaminase to cause excitoneurotoxicity. Further, we have demonstrated that the connexin 32 hemichannel of the gap junction is another main source of glutamate release from microglia besides glutamate transporters. Although pharmacological blockade of glutamate receptors is a promising therapeutic candidate for neurodegenerative diseases, the associated perturbation of physiological glutamate signals has severe adverse side effects. The unique mechanism of microglial glutamate release that we describe here is another potential therapeutic target. We rescued neuronal cell death in vitro by using a glutaminase inhibitor or hemichannel blockers to diminish microglial glutamate release without perturbing the physiological glutamate level. These drugs may give us a new therapeutic strategy against neurodegenerative diseases with minimum adverse side effects.
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TNF-α can potentiate glutamate-mediated cytotoxicity by indirectly inhibiting glutamate transport on astrocytes and directly stimulating microglial and/or astrocyte glutamate release in an autocrine manner.
“For instance, TNF-α can potentiate glutamate-mediated cytotoxicity by two complementary mechanisms: indirectly, by inhibiting glutamate transport on astrocytes, and directly, by stimulating extensive microglial and/or astrocyte glutamate release in an autocrine manner.”
From TNF-alpha-induced microglia activation requires miR-342: Impact on NF-kB signaling and neurotoxicity (2020) · cites this paper as [42]
Many signals expressed in this subpopulation can be highly damaging to the brain; Il1b and Tnf can cause neurotoxicity, and chemokines can attract infiltrating immune cells that exacerbate pathology.
“Many of the signals expressed in this subpopulation can be highly damaging to the brain. For example, Il1b and Tnf can both cause neurotoxicity (Takeuchi et al., 2006; Ye et al., 2013), and infiltrating immune cells attracted by the chemokines expressed in the Ccl4+ subpopulation can exacerbate pathology (Gadani et al., 2015).”
From Complex cell-state changes revealed by single cell RNA sequencing of 76,149 microglia throughout the mouse lifespan and in the injured brain (2018) · cites this paper as Takeuchi et al., 2006
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- Authors
- Takeuchi, H., Jin, S., Wang, J., Zhang, G., Kawanokuchi, J., Kuno, R., Sonobe, Y., Mizuno, T., & Suzumura, A.
- Affiliations
- Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Takeuchi, Hideyuki
- Venue
- Journal of Biological Chemistry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2006-07
- Volume
- 281
- Issue
- 30
- Pages
- 21362-21368
- ISSN
- 0021-9258 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2073607297
- Cited by
- 749
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 29 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 40 · 2022: 44 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 54 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 46 · 2016: 41 · 2015: 37 · 2014: 45 · 2013: 49 · 2012: 34
- FWCI
- 22.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Biological Chemistry (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neurological Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Keywords
- TNF-α, microglia, glutamate release, excitotoxicity, gap junctions, glutaminase, autocrine signaling, neurodegenerative diseases, neuronal cell death, glutamate receptor blockade, neuroprotection
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Animals, Newborn, Cells, Cultured, Lipopolysaccharides, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mitochondria, Models, Biological, Neurons, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, Microglia, Gap Junctions, Glutamic Acid, Neurodegenerative Diseases, Mice
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